造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制--以秦岭-大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发，提出了编图的3个地球化学指标（铅同位素组成、T2DM和同位素年代学）和表示方法。以秦岭－大别造山带为例，同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史，对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示；结合地质年代学的资料，化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化的能力。     

造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制——以秦岭—大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。笔者从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发 ,提出了编图的 3个地球化学指标 (铅同位素组成、T2DM 和同位素年代学 )和表示方法。以秦岭—大别造山带为例 ,同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史 ,对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示 ;结合地质年代学的资料 ,化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化四维信息的能力。     

造山带岩石圈化学结构平面图的编制——以秦岭—大别造山带为例

国内外岩石圈化学组成的编图研究还处于探索阶段。笔者从岩石圈化学结构的思路出发 ,提出了编图的 3个地球化学指标 (铅同位素组成、T2DM 和同位素年代学 )和表示方法。以秦岭—大别造山带为例 ,同位素组成图可以反映构造分区和地壳生长历史 ,对造山过程和深部壳幔相互作用也有明确的显示 ;结合地质年代学的资料 ,化学结构平面图具有反映时空演化四维信息的能力。     

四川省邛海流域风化强弱分析

<正>湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,受大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈共同影响,是各个圈层相互作用的连接点。湖泊接纳了来自地表丰富的侵蚀物质,是陆地环境变化的天然档案馆,形成了较为完整的湖泊沉积物。湖泊沉积物不同赋存形态Rb/Sr比值可以反演流域搬运与化学风化作用:非残渣态Rb/Sr比值反映流域化学风化作     

华北中南部蚕坊和孤峰山花岗闪长岩体的地球化学特征和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成

花岗质岩石地球化学组成可以为研究下地壳物质组成提供有效的信息。本文报道出露于华北克拉通中部带南部地区的蚕坊花岗闪长岩体和孤峰山花岗闪长岩体同位素年代学和地球化学组成,限定研究地区下地壳地球化学特征。锆石U-Pb分析结果表明,蚕坊岩体形成于130Ma左右,与孤峰山岩体的形成时间相当。蚕坊岩体和孤峰山岩体具有高硅、低镁、富钠的主量元素特征,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Sr等,Sr/Y值高,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti,显示明显Pb正异常。蚕坊岩体和孤峰山岩体具有相似的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成特征,前者初始87Sr/86Sr比值0.7071~0.7075,初始εNd值-18.2~-15.7;后者为0.7069~0.7074和-16.5~-15.6;Pb同位素组成特征显示岩浆源区与下地壳存在亲缘性。结合地质背景和同位素混合模拟计算表明,太古代下地壳和古元古代新生的玄武质下地壳可能是岩浆源区的主要物质组成,并推断早白垩世华北克拉通太行山以西地区壳-幔相互作用主要表现为软流圈地幔上涌,导致区域热异常,引发下地壳部分熔融和成岩浆作用。     

华北地区三类岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构与化学结构及其大陆动力学意义

根据地质和地球物理特征表现出的岩石圈不连续，华北地区可区分出鄂尔多斯克拉通型、燕山-太行造山带型和华北平原裂谷型三类岩石圈。依据岩石学方法、壳幔演化模型、造山带形成过程以及地震波速与岩石化学成分之间的关系，建立了华北地区三类型岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构和化学结构，讨论了不同岩石圈类型的壳幔物质结构、地壳和岩石圈地幔厚度的地质含义、岩石圈不连续在划分岩石圈单元中的作用及不同类型岩石圈形成的大陆动力学意义。     

锂同位素分析方法及其在大陆裂谷环境碳酸岩研究中的应用

锂同位素在地质学、地球化学研究中有着广阔的应用前景,壳-幔相互作用过程的锂同位素地球化学研究已经成为近年来国际上研究的热点之一。锂同位素在自然界中的变化较大,δ⁷Li 值为-45‰～+45‰。锂同位素分析手段目前主要有TIMS、Ion Probe、SIMS、MC-ICPMS等4种技术,其中MC-ICPMS仪器的出现,使锂同位素发展速度明显加快。自然界中很多地质作用过程均能使锂同位素发生分馏。目前,锂同位素已在陨石和宇宙化学、陆壳风化过程、洋壳热液活动及蚀变、板块俯冲及壳幔物质循环、地表水地球化学、卤水来源与演化、热液成矿作用等领域的研究中取得了显著成效,并将成为地球科学中具有巨大应用前景的一种新的地球化学手段。文章对锂同位素在大陆裂谷环境碳酸岩研究中的应用作了较全面介绍,内容包括研究意义、锂含量和锂同位素组成以及取得的主要认识,比如蚀变作用、岩浆分异作用、地壳同化作用和扩散分馏作用均未对碳酸岩、硅酸盐的锂同位素组成造成影响、俯冲作用和地壳循环均没有明显影响地幔的锂同位素组成、地幔温度条件下锂扩散模拟表明地幔中的锂更均一等等。最后简单对比了大陆裂谷环境和碰撞造山环境两类碳酸岩在锂同位素组成上的差别。     

长白山地区新生代火山岩的岩石化学及Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学研究

通过主元素、稀土元素、Sr、Nd、Pb同位素地球化学特征并结合板块俯冲模式来讨论长白山地区新生代火山岩系的形成和演化。大部分样品都进入上地幔Sr演化范围,具低Sr高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr特点;∑Nd介于-2.3—+2.9之间;不同岩性熔岩的Pb同位素组成变化不大。主元素、REE模式和同位素的资料都证实区内火山岩是源自上地幔的同源岩浆分异演化而成,并有地壳物质的混染。     

玄武岩及硫化物淋洗过程Cu同位素分馏实验

<正>作为重要的过渡族金属元素和营养元素,Cu的地球化学循环对海洋生命演化非常重要[1]。而海洋中的Cu大多来自大陆风化输入,因此研究风化过程的Cu同位素分馏行为至关重要。岩石风化过程会释放金属离子进入水体,进而影响金属离子在水圈和岩石圈的地球化学循环过程,研究风化过程Cu同位素分馏情况能够更好地应用Cu同位素解释自然环境中Cu同位素变化及其循环过程。前人主要集中研究酸性条件下的含Cu硫化物淋洗过程中Cu同位素变化[2-5],但含Cu硫化物中的Cu只占硅酸岩总Cu中的     

镁同位素地球化学研究新进展及其应用

作为一种新兴的地质示踪剂,Mg同位素正受到国际地学界日益广泛的关注。Mg同位素地球化学研究已取得了巨大的进展,近期研究工作主要包括两个方面。首先,调查了地球各主要储库和陨石的Mg同位素组成特征,结果表明陨石和地球地幔具有均一并且相似的Mg同位素组成,平均δ²⁶Mg值分别为-0.28±0.06‰和-0.25±0.07‰;相反,上地壳和水圈的Mg同位素组成很不均一,δ²⁶Mg值变化范围分别为-4.84‰~+0.92‰和-2.93‰~+1.13‰。其次,对一些地质和物理化学过程中Mg同位素的分馏行为进行研究,结果表明:(1)地表风化作用可以造成大的Mg同位素分馏,导致重Mg同位素残留在风化产物中而轻Mg同位素进入水圈;(2)岩浆分异过程中Mg同位素平衡分馏很小;(3)高温化学扩散和热扩散过程中Mg同位素会发生显著的动力学分馏。基于这些研究成果,Mg同位素体系已经被初步应用于示踪早期地球形成和壳内物质再循环等过程,并有望在不久的将来应用于示踪大陆地壳的化学演化和地质温度计等研究领域。     

Isotope-geochemical systematics of kimberlites and related rocks from the Siberian Platform

Using the ICP-MS method we have studied the isotope systematics of Sr and Nd as well as trace element composition of a representative collection of kimberlites and related rocks from the Siberian Platform. The summarized literature and our own data suggest that the kimberlites developed within the platform can be divided into several petrochemical and geochemical types, whose origin is related to different mantle sources. The petrochemical classification of kimberlites is based on persistent differences of their composition in mg# and in contents of indicator oxides such as FeO_tot, TiO₂, and K₂O. The recognized geochemical types of kimberlites differ from one another in the level of concentration of incompatible elements as well as in their ratios.Most of isotope characteristics of kimberlites and related rocks of the Siberian Platform correspond to the earlier studied Type 1 basaltoid kimberlites from different provinces of the world: Points of isotopic compositions are in the field of primitive and weakly depleted mantle. An exception is one sample of the rocks from veins of the Ingashi field (Sayan area), which is characterized by the Sr and Nd isotopic composition corresponding to Type 2 micaceous kimberlites (orangeites).The most important feature of distribution of isotopic and trace-element compositions (incompatible elements) is their independence of the chemical rock composition. It is shown that the kimberlite formation is connected with, at least, two independent sources, fluid and melt, responsible for the trace-element and chemical compositions of the rock. It is supposed that, when rising through the heterogeneous lithosphere of the mantle, a powerful flow of an asthenosphere-derived fluid provoked the formation of local kimberlite chambers there. Thus, the partial melting of the lithosphere mantle led to the formation of contrasting petrochemical types of kimberlites, while the geochemical specialization of kimberlites is due to the mantle fluid of asthenosphere origin, which drastically dominated in the rare-metal balance of a hybrid magma of the chamber.     

Sources of Archean sanukitoids (High-Mg subalkaline granitoids) in the Karelian craton: Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic-geochemical evidence

The Sm-Nd systematics of sanukitoids with an age of 2715–2740 Ma in the Western, Eastern, and Central domains of the Karelian craton with various crustal evolutionary histories indicates that the mafic and acid rocks of the sanukitoid series were derived from two contrasting sources: enriched lithospheric mantle and lower crust. The basic sanukitoids of the Western domain were derived from the mantle enriched long before its melting [?_Nd(2715) = ?0.48 ± 0.22]. The source of the acid magmas was the young juvenile crust of TTG composition [?_Nd(2715) increases to +1.2]. The mantle source of mafic sanukitoids in the Eastern domain was enriched shortly before melting [?_Nd(2740) = +1.58 ± 0.01], whereas the acid melts came from an ancient crustal source [?_Nd(2740) decreases to ?3.0]. For sanukitoids in the Central domain, the time span between the enrichment of the mantle source and its melting was the shortest [?_Nd(2725) = +2.05 ± 0.15], and the contribution of the juvenile TTG crust was insignificant [?_Nd(2725) deceases to +1.7]. The variations in the isotope characteristics of the acid members of the sanukitoid series are consistent with the known age heterogeneity of the crust of the domains. The lateral isotopic-geochemical heterogeneity of the lithospheric mantle source of the sanukitoids is thought to have been related to its two-stage reworking (at 3.2 and 2.8–2.9 Ga) under the effect of TTG granitoids, which are regarded as the melting products of the subducted oceanic crust. The sanukitoids provide information on the geochemical structure of the Archean lithosphere, which is reflected in Archean crust-building processes. The Rb-Sr isotope system of the Neoarchean sanukitoids underwent transformations on the mineralogical scale and within small massifs in the course of at least two Paleoproterozoic tectono-thermal events. A trace of the event at ～2.1 Ga is left in the Rb-Sr system of monomineralic fractions from a weakly deformed syenite of the sanukitoid series in the Central Domain. Later event (～1.7 Ga) was recorded in the minerals of the Teloveis sanukitoid massif, which hosts a gold mesothermal deposit in the Western domain. Monomineralic fractions of muscovite and biotite from the wall-rock metasomatites and of plagioclase, microcline, and biotite from metasomatites away from the orebodies yield isochron ages of 1719 ± 60 and 1717 ± 27 Ma. This age of the metasomatic alterations of the Neoarchean sanukitoids is able to explain the broad and unsystematic variations in the Rb-Sr isotope-geochemical characteristics of these rocks. Our data on the Paleoproterozoic age of the mesothermal gold ore mineralization at the Teloveis deposit provide additional lines of evidence for the complex tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Karelian GGT in the Early Precambrian.     

风化壳研究的现状与展望

风化壳是岩石圈、大气圈以及水圈、生物圈之间相互作用的界面,能够直接记录地球多圈层演化的信息。利用风化壳的地带性规律重建古环境是地貌学研究的传统内容之一。近年来,单晶矿物激光^40Ar/^39Ar测年技术、“双面”模式以及古地磁法等在风化壳研究中的成功应用,在理论和技术上为恢复大陆剥蚀区高分辨率的环境演变历史创造了条件。利用风化年代学、风化地层学、古地磁学和地球化学等方法对风化壳进行综合研究,不仅可以建立剥蚀区的环境演变序列,为风化期次（事件）与其他全球性构造－气候事件的对比提供了广阔的前景;而且可以用于化学风化（强度和速度）的准确量化,有利于深入理解构造－剥蚀－风化－气候之间相互作用的反馈机制和正确评估人类活动对未来气候的影响能力。     

Combined Sr,Nd, Pb and Li isotope geochemistry of alkaline lavas from northern James Ross Island (Antarctic Peninsula) and implications for back-arc magma formation

We present a comprehensive geochemical data set for a suite of back-arc alkaline volcanic rocks from James Ross Island Volcanic Group (JRIVG), Antarctic Peninsula. The elemental and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb and Li) composition of these Cenozoic basalts emplaced east of the Antarctic Peninsula is different from the compositions of the fore-arc alkaline volcanic rocks in Southern Shetlands and nearby Bransfield Strait. The variability in elemental and isotopic composition is not consistent with the JRIVG derivation from a single mantle source but rather it suggests that the magma was mainly derived from a depleted mantle with subordinate OIB-like enriched mantle component (EM II). The isotopic data are consistent with mantle melting during extension and possible roll-back of the subducted lithosphere of the Antarctic plate. Magma contamination by Triassic–Early Tertiary clastic sediments deposited in the back-arc basin was only localized and affected Li isotopic composition in two of the samples, while most of the basalts show very little variation in δ⁷Li values, as anticipated for “mantle-driven” Li isotopic composition. These variations are difficult to resolve with radiogenic isotope systematics but Li isotopes may prove sensitive in tracking complex geochemical processes acting through the oceanic crust pile, including hydrothermal leaching and seawater equilibration.     

地球历史的地球化学节律

地球化学成分和其他地质现象一样，在地球发展过程中也表现出节律。文中选择大气中的ＣＯ２、海水中的δ３４Ｓ和８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ、地壳中的Ｋ／Ｎａ为代表，介绍了地球历史发展中的地球化学节律，同时还给出了区域构造演化中的地球化学演化节律的研究实例。在此基础上，对引起地球化学节律性变化的动力学机制进行了讨论，指出板块构造机制存在着时代的局限性，并提出了用“开”、“合”的思路去认识地球历史的地球化学节律性。     

内蒙古小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的成矿时代及成矿物质来源

小东沟斑岩型钼矿床位于大兴安岭南段,距北部的西拉木伦河大断裂仅25 km。对小东沟岩体进行了Sr-Nd同位素和铅同位素分析,87Sr/86Sr(t)为0.705 0~0.705 5,εNd(t)为-2.4~-2.8;对主要钼矿体的6件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,所获同位素等时线年龄为(138.1±2.8)M a,表明小东沟钼矿床形成于早白垩世。铅同位素分析结果表明小东沟斑岩型钼矿床的成岩成矿物质具有不同来源,成岩物质来自俯冲洋壳衍生的新生地壳物质,而成矿物质来自地幔分异的产物(流体),属于壳源岩浆+幔源流体的组合。结合区域构造演化历史,对小东沟斑岩型钼矿的成因做出如下解释:在早白垩世,大兴安岭开始隆升,岩石圈拆沉,软流圈(层)物质上涌、基性岩浆的底侵以及地幔流体的加入,引起下地壳岩石的熔融,随后更多的地幔含矿流体进入到岩浆房。岩浆携带来自地幔的含矿流体,沿着区域性的EW、NE向深大断裂上侵定位,并在此过程中演化形成富硅、富钾质的花岗岩,最后沿近NS向的断裂侵位到二叠纪地层中,沉淀形成矿床。     

琼西抱板群变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

海南岛抱板群变质基性火山岩的岩石学、地球化学、Sr、Nd、Pb同位素及其形成的大地构造环境的综合研究表明 ,抱板群变质基性火山岩具有洋中脊型拉斑玄武岩和岛弧型拉斑玄武岩的双重特征 ,起源于亏损地幔 ,是古俯冲消减带上部岩石圈地幔楔、自消减带卷入地幔楔地壳物质及俯冲洋壳析出的流体构成的三元混合物部分熔融结果 ,产生于扩张弧后 (或弧间 )盆地环境。地球动力学分析表明 ,古中元古代时 ,海南岛西部可能经历了一次由“开”向“合”转变的构造演化史。     

The geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface (without soils) and comparison with the upper continental crust

The terrestrial surface, the “skin of the earth”, is an important interface for global (geochemical) material fluxes between major reservoirs of the Earth system: continental and oceanic crust, ocean and atmosphere. Because of a lack in knowledge of the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface, it is not well understood how the geochemical evolution of the Earth’s crust is impacted by its properties. Therefore, here a first estimate of the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface is provided, which can be used for further analysis. The geochemical average compositions of distinct lithological classes are calculated based on a literature review and applied to a global lithological map. Comparison with the bulk composition of the upper continental crust shows that the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface (below the soil horizons) is significantly different from the assumed average of the upper continental crust. Specifically, the elements Ca, S, C, Cl and Mg are enriched at the terrestrial surface, while Na is depleted (and probably K). Analysis of these results provide further evidence that chemical weathering, chemical alteration of minerals in marine settings, biogeochemical processes (e.g. sulphate reduction in sediments and biomineralization) and evaporite deposition are important for the geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface on geological time scales. The movement of significant amounts of carbonate to the terrestrial surface is identified as the major process for observed Ca-differences. Because abrupt and significant changes of the carbonate abundance on the terrestrial surface are likely influencing CO₂-consumption rates by chemical weathering on geological time scales and thus the carbon cycle, refined, spatially resolved analysis is suggested. This should include the recognition of the geochemical composition of the shelf areas, now being below sea level.     

铷同位素分析方法及研究进展

Rb作为一个具有中度挥发性、流体活动性、在岩浆过程中呈不相容性的碱金属元素,能为各种地质过程和物质源区提供制约;同时,⁸⁷Rb是放射性母体,Rb-Sr定年体系在确定长时间尺度的地质体年龄方面也有广泛的应用。传统研究认为特定地质年代下Rb同位素比值(⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁵Rb)是一个定值,但随着分离纯化方法的改进和质谱分析精度的提高,高精度Rb同位素组成得以测定,其结果显示,不同地质样品存在明显的Rb同位素组成的差异,意味着地质过程中存在Rb同位素的分馏。Rb同位素分馏能否为示踪Rb的地质过程提供更多有用信息,是否会对传统Rb-Sr定年体系产生影响,这些基础性的问题目前仍然没有答案。要回答这些问题,首先需要了解不同地质储库的Rb同位素组成,发现不同地质过程中的Rb同位素分馏,探讨其发生的控制机制。然而,这方面的研究目前还非常欠缺。文章回顾了近20年来国际上地球科学领域中的Rb同位素已有的研究,包括技术方法、分馏机理等各个方面,在此基础上对其研究前景进行展望,主要包括:(1)总结了Rb同位素组成测定的化学纯化及仪器测量方法,并对其优缺点进行点评,同时指出谨慎的化学前处理方法及质谱测定流程是获得高精度Rb同位素组成结果的基本前提;(2)收集了现有的地外样品Rb同位素组成数据,简述了Rb同位素在宇宙化学中的应用研究成果,指出Rb作为一个中度挥发性元素,对太阳系行星的吸积和演化过程具有重要的指示意义;(3)对Rb同位素在地质过程中潜在广阔的应用前景进行展望,例如完善经典的Rb-Sr定年体系,限定壳幔及地壳内部的分异过程,制约大陆硅酸盐岩风化,以及揭示超大型Rb矿的形成机制。