泡沫流变性能测定及其在钻探中的应用

根据钻探工作的需要，在实验室内利用自制的泡沫流变装置测定了泡沫的流型，证明了泡沫属非牛顿流体，其流变参数随气液比、泡沫剂加量的改变而改变，其它添加剂也影响泡沫的流变性能，最后讨论了测试结果对泡沫钻进的指导作用。     

泡沫流动特性的初步研究

根据实验结果，证明了气液比在150:1～350:1内，发泡剂含量适当，发泡良好的泡沫可被当做均匀、连续介质处理。利用自制泡沫流变装置，测定了泡沫的流变性能。测试结果表明泡沫属非牛顿流体，提出了计算泡沫流体的压力时需考虑泡沫的非牛顿特性的观点。     

PQ—Ⅰ型泡沫发生器中喷射系统和涡轮泡沫分散切割器的设计

ＰＱ－Ⅰ型泡沫发生器的喷射系统是以吸入空气与基浆充分混合为目标进行设计的，为克服泡沫乐中泡沫直径大小的随机性和提高泡沫泥浆的稳定性，设计了涡轮泡沫分菜切割器。     

水泵泡沫增压装置在水文水井钻进中的应用前景

泡沫钻进技术是一种兴于20世纪50年代的利用泡沫作为循环介质的成井（孔）工艺方法，泡沫钻进技术在干旱缺水地区，高山供水困难地区，低压漏失和永冻地区是一种快速高效具有前景的钻井方法，水文水井钻采中使用泡沫钻进技术时，利用水泵泡沫装置获得高压泡沫较其他技术是非常有效和经济合理的，在我国西部干旱地区水文水井钻井中该项技术有着广泛的应用前景。     

泡沫流变模型试验研究

泡沫流变模型是进行泡沫钻井流变和水力参数计算、指导实际作业的理论基础。通过室内精确测试泡沫流过模拟实钻循环管路压差和流速的变化对泡沫流变性进行研究，结果表明，泡沫流体可用幂律假塑性模型和宾汉塑性模型来表征，以幂律假塑性模型最接近实际流变性。     

泡沫泥浆泥饼的特性研究

对泡沫泥浆泥进行了大量微观结构分析，揭示出泡沫泥饼具有粘弹性，疏水性等特性，对泡沫泥浆防塌护壁机理进行了论证。     

泡沫灌注系统

泡沫灌注系统李改成（中国煤田地质总局水文地质局二队邢台０５４０６６）关键词灌注系统；泡沫钻进中国图书资料分类法分类号Ｐ６３４．３１泡沫钻进对灌注系统的要求泡沫钻进和常规钻进不同，需有专门的灌注系统。灌注系统应具有足够的压力，以便把泡沫注人主动钻杆、到...     

钻探用泡沫性能的研究与评价

泡沫是一种多相热力学不稳定体系，气体为分散相，液体为连续相。一般用气液比来表示泡沫质量，指在大气压条件下混合体系中气体与液体的比值，即α=Q_气/Q_液，泡沫的泡沫质量一般在60—300，而小于60的气液混合体系则为充气液体。     

泡沫钻进最优孔径的理论推证

由于钻进泡沫具有较高的可压缩性，在钻孔中流动时流动参数间的相互影响关系复杂，因此对于如何计算泡沫在孔内的上返流速等重要的数据，前人未能给出严密的推导和确切的解答，从可压缩流体的性状入手，运用流体力学方法建立泡沫在钻孔环空中流动参数计算的数学模型，分析该模型解的特征，确定算法，编制相应的计算机程序，通过输入典型参数运算，获得孔内泡沫流速等具体数值，揭示出一个重要规律；钻孔口径存在最优值，可以使泡沫钻     

FM泡沫钻进用发泡剂性能模拟试验装置

以往评价泡沫剂的发泡能力和泡沫稳定性的方法很多，但因发泡条件不同，故评价空气钻进用的泡沫剂时必然有其不足之处。本文提供了一种模拟试验装置，不仅能在不同介质中综合评价钻进用泡沫剂的发泡能力和泡沫的稳定性，而且也可用以研究泡沫在不同流态的岩粉携带能力，以指导泡沫钻井的施工。     

西藏冈底斯地块中新生代中酸性侵入岩特征与构造环境

冈底斯地块上的中新生代中酸性岩浆活动，是北部班公湖一怒江和南部雅鲁藏布两个特提斯演化及其后的陆内汇聚碰撞造山和后造山伸展等大地构造事件的完整记录。地块上的中酸性岩浆活动可划分为三个带，其中北部岩带岩浆岩形成于燕山期，其类型从早期的Ⅰ型到中期的过渡型再演化为晚期的S型，分别形成于板块俯冲-缝合-碰撞等构造条件下，是北部班公湖一怒江特提斯演化的集中反映。中部和南部岩浆岩带则集中体现了南部雅鲁藏布特提斯时空演化的完整经历，其中，南部岩带岩体以燕山晚期为主，喜山早期次之，成因及形成环境与特提斯洋壳向北俯7中作用密切相关(燕山晚期)，同时俯冲结束后的同碰撞条件下的岩浆活动在该岩带内也有明显的反映(喜山早期)；中部岩带岩体以喜山早期为主，燕山晚期次之，岩体大部分为同碰撞环境下岩浆活动的产物，它表征了随着洋壳板块向北俯冲程度的加深和强度的加剧，岩浆活动中心在不断向北迁移，并最终缝合碰撞的过程。因此，该岩带内岩浆岩主要形成于俯冲的晚阶段及缝合后的同碰撞条件下。喜山晚期的小斑岩体实际上广泛出露于整个冈底斯地块上，它反映的是该区在经历了碰撞造山后发生的陆内伸展的构造过程。     

典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松-阔叶树混交林营养元素生物循环研究——以贵州龙里为例

以龙里典型喀斯特地区马尾松纯林及马尾松- 阔叶树混交林为研究对象,研究了两个群落的生物量、营养元素贮量、分布及循环特征。结果表明: 马尾松纯林、马尾松- 阔叶树混交林的生物量分别为40. 62t /hm2、48. 32t /hm2 ,混交林的乔木层总生物量比马尾松纯林高18. 97% ,根系生物量较纯林高65. 12%。混交林乔木层各器官营养元素的含量整体大于马尾松纯林,两群落乔木层N、P、K、S的含量表现出一致的趋势,叶> 根> 枝> 干。混交林乔木层各元素的积累量分别比纯林高47. 97%～ 197. 67% ,凋落物层各元素贮量比纯林高85. 40%～ 318. 301%。混交林的年归还量、年存留量和年吸收量均大于马尾松纯林,且各元素循环系数大于马尾松纯林。马尾松林与阔叶树混交可以有效地提高群落生物量和营养元素循环的能力。      

Petroleum Migration Direction of the Silurian Paleo-pools in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The results obtained in this paper indicate that carbazole-type compounds have high thermal stability and also show stability in oxidation and bio-degradation. This kind of compounds still has a high concentration and complete distribution in the analyzed dry asphalt samples, showing that they are particularly useful in studying petroleum migration of paleo-pool. During the basin＇s first-stage of oil-gas pool formation in the Silurian in Tazhong and Tabei areas of Tarim Basin （at the end of Silurian period） and the second-stage in the Awati area （in Permian）, the petroleum experienced a long-distance migration. During the formation of the Silurian paleo-pools in Tazhong Uplift at the end of Silurian, the petroleum mainly came from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. The petroleum migrated towards the southwest-south entering the Silurian reservoir beds in Tazhong first. Then, it further migrated within Silurian from northwest to southeast along the highs of the Structural Belts to the region of the Silurian pinchout boundary in Tazhong. In Tabei Uplift, during the first-stage of pool formation, the petroleum was also from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. It migrated northwest entering the Silurian reservoir beds in the Tabei Uplift firstly, and then the migration continued in the same direction within the Silurian reservoirs and finally the petroleum was trapped in higher positions. During the second-stage pool formation in the Silurian beds in the areas around Awati sag, the petroleum mainly came from the lower-middle Cambrian source rocks in the Awati sag. The petroleum migrated from the generation center to Silurian reservoirs in all directions around the sag through major paths, and the petroleum was finally trapped in higher locations.     

河南黄淮平原土壤中Cu的生态安全评价

在分析河南黄淮平原土壤和小麦籽实中Cu含量分布特征的基础上,利用单项污染指数法对研究区小麦籽实中Cu的污染状况进行评价。其结果为：研究区小麦籽实中Cu的单项污染指数Pi的平均值为0．473,说明研究区小麦籽实未受Cu的污染。Cu的状况良好。进一步讨论了土壤中Cu的含量与小麦籽实中Cu含量间的关系。认为小麦籽实中Cu的积累与土壤中的总Cu无明显的相关关系,而与土壤中的有效态Cu含量具有明显的相关性。据此,将土壤有效态Cu作为土壤Cu生态安全评价的指标。并建立了小麦籽实Cu与土壤有效Cu的响应关系模型,确定了土壤中有效Cu的安全界限值。     

云南省煤层气资源勘探开发对外合作

滇东地区有较丰富的煤炭和煤层气资源。中美合作项目"云南恩洪和老厂地区煤层气资源开采对外合作",属我国煤层气勘探开发对外合作项目之一。开展二年来,取得丰硕成果。本文介绍我省的煤层气资源,我国煤层气开发鼓励政策及相关法规,我国煤层气对外合作的基本原则和合作模式,我省煤层气勘探开发合作项目的进展及取得的成果。     

径潮动力对长江河口滞流点的影响

为研究三峡蓄水后滞流点的时空变化规律,应用ECOMSED模型模拟长江河口在不同径流、潮流作用下的水流动态过程。结果表明:北支大洪水期下移幅度大,涨潮动力强劲,随潮流变化大;南侧变化幅度整体较北支小,随径流的变化幅度自大至小依次为北港、南槽、北槽;随潮流的变化幅度自大至小依次为南槽、北港、北槽。滞流点随径、潮条件变化时,受地形影响明显,三峡蓄水后,径流变化范围缩小,引起不同地貌单元滞流点范围不同程度的缩小,可据此认为,与滞流点位置一致的最大浑浊带范围呈现减小的趋势,由此可能引起最大浑浊带和地貌调整。     

长三角经济高速发展地区土壤pH时空变化及其影响因素

通过调查和分析长三角地区张家港市2004年和第二次土壤普查时(1980)的土壤pH,探讨了该市近20年来基于经济高速发展影响下的土壤pH变化及影响因素。结果表明,自第二次土壤普查以来,该市土壤pH变化明显。南部人为土地区绝大部分土壤pH值都下降了一个单位,平均值由7.39降至6.33;北部雏形土区,两个时期的土壤pH值分别为7.92和7.98。土壤pH的降低可能同该地区长期施用化学肥料、酸雨及工业酸性“三废”排放的增加有关。此外,土地利用和田间管理也对土壤pH变化起着较为重要的作用,而土壤地球化学性质差异则是导致南北地区土壤pH变化不同的内在因素。     

Spatial patterns of Holocene glacier advance and retreat in Central Asia

Glaciers in the southern Himalayas advanced in the early Holocene despite an increase in incoming summer solar insolation at the top of the atmosphere. These glacier advances are in contrast to the smaller alpine glaciers in the western and northern regions of Central Asia. Two different glacier mass-balance models are used to reconcile this Holocene glacier history with climate by quantifying the change in equilibrium-line altitudes (ELA) for simulated changes in Holocene climate. Both ELA models clearly show that the lowering of ELAs in the southern Himalayas is largely due to a decrease in summer temperatures, and that an increase in monsoonal precipitation accounts for less than 30% of the total ELA changes. The decrease in summer temperatures is a dynamic response to the changes in solar insolation, resulting in both a decrease in incoming shortwave radiation at the surface due to an increase in cloudiness and an increase in evaporative cooling. In the western and northern zones of Central Asia, both ELA models show a rise in ELAs in response to a general increase in summer temperatures. This increase in temperatures in the more northern regions is a direct radiative response to the increase in summer solar insolation.     

Distribution Characteristics of Sulfur and the Main Harmful Trace Elements in China’s Coal

To promote the rational development and use of clean coal resources in China, data on the regional and age distribution of sulfur, arsenic and other harmful elements in Chinese coal was broadly collected, tested for content, and analyzed. Coal in northwestern China is characterized by low to extremely low levels of sulfur; the coal of the Taiyuan Formation in northern China mainly has high-sulfur content; that of the Shanxi Formation is mainly characterized by low sulfur coal; and the Late Permian coal in southern China has overall higher sulfur content; other regions have low sulfur coal. The average content of harmful trace elements in the bulk of China＇s coal is similar to the corresponding content in the coal of the North America and the rest of the world, whereas the content of various elements （Hg, Sb and Se） is different in magnitude to the corresponding percentage in the crust. The average content of the elements Cr, Se, Co, Be, U, Br in Late Permian coal in S China ranks first in the country whereas the average content of Hg and CI in the coals of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age in N China are the highest. The average content of Mn in Early and Middle Jurassic coal is higher in NW China. The high content of harmful elements in some coal should cause particular concern both in the development and utilization of coal.     

Storm catastrophes in the United States

A unique historical data set describing the 142 storms each producing losses in excess of $100 million in the United States during the 1950–89 period were analyzed to describe their temporal characteristics. The storms caused $66.2 billion in losses (in 1991 values), 76% of the nation's insured storm losses in this period. These extreme storm catastrophes (SCs) were most prevalent in the south, southeast, northeast, and central U.S., with few in and west of the Rocky Mountains. Storm incidences were high in the 1950s, low in the 1960s-early 1970s, and increased in the 1980s. Losses due to SCs peaked in the 1950s, again in the late 1960s, with a lesser peak after 1985. The areal extent of storm losses peaked after 1975 and was least in the 1960s. The temporal variations of the three storm measures (incidence, losses, and extent) did not agree except when they all peaked in the 1950s. Regionally-derived time distributions of SCs showed a marked north-south differences in the United States with a U-shaped 40-year distribution in the northern half of the nation, and a relatively flat trend until a peak in the 1980s in the southern regions. The temporal distributions of hurricane-caused catastrophes differed regionally with occurrences in the prime areas, the southern, southeastern, and northeastern U.S., each quite different. Temporal distributions of thunderstorm and winter storm catastrophes were regionally more uniform.