广东大峡谷河床壶穴形态的形成与发育

对广东中新世夷平面上大布河强烈下切的广东大峡谷源头河段的227 处壶穴形态特征进行详细测量并做统计分析, 结合野外观测结果从统计学的角度定量地描述壶穴的形成和发育过程。研究得出以下结论: 壶穴的形成与发育只与河床局部的地质、地貌、流水特征有关, 其形成始于河床床面薄弱处和三角(撞击) 坑; 壶穴形态受构造节理控制; 壶穴发育过程中, 深度与口径间有很强的(对数) 正相关关系; 壶穴发育过程中, 其形态和流水作用的形式不是固定的; 在下切强烈的河段, 作为河床下切的侵蚀形式之一, 壶穴形成既不需要很长时间, 也不能充分发育, 而且难以长期保留。以统计方法定量地研究河流壶穴有助于解决广东第四纪环境的有关争论。     

福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据

风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异.     

贵州绥阳阴河洞洞穴壶穴的演化过程

通过对贵州绥阳寒武系中上统娄山关组中发育洞穴之阴河洞地下河河床基岩面上49个壶穴进行详细测量和统计学定量分析,对其形态特征及空间分布进行描述,并探讨其形成演化过程和影响因素。主要结论为：阴河洞壶穴的整体形态以极浅的倒“Ω”型和“锅”型壶穴为主,并且壶穴发育相对较年轻;壶穴长短轴具有一定的相关性,但平均口径与深度的相关性较差,说明壶穴在发育的过程在洪水期以口径增大为主,枯水期以溶蚀深度加深为主,且表现为地下河河床下切的形式之一;从发育阶段看,阴河洞壶穴的形成演化主要分为3个阶段：“碟型”壶穴形成阶段;倒“Ω”型壶穴发育阶段;“锅”型壶穴发育阶段,其形成主要受水动力条件、构造条件、推移质、基岩性质和溶蚀作用等因素耦合的作用;洞穴壶穴主要是流水的侵—溶蚀作用形成的,并非冰川作用的结果,与“冰臼”的发育存在本质上的区别。     

喀斯特地区洞穴壶穴形态的形成与发育

喀斯特洞穴河床壶穴是记录洞穴微地貌演化、洞道走向、水流与地下河床边界条件相互作用的关键性证据之一。通过对贵州绥阳双河洞穴系统,属娄山关组白云岩地下河段108处洞穴壶穴的形态及分布特征进行实地仔细观察和分析发现:该区地下河河床壶穴分为两种形式即跌水壶穴(plunge holes)和旋转流壶穴(eddy holes)。它的规模、形态及分布特征规律性较地表河床壶穴强,主要受水动力、洞道走向控制。由于洞内气候环境长期稳定,洞穴河床壶穴的形成与演化主要是水动力条件、洞道走向、岩性、洪冲积物综合作用的结果。本研究结果将丰富与完善壶穴不同地貌部位、不同岩性特征及成因,为洞穴河床壶穴形态的形成与发育提供科学论证,为洞穴微地貌演化过程及洞穴水动力研究发展提供科学依据。     

深圳海岸壶穴的形态及空间分布特征

对广东深圳西冲湾海滩东侧基岩海岸上壶穴的形态特征进行详细测量并对其位置和高程做三角高程测量。结合野外观测结果从经典统计学和空间统计学的角度定量地描述壶穴的形态和空间分布特征及其在基岩海岸发育过程中的地貌作用。研究得出以下结论：西冲海岸壶穴趋向形成于节理、断裂、层面等岩体软弱带,壶穴的形态和分布受这些软弱带控制,但形成于软弱带的具体位置却是随机的;西冲海岸壶穴的形成、扩大和加深实际上是对二级平台产生破坏,但壶穴以现代低潮线为下蚀极限;海岸壶穴是现代海岸动力侵蚀过程的产物,只要动力、岩石条件适合,壶穴随时都可形成;海岸壶穴的形态不仅与流水动力有关,而且与岩石硬度及壶穴发育过程有关;海岸壶穴与河流壶穴一样,可以在形成于各种类型的岩石,起源于各种各样的凹坑;海岸与河流的水动力差异导致了海岸壶穴和河流壶穴形态差异。     

广东揭西河谷地貌与风化层特征初步观察

在对广东省揭西县若干河谷地貌与相应的风化层初步观察的基础上,提出了该地区河谷发育的可能模式;对照河谷地貌与沉积－风化作用发育的基本规律和广东省已有的基本研究成果,认为当地所观察到的近代－现代河床中的穴状微地貌不大可能是二三百万年前冰川作用形成的“冰臼”,而可能应归结于山区河流作用下形成的正常河成“壶穴”。至于是否存在末次冰期盛冰阶时期的冰川遗迹和冰臼则值得进行进一步研究和讨论。     

与"冰臼论"再商榷

发达的花岗岩节理和丰富的年降水量是揭西石肚溪、丰顺龙鲸河等粤东近海山区河流壶穴地貌发育的基础。“冰臼论”提出在冰裂隙中形成的“滚流”、“圆柱体水砧”等流体形式只不过是一种主观臆断。石肚溪的宽谷－峡谷相间的河谷形势及龙鲸河的谷中现象是地壳间歇式上升造成河流的侧蚀和下切作用相交替的结果,宽谷（或Ｕ形谷）并不一定就是冰川谷。分布于河床上或谷坡上的花岗岩巨块是花岗岩巨型球化风化产物被洪水从上游带来或从谷坡     

雅安市雨城区壶穴形态特征

以雅安市雨城区的严桥河和周公河流域的河床壶穴为研究对象,对128处壶穴形态规模与几何参数进行详细测量。运用定量统计方法分析壶穴的分布规模和形态特征。结果表明:周公河流域壶穴大多分布在岸边大石块上,严桥河流域壶穴主要分布于河床的岩坎上;两地壶穴平均分布密度为0.43个/m~2,相对其他区域较小,且壶穴的长短轴和平均口径与深度都有相对明显的规律。在平面形态上,壶穴形态多样,周公河以近圆型壶穴最多,占52.5%,严桥河以椭圆型壶穴最多,占63.6%。在垂直剖面形态上,周公河处壶穴90%属于U型,其余为V型;严桥河处壶穴V型和U型分别占52.3%和44.3%,还有3.4%属倒Ω型;两地壶穴都以浅型为主。     

关于广东有无冰川发育条件的讨论

因为“冰臼”一词尚未得到地学界认可，建议继续用“冰川壶穴”来替代“冰臼”。由于生成冰臼（冰川壶穴）与壶穴的水动力条件和地貌形态相似，所以单从形态难以区分广东河床上的壶穴或冰臼，只有确定广东是否发育过第四纪冰川之后，才可能确定广东是否有冰臼。本文从气候、地貌和生物角度证实广东未出现过第四纪冰川环境，并认为所谓：①水应力集中一点生成冰臼；②花岗岩坚硬不能生成壶穴；③二、三百万年前生成冰臼等冰臼论观点是     

关于南国冰臼群成因的商榷之二

南国冰臼群分布区大量冰川堆积、冰川条痕石及变形砾石的发现，再次有力地证明是“冰臼”不是“壶穴”的正确结论，由冰川漂砾经融冻作用形成的“石海”，与化学风化作用产生的花岗岩“石蛋”地貌特征，有天渊之别，不应混为一谈；边滩是由河流冲积物组成，不能与基岩冰床相提并论；圆滚水钻与急流旋涡及风蚀作用，形成的动力学性质、方向和方式完全不同，不该阴错阳差；节理、构造只影响冰臼的形态和发育程度，不是控制形成的动力学性质、方向和方式完全不同，不该阴错阳差；节理、构造只影响冰臼的形态和发育程度，不是控制冰臼的发育部位，不致于是非不辨，南国地区古冰川遗迹的大量发现，证明距今约二三百万年的第四纪早期确实曾发生过大规模的古冰川运动，为争论了半个多世纪的中国东部中低山区有无第四纪冰川问题，从此画上一个圆满的句号。     

Formation and development of stream potholes in a gorge in Guangdong

The goal of this study is to provide information on the process of pothole growth on a gorge streambed. Pothole geometries were measured in a reach of the Dabu river bed at the head of a gorge more than 200 m deeply incising into a 650–750 m high planation surface formed in the middle Miocene in northern Guangdong, China. Geometric and derivative data of the potholes obtained from fieldwork were interpreted using standard statistical methodologies. Our study shows that the formation and development of a stream pothole were only related to local conditions of a stream reach where the pothole occurs; the weaknesses, which are usually intersect fractures, typically interconnected vertical joints, or triangular pits generated by hitting of rock fragments during floods, initiate the pothole development on a streambed; the geometrical dimensions of the potholes are controlled by tectonic joints developed in bedrock of the stream reach; the radius and the depth of potholes are strongly (log) positive correlated; the pothole shapes and the flow patterns are inconstant during pothole growth; a pothole can be formed within a short period, but cannot be fully developed and maintained for a long time in a strong incision streambed. The finding in our study can improve the understanding of Quaternary environment in Guangdong.     

广东大峡谷河床壶穴形态的形成与发育

The goal of this study is to provide information on the process of pothole growth on a gorge streambed. Pothole geometries were measured in a reach of the Dabu river bed at the head of a gorge more than 200 m deeply incising into a 650–750 m high planation surface formed in the middle Miocene in northern Guangdong, China. Geometric and derivative data of the potholes obtained from fieldwork were interpreted using standard statistical methodologies. Our study shows that the formation and development of a stream pothole were only related to local conditions of a stream reach where the pothole occurs; the weaknesses, which are usually intersect fractures, typically interconnected vertical joints, or triangular pits generated by hitting of rock fragments during floods, initiate the pothole development on a streambed; the geometrical dimensions of the potholes are controlled by tectonic joints developed in bedrock of the stream reach; the radius and the depth of potholes are strongly (log) positive correlated; the pothole shapes and the flow patterns are inconstant during pothole growth; a pothole can be formed within a short period, but cannot be fully developed and maintained for a long time in a strong incision streambed. The finding in our study can improve the understanding of Quaternary environment in Guangdong. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40871020; Guangdong Natural Science Foundation, No.7005836 Author: Wang Wei (1956–), Ph.D and Professor, specialized in Quaternary geology and geomorphology.     

冰臼与壶穴之争述评

一些地质学家在粤东揭西和丰顺所发现的U形谷、冰碛物和石海等第四纪冰川遗迹的证据不足，该区成群出现的“冰臼”，实际上是河床基岩为河流侵蚀所形成的壶穴。控制壶穴形成的构造、岩性、地貌和河流作用等条件，文中作了较为充分的论述。粤西北封开一怀集地区已发现一系列第四纪冰川遗迹，因此广东的第四纪冰川问题，今后仍值得进一步研究。     

Holocone paleovegetation and paleohydrology of a prairie pothold in southern Saskatchewan, Canada

The Andrews site represents one of countless prairie potholes found in areas of hummocky moraine on the northern Great Plains. Sediments from a depth of 5.8 to 3.1 m at this 'kettle-fill' site in the Missouri Coteau upland of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, provides a record of vegetation, climate, and hydrologic changes within a small, ca 30 m diameter, closed-drainage basin from ca 10.2 to 5.8 ka. Plant macrofossil analyses of 67 samples, 6 ¹⁴C ages, and stratigraphy were used to identify 5 zones, representing the paleohydrological changes that followed deglaciation in southern Saskatchewan.Results of this study indicate that with the melting of residual stagnant ice a pond (>2 m deep) with abundant aquatic, emergent, and shoreline plants developed in the basin at ca 10.2 ka and persisted until at least ca 8.8 ka. During this time there was a shift in upland vegetation from a white spruce forest (Zone II) to a deciduous parkland at ca 10 ka (Zone III). As climate warmed, brackish and alkaline conditions developed coincident with shallowing of the pond at the end of Zone III. The perennial water phase ended at ca 8.8 ka and was followed by a low-water stand lasting ca 1100 years. Prairie fires and slopewash from unstable slopes were dominant sedimentological processes until ca 7.7 ka (Zone IV). Water levels began to rise and between ca 7.7 and 5.8 ka a semi-permanent pond was established in a grassland setting (Zone V). After ca 5.8 ka this prairie pothole wetland became ephemeral, to the point that plant macrofossils could not be preserved, a situation continuing today. Interactions between climate change, variability in local groundwater supply, and sedimentological processes likely account for the paleohydrologic events reconstructed at the Andrews site.     

"冰臼"是古地貌面上的流水侵蚀遗迹——壶穴——就韩同林《发现冰臼》一书中的资料谈华北北部的"冰臼"

分布在华北北部山顶面上的“冰臼”,无论从地理环境、地貌演化,还是从海拔高度方面分析,都不是第四纪大冰盖的证据,而是古地貌面上流水侵蚀的遗迹。它分布在3个海拔高度不同的山地夷平面上和现代河流谷地内,与当时的地理环境和山地的地貌演化密切相关。未构成山地夷平面前准平原上的河流以河网密集的曲流河为主。随着准平原的抬升,河流也开始下切,下切的河流以溯源侵蚀为主。在源头地区的顺直型谷地中,一是河流流速较急,且挟有数量不多、颗粒较粗的砂砾石;二是源头地区大块石较多,容易形成涡流;三是河水不深,丰水期刚刚没过块石,枯水期块石露出水面。在质地不均的岩体(特别是花岗岩)中,挟带砂砾石的涡流在岩面上形成了壶穴。准平原及壶穴最后被抬升到山地的顶部,构成了山地夷平面。     

Saprolite Remnants as Indicators of Pre-Glacial Landform Genesis in Southeast Sweden

Twenty‐six sites with remnants of gravelly saprolites (grus) have been located in southeast Sweden. Joint block hills (castle kopjes) and steep rock walls with weathered joints as well as rounded boulders are documented to have an origin in deep weathering and subsequent stripping of saprolites. The saprolite remnants and landforms result from the fragmentation of the re‐exposed sub‐Cambrian peneplain along fracture systems. Only shallow saprolites occur on the elevated intact parts of the sub‐Cambrian peneplain, while saprolites up to 20 m thick are encountered in areas where the sub‐Cambrian peneplain is fractured and dissected. Neogene uplift with reactivation of the weathering system is thought to be the main cause of saprolite formation. Deep weathering is thus judged to have been the major agent of landform formation in the study area, while glacial and glaciofluvial erosion has contributed mainly by stripping saprolites, detaching corestones, and plucking joint blocks along weathered joints.