湛江港污损生物挂板试验

１９９１年４月至１９９２年３月在湛江港内的试验浮筏上进行了污损生物周年挂板调查。共记录５９种生物。优势种是浒苔Ｅｎｔｅｒｍｏｒｐｈａ ｓｐ．和网纹藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓ ｒｅｌｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ。表层月板附着量变化幅度１０．０－２５０．０ｇ．ｍ＾－２，底层月板附着量变化幅度为３．０－５６８０．５ｇ．ｍ＾－２，年板全年附着量炒２２３４７．１ｇ．ｍ＾－２。     

湛江港浮标污损生物生态研究

１９９１年在湛江进行浮标污损生物调查。该海区污损生物的种类组成共９３种，附着厚度２１－７１ｍｍ，湿重３．１０－７２．５３ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，覆盖面积９８％－１００％。优势种网纹藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ，变化短齿蛤Ｂｒａｃｈｉｄｏｎｔｅｓ ｕａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ，刺巨藤壶Ｍｅｇａｂａｌａｎｕｓｕｏｌｃａｎｏ钟巨藤壶Ｍｅｇａｂａｌａｎｕｓ ｔｉｎｔｉｎｎａｂｕｌｕｍ ｔｉｎｔｉｎｎａｂｕｌｕｍ     

沙埕港污损生物的生态研究

１９９０年３月至１９９１年２月，在闽沂交界处的沙埕港进行周年污损生物挂板试验，共记录生物７０年，其中，海藻１３种，动物５７种，以泥藤壶，网纹藤壶，僧帽牡盛，中胚花筒螅，太平洋侧花海葵，香港网筛苔虫和多种端足类为优势种，全年 生物附着，夏，秋春，冬季的优势种有显著不同，优势种突出，附着量特别大，夏季底层板（６－８月）的湿重生物量达２８．０３ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，为目前全国沿岩港湾生物量之冠。     

湛江港浮标污损生物生态研究

１９９１年在湛江港进行浮标污损生物调查。该海区污损生物的种类组成共９３种，附着厚度２１—７１ｍｍ，湿重３．１０—７２．５３ｋｇ／ｍ２，覆盖面积９８％─１００％。优势种为网纹藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ、变化短齿蛤Ｂｒａｃｈｉｄｏｎｔｅｓｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ、刺巨藤壶Ｍｅｇａｂａｌａｎｕｓｖｏｌｃａｎｏ、钟巨藤壶Ｍｅｇａｂａｌａｎｕｓｌｉｎｔｉｎｎａｂｕｌｕｍｔｉｎｔｉｎｎａｂｕｌｕｍ和翡翠贻贝Ｐｅｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ。位于不同位置的浮标，其污损生物群落组成和生物量不同，同一浮标的不同部位（体侧，底部，尾外侧，尾管内）的污损生物也有一定差别。     

台湾海峡海流结构及海水通量

主要根据台湾海峡的实测海流资料，以夏、冬为代表季节，分析了台湾海峡２—３个纬向断面的海流结构，计算出各断面的海水通量。结果表明：夏季，台湾海峡中、北部海域各层的海流一般偏Ｎ向流动，Ｎ向的海水净通量为３．３２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１；冬季，高温高盐的黑潮水和南海水由南向北经南部断面进入台湾海峡，其海水通量分别为１．６９×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１和０．５９×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１；而东海水由北向南通过北部断面进入台湾海峡，其海水通量为１．０２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１，其中，有０．４０×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１的海水沿着福建和广东近岸流进南海，其余０．６２×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１的海水在台湾海峡北部混合后随同黑潮水和南海水流入东海。总之，流经台湾海峡的Ｎ向海水净通量为１．７４×１０６ｍ３·ｓ－１。     

东海污损生物群落研究 Ⅱ.数量组成和分布

东海表层板污损藻类月平均湿重为２１０．８ｇ／ｍ２。底层板污损动物的月平均湿重为４９４．５ｇ／ｍ２。以甲壳动物的数量占绝对优势,其次为腔肠动物,其余各类群占比例较小。不同类型海域污损藻类的月平均湿重为远岸区高于近岸区高于内湾区高于河口区。污损动物的月平均湿重为远岸区高于内湾区高于近岸区高于河口区。污损生物数量有明显的季节变化。藻类的季节变化大;污损动物以夏、秋数量最大,冬、春数量小     

东海污损生物群落研究：II.数量组成和分布

东海表层板污损藻类月平均湿重为２１０．８ｇ／ｍ＾２。底层板污损动物的月平均湿重为４９４．５ｇ／ｍ＾２,以甲壳动物的数量占绝对优势,其次为腔肠动物,其余各类群占比例较小,不同类型海域污损藻类的月平均湿重为远岸我高于近岸区高于内湾区高于河口区,污损动物的月平均湿重远岸区高于内湾区同于近岸区高于河口区,污损生物数量有明显的季节变化,藻类的季节变化大,污损动物以夏,秋数量最大,冬,春数量小。     

舟山枸杞水域的污损生物生态

本文系１９８８年９月～１９８９年９月在舟山枸杞乌里西岙水域进行挂板试验的结果。共获污损生物１３５种，其中，近岸的油库码头获７７种，远岸的养殖筏获１１０种。动物以亚热带高盐性种类为主，三角藤壶Ｂａｌａｎｕｓｔｒｉｇｕｎｕｓ、小海葵Ａｃｔｉｎｉａ、柯氏分胞孔苔虫Ｃｅｌｌｅｐｏｒｉｎａｃｏｓｔａｚｉｉ、西方三胞苔虫Ｔｒｉｃｅｌａｒｉａｏｃｃｉｄｅｎｔａｌｉｓ、艾氏美熄Ｃｌｔｉａｅｄｗａｒｄｓｉ、广口小桧叶螅Ｓｅｒｔｕｌａｒｅｌｌａｍｉｕｒｒｅｎｓｉｓ等占优势，藻类常见的有长石莼Ｕｌｖａｌｉｎｚａ、肠浒苔Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈｙｉｎｔｅｓｔｉｎａｌｉｓ和日本多管藻Ｐｏｌｙｓｉｐｈｏｎｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ。枸杞污损生物的附着期主要在夏季，附着量也以夏季最大。不同地点附着量的差异极大。夏季由于近岸三角藤壶大量附着，故生物量明显大子远岸，其他季节均是远岸大于近岸。夏季近岸三角藤壶的覆盖面积达１００％，生物量达１８１１９ｇ／ｍ２，占污损生物总生物量的９８％。故夏季是污损生物防除的主要季节，三角藤壶是防除的主要对象。与１９７５～１９７６年嵊山污损生物进行比较，发现两地污损生物的种类组成和群落结构极为相似，说明１０多年以来嵊山     

九龙江口、厦门西海域磷的生物地球化学研究──Ⅲ.生物活动参与下的磷形态转化及磷循环估算

１９８７年３月～１９８８年１２月笔者于九龙江口、厦门西海域的调查研究结果表明，厦门西海域特殊的地理、水文环境、沉积物的高磷量、磷形态的快速转化是西海域初级生产力［５５５ｇ／（ｍ＾２·ａ）］比九龙江口区［１５９ｇ／（ｍ＾２·ａ）］高得多的主要原因。颗粒态磷（ＰＰ）、溶解态无机磷（ＤＩＰ）、溶解态有机磷（ＤＯＰ）等以生物为媒介发生了某种程度的形态转化，本文估算了九龙江水总磷（ＴＰ）的入海通量为７８７ｔ     

厦门西港表层沉积物中DDTs，HCHs和PCBs的含量与分布

对厦门西港表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量与分布进行调查研究。含量范围：ＨＣＨｓ为０．１４－１．１２ｎｇ·ｇ（－１），ＤＤＴｓ４．４５３１１ｎｇ·ｇ（－１），ＰＣＢｓ０．０５—７．２４ｎｇ·ｇ（－１）。与香港维多利亚港表层沉积物含量进行比较，厦门西港表层沉积物的ＰＣＢＳ含量低于维多利亚港，ＤＤＴｓ含量则高于维多利亚港。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,