粤北白水寨石英脉型钨矿床地质特征及找矿前景

英德白水寨钨矿床位于粤北钨多金属成矿带雪山嶂矿田内,是近年来新发现的石英脉型钨矿床,初步探明储量已达中型规模。矿区浅部发育白钨矿线脉-细网脉密集带,往深部演化成黑钨矿细脉带,并在钙质地层发育地段形成了白钨矿体。与典型的石英脉型钨矿相比,该矿床具有浅部线细网-细脉带钨矿物"上白钨矿下黑钨矿"、发育细网脉与矽卡岩共存的白钨矿(化)体、矿石矿物组合中出现大量黄铁矿的特征,但总体属于石英脉型钨矿床,深部含矿岩浆热液是成矿的重要条件。详细的野外勘探资料显示,该矿床已具有"五层楼"成矿规律的雏形,物探成果指示深部岩体埋深0.5~1.2 km,而地表-浅部矿化带处于"五层楼"模式的细网脉标志带-细脉带的空间位置,矿区深部勘查脉带型钨矿有很大空间。     

江西香炉山矽卡岩型钨矿床流体包裹体研究

从江西西北部至安徽南部发育一条显著的斑岩-矽卡岩型钨成矿带,香炉山是其中一典型的矽卡岩钨矿床。矿床具有明显的矿化分带特征,由近接触带矽卡岩和云英岩矿体和远接触带脉状石英-硫化物-白钨矿和透镜状矿体组成。通过对不同蚀变带上矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围在209～383℃,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度范围分别为163～278℃和204～284℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低为143～235℃;矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度范围在0.35%～5.26%NaCleqv,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的盐度范围分别为0.35%～5.86%NaCleqv和0.70%～9.21%NaCleqv,晚期方解石脉的盐度为0.35%～2.07%NaCleqv。激光拉曼探针测试表明,矽卡岩、石英-白钨矿脉和石英-硫化物-白钨矿脉中流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还含有一定量CH4和少量的N2。从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,指明了钨成矿温度较宽泛;钨在流体中可能以钨酸的形式运移,与围岩反应时,温度降低和碱性升高,促使白钨矿沉淀成矿。早期到晚期成矿流体温度和物质组成发生变化是成矿发生分带的重要原因。     

闽西行洛坑钨矿流体演化过程与成矿机制:白钨矿原位微量元素、Sr同位素的制约

行洛坑钨矿位于武夷山成矿带中部,是该带目前规模最大的钨矿床。钨矿体主要产于强烈蚀变的似斑状黑云母花岗岩岩株顶部,发育细脉浸染状、网脉状及大脉状多种矿化类型,黑钨矿与白钨矿含量近1∶1。关于矿床的流体演化过程与成矿机制目前仍不清楚,成因存在较大争议。本文在详细成矿阶段划分的基础上,对不同阶段产出的不同世代白钨矿开展了系统的原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素和Sr同位素、以及流体包裹体和H-O同位素的研究工作。行洛坑钨矿由早至晚可以划分为3个成矿阶段:细脉浸染状白钨矿-辉钼矿阶段(阶段Ⅰ)、钾长石-白钨矿-黑钨矿-绿柱石阶段(阶段Ⅱ)及硫化物-黑钨矿-白钨矿-碳酸盐阶段(阶段Ⅲ)。流体包裹体研究显示成矿流体为中高温、低盐度的Na Cl-H_2O-CO_2体系。H-O与Sr同位素表明成矿流体主要为岩浆流体,仅成矿晚期阶段有少量的大气降水加入。阶段I白钨矿相对富REE、Mo、Na和Nb,贫Sr;而随着流体演化,白钨矿REE、Mo、Na、Nb含量逐渐降低,Sr含量显著升高。阶段I白钨矿呈自形-半自形粒状,CL图像显示细密的、均匀的震荡环带,稀土元素主要与Na和Nb结合进入白钨矿晶格;阶段Ⅱ、阶段Ⅲ白钨矿呈半自形-他形,不发育或仅发育宽缓的、不规则震荡环带,稀土元素与Ca(Ca的离子空位)结合置换白钨矿中的Ca。结合蚀变与矿化特征,认为阶段I白钨矿形成于低水岩比环境,由初始岩浆流体沿微小裂隙渗透交代而形成;而阶段Ⅱ、Ⅲ白钨矿形成于高水岩比环境,CO_2的不混溶作用伴随强烈的水岩反应导致了钨的富集沉淀。结合矿床地质特征,认为行洛坑钨矿属于广义的斑岩型钨矿,细脉浸染状矿化构成了钨成矿的基础,而网脉状、大脉状矿化的叠加是钨进一步富集的关键。     

云南麻栗坡县马卡钨多金属矿床中铍赋存状态研究及意义

铍是一种稀有金属元素,在地壳中的含量约6×10-4。目前发现含铍的矿物约有50多种,具有工业价值的铍矿物主要有绿柱石、金绿宝石、硅铍石、日光榴石,其中最为常见的为绿柱石。近年来,我们通过对滇东南老君山矿集区北部马卡钨多金属矿床研究,发现该区伴生有Be资源,且Be以独立矿物日光榴石的形式存在,这与该矿集区其他铍矿床(绿柱石型)有所不同。通过详细的扫描电镜微区分析,可知研究区的日光榴石与白钨矿、萤石共生。研究表明,一般与石英脉型W矿有关的Be矿多为绿柱石型,而日光榴石多产在夕卡岩型矿床,故日光榴石的发现,除了其本身为一种新资源外,可能还指示了马卡钨多金属矿床的空间成矿模型为上部石英脉型、深部夕卡岩型。     

某铀钨矿床中钨矿化特征及其成因研究

铀钨矿床是一种新矿床类型。其主要矿物是白钨矿和沥青铀矿，它们既有共生，也有伴生。钨以白钨矿细脉、分散状微粒白钨矿和吸附状等形式产出。钨与铀的成矿过程可划分为六个阶段。矿岩时差较大。钨来源于已固结的花岗石，它是由地下热水或热卤水从已固结的花岗岩中浸取出来的。钨（铀）矿化是在低温条件下，在有利的构造岩性中沉淀富集而成的，不是岩浆热液矿床     

赣中聚源大型石英脉型白钨矿床含铀富钨矿物初步研究

聚源钨矿是华南地区为数不多的大型石英脉型白钨矿矿床之一。在详细的野外地质调查基础上,本文利用α径迹蚀刻、电子显微镜、扫描电镜以及电子探针等实验手段,对该矿床含钨和含铀矿物开展了精细矿物学的研究工作,探讨了成矿过程中钨和铀的富集规律。研究显示,该矿床钨铀矿物的形成可分为四个阶段:第一阶段,钨铀主要进入富含Nb、Ti的氧化物矿物,形成铌铁矿、钇易解石等富钨矿物,另有极少量的钨进入黑钨矿和早阶段白钨矿;第二阶段,铌铁矿与钇易解石被后期流体交代,形成含钨富铀的骑田岭矿、铌锰矿以及钛-钇易解石;第三阶段,钨进入中阶段白钨矿,这一阶段也是钨最主要的矿化阶段;第四阶段,钨进入晚阶段白钨矿。最后两阶段白钨矿中铀含量不高。骑田岭矿(WO_3 26.74%～29.68%),是聚源钨矿中除白钨矿和黑钨矿之外钨含量最高的含钨矿物。该矿易解石族矿物WO_3最高可达9.80%,极度富钨,是目前有文可查的钨含量最高的易解石。聚源钨矿中的含钨矿物大多数为白钨矿,但绝大多数的白钨矿却在骑田岭矿、易解石族矿物、铌铁矿族矿物、黑钨矿之后形成,说明成矿流体在演化过程中,绝大多数W首先进入富含Nb、Ti的含铀矿物和少量黑钨矿,之后才是白钨矿的大量结晶。     

茅坪钨锡矿床基本地质特征

江西茅坪钨锡矿床是由钨锡似层状云英岩型、钨钼石英脉型、钨锡硫化物脉型矿体组成的大型钨锡多金属矿床.成矿岩体是侵位于寒武系的燕山早期地壳重熔型花岗岩.矿化、蚀变具明显分带特征,矿带中矿物组合、成矿元素、矿物包裹体、氧同位素、稀土元素等特征均有明显的演化规律.     

滇东南南秧田矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿演化

南秧田矽卡岩型白钨矿床是滇东南老君山钨锡多金属成矿区的重要组成部分之一。该矿床由多个白钨矿体组成,以层状、似层状矽卡岩型矿石为主,矽卡岩矿物组合以透辉石+钙铁辉石+钙铝榴石+角闪石+绿帘石为主。南秧田钨矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩阶段,石英-白钨矿阶段和方解石阶段,通过对不同阶段矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围为221~423℃,石英-白钨矿的均一温度为177~260℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低,为173~227℃。矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.18%~16.34%,石英-白钨矿的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.35%~7.17%,晚期方解石脉的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.35%~2.24%。激光拉曼探针测试表明,3个阶段的流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还有少量的N2,只有在石英-白钨矿阶段的流体包裹体组分除了H2O以外,还有少量的CH4。矿床从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,说明钨成矿温度较宽泛。成矿期含矿矽卡岩的δ13CPDB值为-5.7‰~-6.9‰,δ18OSMOW值为5.8‰~9.1‰,表明成矿流体主要是岩浆水,其次为含有机质的碳酸盐岩地层和大气降水,反映出典型岩浆热液交代作用的特征。     

滇东南丘北地区大铁铝土矿工艺矿物学特征

云南省丘北县大铁中型铝土矿是近年来在滇东南地区新发现并探明的一水硬铝石沉积型铝土矿床,矿体赋存于上二叠统龙潭组下段。通过矿相学分析,对大铁铝土矿矿石的矿物组成和主要矿物的赋存状态进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,矿石主要矿物组成为一水硬铝石,其次是高岭石、伊利石、绢云母、绿泥石、锐钛矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、金红石、玉髓等。一水硬铝石呈现出多种结晶形态和复杂的赋存状态,其嵌布特征主要有以下5种：①呈自形、半自形粒状不均匀地嵌布在脉石矿物中;②呈豆状、土豆状、豆鲕状产出;③呈隐晶质、微晶集合体或极不规则的粒状、微粒状产出;④呈脉状、骸晶状产出;⑤一水硬铝石与铝凝胶或脉石矿物的集合体呈环带状或同心圆状产出。     

安徽省青阳县高家塝钨、钼矿床矿石物质组成及其赋存状态

采用光、薄片观察、物相分析、电子探针和X粉晶衍射等分析手段,经过综合研究认为:安徽省青阳县高家塝钨、钼矿床矿石中主要有益元素为钨,次要为钼,其它元素皆不达综合利用含量,经选矿后有害成份可能不存在;主要含钨矿物为白钨矿,主要含钼矿物为2H1型辉钼矿;成矿温度在700～900。C间;矿石主要自然类型为夕卡岩型和角岩型;矿石中白钨矿呈自形-半自形结构,粒径多为0.1～0.5mm,辉钼矿自形片状结构,粒径多为0.1～0.15mm;矿石的主要构造类型为浸染状,次要为细脉浸染状,主要嵌布类型为间隙充填型。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.