广西大厂矿田高峰锡多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

广西大厂锡多金属矿田是世界著名的锡矿产地之一。矿田内绝大部分锡锌资源量分布在西成矿带的高峰和长坡-铜坑两个矿床之中,其中赋存在中泥盆统生物礁灰岩中的高峰100号体以其品位高(Sn 1. 79%、Zn 10. 1%、Pb 5. 21%、Sb4. 8%、Ag 235g/t)、规模大(矿石量超过1300万吨)而在整个大厂矿田中占据非常重要的地位。本文在扫描电镜-阴极发光(SEM-CL)图像分析的基础上,对高峰锡多金属矿床成矿早期锡石-毒砂-磁黄铁矿阶段和成矿晚期硫化物-硫盐-碳酸盐阶段的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学及其气相成分的激光Raman光谱进行了系统研究。结果表明,成矿早期锡石-毒砂-磁黄铁矿阶段石英和锡石中主要发育富含CO2和CH4气相流体包裹体,其均一温度和盐度分别为360～410℃和3%～6%Na Cleqv;成矿晚期硫化物-硫盐-碳酸盐阶段石英中则仅发育气-液两相盐水流体包裹体,具有相对低的均一温度(270～310℃)和盐度(3%～6%Na Cleqv)。石英和锡石的H-O同位素组成指示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液。对比矿田内其他矿床,进一步发现高峰矿床富CO2气相流体的盐度(3%～6%Na Cleqv)与拉么矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿床富CO2气相流体的盐度(7%～9%Na Cleqv)相近,认为高峰矿床与拉么矿床可能具有相同的成矿流体来源,两者均来源于深部岩浆房中分异出的超临界流体。高峰矿床成矿流体可能主要来源于深部矽卡岩阶段富CO2气相流体的压缩和冷却(vapor contraction and cooling)。流体冷却过程可能是锡石-硫化物成矿的主要控制因素。高峰矿床-200m中段以上矿体,锡石和石英中的流体包裹体以富CO2和CH4气相流体包裹体为主,而缺失多子晶流体包裹体组合,推测高峰矿床-200m中段以下可能存在富含成矿金属的高密度卤水,从而形成高品位的锡多金属脉状矿体或矽卡岩型Zn-Cu矿体。     

内蒙古八大关斑岩型Cu Mo矿床成矿流体特征及成矿机制研究

八大关斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床是我国内蒙大兴安岭成矿带北段典型的斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床之一,矿体主要产出在成矿斑岩体与围岩的内外接触带。通过详细的岩相学和矿相学观察,矿床可以划分出5个成矿阶段,即钾长石阶段→辉钼矿-石英阶段→磁铁矿-黄铁矿(黄铜矿)石英阶段→铜(铅锌)石英阶段→石英-绿泥石±碳酸盐阶段。矿床内石英中的流体包裹体类型有富气相包裹体、富液相包裹体、含子矿物的多相包裹体和含CO_2的三相包裹体,但石英-绿泥石阶段石英中明显缺乏后两类包裹体。显微测温和激光拉曼结果显示,石英斑晶中代表早期成矿流体的均一温度为460~572℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))高达59.76%,子矿物有石盐和代表氧化环境的硬石膏,气相成分富含CO_2,液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3~(2-)。辉钼矿-石英阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为320~440℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.83%~63.13%,子矿物有石盐、赤铁矿和未知硫化物,可见富气相、富液相和含CO_2或子矿物的多相包裹体共存,且其具有相近的均一温度,但盐度相差悬殊,指示成矿流体曾发生过沸腾作用;而铜(铅锌)-石英阶段的均一温度为260~340℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))为0.42%~37.40%,子矿物有石盐和硬石膏,气液相成分以H_2O为主,富含CO_3~(2-)。与辉钼矿-石英阶段相比,该阶段成矿流体的温度变化尤为显著。石英-绿泥石阶段中流体包裹体的均一温度为237~306℃,盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))则低于10.86%,无子晶,贫CO_2。综合O、H同位素,初始成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度、高氧逸度和富CO_2的岩浆热液;随着成矿过程的进行,大气水的混合比例越来越高,成矿流体逐渐演化为岩浆热液和大气水的混合热液;晚阶段成矿流体主要以大气水为主。通过系统的流体包裹体研究,我们认为矿床的成矿物质是由同一流体带入成矿热液系统,但其沉淀机制却发生了解耦,即辉钼矿的沉淀主要与减压沸腾作用有关,而铜(铅锌)硫化物的沉淀主要与温度降低有关。     

黑龙江鹿鸣钼矿床成矿流体及演化

黑龙江鹿鸣钼矿床位于小兴安岭-张广才岭多金属成矿带内,赋存于二长花岗岩体内。根据矿石组构、蚀变类型和脉体穿插关系,将鹿鸣钼矿床自早到晚划分为3个成矿阶段:1)钾硅化浸染状矿化阶段;2)硅化网脉状矿化阶段;3)绿泥石-碳酸盐化阶段。鹿鸣钼矿床包裹体类型复杂,盐水溶液包裹体、富气相包裹体、含CH4(CO2)包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体共存,其中盐水溶液包裹体均一温度集中于133~425℃,盐度为1.6%~16.1%Na Cleqv。富气相包裹体均一温度集中在243~500℃,盐度为1.2%~14.1%NaC leqv。含子晶多相包裹体最终均一温度为297~449℃,盐度为38.2%~53.1%NaC leqv。含CH4(CO2)包裹体经激光拉曼光谱分析证实其中以CH4为主,少数含微量的CO2,均一温度为334~437℃。硫同位素测试结果显示:δ34S变化范围在4.5‰~5.7‰,成矿流体中的硫主要来源于岩浆热液。氢、氧同位素分析数据投到δD-δ18OH2O图解中,投影点落在岩浆水附近并向大气降水飘移,可以推断主成矿期的成矿介质水为岩浆水并混有少量的大气降水。鹿鸣钼矿床主成矿期压力估算为30~90MPa,推测成矿深度为3~9km。成矿流体演化过程可能为岩浆房最先分离出一个单一相的高温、中等盐度的H2O-NaC l-CH4(CO2)超临界流体,后由于减压和不同流体的混入导致流体沸腾发生不混溶并捕获形成多种类型包裹体。随着成矿流体不断演化,成矿温度逐步降低,金属矿物也不断沉淀成矿。通过对鹿鸣钼矿床中流体包裹体的研究可知,与成矿有关的流体不是单一的岩浆分异的结果,也有大规模其他流体的混入,矿区复杂的地质构造环境也为钼成矿提供了条件。     

滇西芦子园远程矽卡岩Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床流体包裹体初探及矿床成因探讨

滇西镇康芦子园是"三江"成矿带保山地块内迄今发现的唯一超大型Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床,是区内系列同类层控热液铅锌矿床的典型代表。矿体呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于寒武系碳酸盐岩建造的矽卡岩和大理岩层间破碎带,矿石构造以条带状、浸染状和脉状-网脉状为主要特征;围岩蚀变复杂、分带明显,由下至上依次为石榴子石-透辉石-透闪石-阳起石化带→绿泥石-绿帘石-阳起石-蔷薇辉石化带→碳酸盐-大理岩化带。矿床成矿流体从早期到晚期经历了多个矿化阶段。本文选取了该矿床早矽卡岩阶段、晚矽卡岩阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段的多种脉石矿物及闪锌矿进行了系统的流体包裹体研究。结果显示,早矽卡岩阶段发育微溶CO_2富液相和纯液相水溶液包裹体,并含大量K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、F~-和Cl~-和少量SO_4~(2-),气相成分主要为H_2O、CO_2及少量CH_4和N_2,包裹体均一温度为233.6~315.6℃,盐度为10.6%~17.6%NaCleqv;晚矽卡岩阶段发育含CO_2和子矿物三相包裹体,均一温度214.9~388.0℃,盐度5.9%~16.4%NaCleqv;石英硫化物阶段发育含CO_2的水溶液包裹体,气相成分为CH_4、H_2O和少量CO_2,均一温度150.0~285.0℃,盐度为2.5%~13.8%NaCleqv;石英碳酸盐阶段为单一成分的水溶液包裹体,均一温度为105.0~187.5℃,盐度为0.5%~12.3%NaCleqv。结合H-O同位素研究表明,成矿流体最初来源于具中高温、中高盐度、高K、Na,富CO_2、Cl、F等特征的深部岩浆热液,在石英硫化物阶段开始有大气降水混入,演化为中阶段中低温、低盐度、贫CO_2的热液流体,至成矿晚阶段转化为以大气降水占主导。该矿床成矿环境的改变、流体混合以及流体的沸腾作用可能是导致成矿物质富集沉淀的重要机制。综合矿床地质特征、成矿流体包裹体和HO同位素研究认为,该矿床为与陆陆碰撞造山和深部隐伏岩体有关的远程矽卡岩成矿系统。     

新疆维宝矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床维西矿段成矿流体性质和来源

维宝矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床位于新疆与青海两省交界处,大地构造位置属祁漫塔格造山带西段,自西向东可以分为维西、主矿段和维东3个矿段。维西矿段以铜矿化为主,主矿段铜铅锌矿化均较发育,而维东矿段则以铅锌矿化为主。前人对维东矿段和主矿段进行了详细的流体地球化学研究,而对维西矿段尚未涉及。本次笔者选取维西矿段与铜矿化密切相关的矽卡岩和脉体,进行了流体包裹体和氢氧同位素研究。维西矿段主要发育3种类型的包裹体,即富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体和含CO_2三相包裹体,前两种类型包裹体最为发育,激光拉曼分析显示它们的气体成分主要为H_2O,含少量的CO_2、CH_4和N2,证明维西矿段成矿流体主要为H_2O-NaCl体系;含CO_2三相包裹体含量很少,仅出现于石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段,包裹体中气相成分为CO_2。维西矿段成矿过程可以分为早期矽卡岩阶段、晚期矽卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段等4个阶段;随着流体演化,流体的温度和盐度均呈现出下降趋势,均一温度分别集中于440~490℃、410~453℃、300~410℃和150~220℃,而盐度w(NaCl_(eq))则分别集中于14.0%~21.0%、13.4%~17.8%、8.0%~14.0%和2.0%~10.0%。石英-硫化物阶段可以进一步分为2个亚阶段:与铜矿化密切相关的脉体均一温度集中于380~410℃,而与铅锌矿化相关的脉体均一温度集中于300~380℃。氢、氧同位素分析表明维西矿段成矿流体最初来源于岩浆水,在石英-碳酸盐阶段与大气水发生大量混合,而石英-硫化物阶段的氢氧同位素变化则可能与岩浆脱气作用和富δ~(18)O矿物的沉淀有关。大量的证据表明,温度下降和沸腾作用是引发维宝矿床矿质沉淀的诱因,而自西向东成矿流体温度的降低以及沸腾作用强度的减弱是造成维宝矿床空间上呈现矿化分带的主要因素。     

广东韶关市一六钨矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿作用

一六钨矿大地构造位置位于南岭成矿带中段南缘,粤北曲仁盆地西南缘,是粤北地区近年来重要的找矿勘查成果之一。矿床为典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿体赋存于上泥盆统帽子峰组矽卡岩以及NWW向钾长石-石英-白钨矿脉和云母石英脉中。通过野外观察和镜下研究,本文将成矿过程分为矽卡岩期(A)和热液期(B),矽卡岩期可以分为早期矽卡岩阶段(A1)、晚期矽卡岩阶段(A2)、钾长石英白钨矿阶段(A3),热液期可以分为云母石英脉阶段(B1)和石英碳酸盐阶段(B2)。矿区包含4种类型的包裹体:含子矿物三相包裹体(Ⅰ型)、气液两相水溶液包裹体(Ⅱ型)、CO_2水溶液三相包裹体(Ⅲ型)、纯CO_2包裹体(Ⅳ型),Ⅰ型包裹体仅见于A3阶段;Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型以及Ⅳ型包裹体在A3和B1阶段石英中均有发育,在A3和B1阶段白钨矿中还发育Ⅱ型包裹体。A3阶段Ⅰ型包裹体完全均一温度为162~381℃,盐度为30.1%~45.4%(wt%NaClequiv,下同省略),Ⅱ型包裹体完全均一温度为154~363℃,盐度为1.49%~11.0%,Ⅲ型包裹体完全均一温度为290~390℃,盐度为2.20%~6.88%;B1阶段Ⅱ型包裹体完全均一温度为152~381℃,盐度为1.65%~9.32%,Ⅲ型包裹体完全均一温度为281~378℃,盐度为2.00%~8.82%。激光拉曼探针分析表明,A3阶段和B1阶段流体中存在H_2O、CO_2、CH_4和少量CO_3~(2-),指示流体处于还原的环境。包裹体完全均一温度—盐度关系图表明,数据点主要集中于三个区域:a区对应早期出溶成因的高盐度流体,b区反映流体发生了不混溶作用,c区反映早期高盐度流体与低盐度地下水混合特征。各区包裹体代表了岩浆期后残余原始流体不同阶段的演化产物。通过Ⅰ型包裹体计算得出的成矿压力范围为86.0~415.8MPa,用Ⅱ、Ⅳ型包裹体对成矿压力进行校正得出,A3阶段成矿压力范围为86~115MPa,成矿温度为176~279℃;B1阶段成矿压力范围为55~93 MPa,成矿温度为160~228℃,估算成矿深度范围为3.62~4.26km。研究认为,流体在演化早期存在局部高压,流体不混溶作用要比外来流体混入更早发生,而流体混入促进了流体的不混溶作用。流体物理化学条件的改变、外来流体混入以及流体不混溶作用是引起钨矿沉淀的主要原因。     

河南南召县佛爷沟铅锌矿床成矿流体特征研究

通过对野外地质特征及流体包裹体研究,将本区成矿过程分为3个成矿阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段及石英-碳酸盐阶段。包裹体类型主要为富液相包裹体(LV型)。石英-黄铁矿阶段均一温度主要集中于290℃~330℃,盐度变化范围为0.35%~11.23%,平均值为5.37%;石英-多金属硫化物阶段的均一温度主要集中于290℃~330℃,盐度变化范围为0.35%~11.23%,平均值为5.37%;石英-碳酸盐阶段温度均一温度主要集中于133℃~201℃,盐度变化范围为2.23%~12.07%,平均值为4.96%。成矿流体在初始阶段为较高盐度的岩浆流体,属于中-低温、低盐度的H2O-NaCl体系,随着成矿作用的进一步演化,晚期有大气降水的参与。     

内蒙古呼扎盖吐钼矿床成矿流体特征及成矿机制

内蒙古呼扎盖吐钼矿床是得尔布干成矿带上新发现的一座斑岩型钼矿床,钼矿体分布在燕山早期花岗闪长岩岩体内及其流纹岩接触带中,矿床以辉钼矿化和黄铁矿化为主,伴随有铅锌矿化和少量的黄铜矿化。成矿过程主要分为4个阶段：硅化阶段、石英- 辉钼矿阶段、石英- 多金属硫化物阶段和石英- 方解石阶段。流体包裹体可分为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含子矿物的多相包裹体和含CO2的三相包裹体4种类型。以主成矿阶段为研究重点,对不同成矿阶段（Ⅱ→Ⅳ阶段)矿脉中石英/方解石中的包裹体进行了显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析。结果显示：石英- 辉钼矿阶段,包裹体均一温度主要集中在280~400℃之间,盐度变化范围在2. 57%~51. 68%。该阶段富气相包裹体、含子矿物的多相包裹体和含CO2的三相包裹体共存,L型包裹体液相成分主要为H2O- NaCl,V型包裹体气相成分除H2O为主外,部分还含有CO2,含石盐子晶的三相包裹体,检测到不透明子矿物黄铜矿的峰值。发育铅锌矿化和黄铜矿化的石英- 多金属硫化物阶段,包裹体均一温度集中在180~280℃之间,盐度变化范围为0. 18%~9. 73%。成矿晚期石英- 方解石脉中仅发育L型的气- 液两相流体包裹体,均一温度集中在140~240℃之间,盐度变化范围为0. 35%~7. 17%。结合最新研究成果,本文认为该矿床初始流体是中等盐度和密度的岩浆流体,在主成矿阶段由于压力释放发生流体沸腾作用,成矿流体系统的物理化学条件和氧化- 还原环境发生骤变,导致辉钼矿和其他硫化物等成矿物质在脉状裂隙中发生卸载沉淀。     

江西永平铜多金属矿床流体包裹体及硫同位素研究

永平铜多金属矿床位于华南地区十杭裂谷带南侧,是一个与晚侏罗世二长花岗斑岩侵入体有关的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床。矿区存在斑岩型钼矿和矽卡岩型铜矿两种矿化类型。其中,斑岩型钼矿含矿石英脉中主要发育I型气液两相包裹体、II型CO_2三相包裹体和III型含子矿物多相包裹体,早期石英-硫化物阶段流体包裹体的形成温度介于202~359℃之间,盐度介于4.62~36.68 wt%NaCl之间;晚期石英-碳酸盐-硫化物阶段均一温度介于211~318℃之间,盐度范围为2.07~11.47 wt%NaCl。矽卡岩铜矿主要发育I型气液两相包裹体,早期矽卡岩阶段均一温度达到406~486℃,盐度为9.21~9.89 wt%NaCl;石英-硫化物阶段均一温度介于137~335℃之间,盐度值范围为4.98~13.20 wt%NaCl;晚期碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度只有89~151℃,盐度范围介于2.07~19.13 wt%NaCl之间。激光拉曼结果显示两者流体包裹体中具有相似的气相成分,都以CO_2和H_2O为主,成矿流体总体上属于H_2O-CO_2-NaCl体系。含Mo成矿流体中存在CH_4,具有低氧逸度特征,在流体演化早期形成Mo矿化中心,石英-硫化物阶段含Mo流体相对于含Cu流体具有更高的温度和压力。矿石中金属硫化物的δ~(34)S值变化于–0.2‰~+1.9‰之间,这表明成矿物质硫源主要来自深源岩浆。结合地质特征,认为该矿床是与晚侏罗世花岗质岩浆密切相关的斑岩钼-矽卡岩铜矿床,铜和钼矿化存在分带现象,岩浆系统的中心部位具有斑岩型钼矿化,外围及和碳酸盐岩的接触带形成斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钨铅锌矿化。     

湖南黄沙坪多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

黄沙坪多金属矿床位于南岭中段的湘东南地区,成矿斑岩主要为石英斑岩和花岗斑岩,其中钨钼矿体主要形成于岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带的矽卡岩中,铅锌矿体形成于矽卡岩外围,以及碳酸盐岩地层内的破碎带中。黄沙坪多金属矿床的成矿过程可以分为与钨钼成矿有关的矽卡岩期和与锌铅（钼）成矿有关的硫化物期。早矽卡岩阶段的石榴石和阳起石中包裹体均一温度为528~>600℃,普遍发育含石盐子晶包裹体（盐度达40%~45.5% NaCleqv）和低盐度（3.06%~4.65% NaCleqv）富气相包裹体,表现出流体不混溶现象。该阶段的流体压力大致为600~800bar,在静岩压力条件下,对应深度2.2~3.0km。晚矽卡岩阶段,白钨矿中流体包裹体以高温高盐度流体为特征,成矿温度为400~460℃,盐度为40%~45% NaCleqv,是沸腾作用下发生沉淀的,估算的流体压力大致为200~400bar,相当于静岩压力条件下0.7~1.5km的深度。而该阶段紫色萤石中流体包裹体发育以石盐子晶消失而达到均一的高盐度流体包裹体,其均一温度介于250~303℃,对应盐度介于34.7%~40.6% NaCleqv之间,估算得其最低捕获压力介于1500~2000bar。金属硫化物期,与Mo矿化有关的含辉钼矿石英脉中石英流体包裹体主要以富气相和富液相包裹体共存为特征,温度范围较一致（300~340℃）,而盐度变化范围很大（5.86%~16.24% NaCleqv）,显示流体的沸腾作用。与Zn-Pb矿化有关的萤石中几乎全部发育Type Ia富液相包裹体,流体沸腾作用不明显,温度集中在240~160℃,盐度范围大（0.88%~16.58% NaCleqv）,表明该阶段成矿流体已演变为中低温、低盐度性质的流体。成矿流体包裹体研究表明,黄沙坪多金属矿床W-Mo-Pb-Zn矿床的形成是早期高温高盐度流体向低温低盐度流体演化的产物,在成矿过程中,流体发生了多次的沸腾作用。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.