贵州泥堡金矿床的流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学研究及其矿床成因意义

泥堡金矿床是黔西南台地相区以断控型矿体为主、层状型矿体为辅的复合型金矿床。断控型矿体主要发育于低角度的逆冲断层中,层状型矿体主要发育于断控型矿体之上穹窿构造核部的上二叠统龙潭组和中二叠统大厂层中。根据脉体的穿插关系和矿物共生组合,将成矿过程从早到晚划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-黄铁矿-毒砂阶段和方解石-石英-多金属硫化物±萤石阶段。泥堡金矿床两类矿体中流体包裹体类型相同,包括水溶液包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体和CO_2包裹体。层状型矿体早阶段石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为194~305℃,盐度范围为0.70%~7.81%NaC leqv,石英的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为22.7~23.6‰,计算得到的δ~(18)OH 13.5‰,~-62‰;2O为12.6‰~石英中流体包裹体水的δD_(H_2O)为-84‰中阶段石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为125~278℃,盐度范围为0.53%~6.46%NaC leqv,石英的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为16.6‰~23.5‰,计算得到的δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为4.4‰~11.3‰,石英中流体包裹体水的δDH~-65‰;3~2O为-80‰晚阶段方解石中流体包裹体均一温度范围为13197℃,盐度范围为0.53%~7.45%NaC leqv,萤石中流体包裹体均一温度范围为102~264℃,盐度范围为0.18%~4.49%NaC leqv,方解石的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为20.6‰~22.7‰,计算得到的δ~(18)OH 3‰~10.4‰,2O为8.方解石中流体包裹体水的δD_(H_2O)为-56‰~-47‰,δ13CV-PDB为-6.6‰~-1.6‰。断控型矿体中阶段石英中流体包裹体均一温度范围为126~296℃,盐度范围为0.35%~8.29%NaC leqv,石英的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为21.9‰~23.7‰,计算得到的δ~(18)OH9.8‰~11.6‰,2O为石英中流体包裹体水的δDHNaC leqv,2O为-85‰;晚阶段方解石中流体包裹体均一温度范围为118~236℃,盐度范围为0.53%~7.02%方解石的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)为19.8‰~21.5‰,计算得到的δ~(18)OH~10.4‰,2O为8.7‰方解石中流体包裹体水的δDH‰~-55‰,2O为-67δ13CV-PDB为-7.0‰~-4.7‰。流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究结果表明,两类矿体成矿流体性质和来源一致,且具有相似的演化过程。泥堡金矿床的成矿流体来源于大气降水和海水的混合,并且从早阶段到晚阶段,海水所占的比例逐渐增大,碳主要来自海相碳酸盐岩的溶解。     

豫西双河金矿流体包裹体及稳定同位素研究

双河金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的卢氏金多金属矿集区,为一石英脉型金矿;矿体呈脉状产于中元古代宽坪群石英二云母片岩切层断裂中;金主要产在黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英/铁白云石脉中。以含金石英矿脉为中心由内到外围岩蚀变主要发育硅化、黄铁矿化及碳酸盐化。流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以无矿白石英、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物-铁白云石组合和石英-方解石组合为标志,矿石矿物主要沉淀于中阶段。双河金矿流体包裹体类型丰富,不同成矿阶段的流体包裹体主要有H_2O-CO_2包裹体、H_2O包裹体、含子晶(NaCl、CaCO_3)包裹体和含C单质包裹体。显微测温学研究表明,成矿早阶段乳白色石英中包裹体类型有H_2O-CO_2包裹体和H_2O包裹体,H_2O-CO_2包裹体均一温度为220～350℃,盐度为3. 89%～16. 55%NaCleqv; H_2O包裹体均一温度介于220～285℃之间,盐度为1. 40%～1. 70%NaCleqv。成矿主阶段烟灰色石英中包裹体类型包括H_2O-CO_2包裹体、H_2O包裹体、含NaCl子晶包裹体和含C单质包裹体,其中H_2O-CO_2包裹体均一温度为189～345℃,盐度为3. 33%～20. 23%NaCleqv; H_2O包裹体的均一温度介于180～348℃之间,盐度为0. 88%～14. 97%NaCleqv;含NaCl子晶包裹体均一温度为210～359℃,盐度为30. 92%～42. 50%NaCleqv。氢氧同位素研究表明成矿流体来自岩浆水与变质水(δ~(18)O_水=5. 3‰～8. 6‰,δD=-72. 6‰～-38. 4‰);热液碳酸盐的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值为-7. 5‰～-5. 2‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值为14. 7‰～17. 0‰。包裹体及C-H-O同位素的研究表明,流体的沸腾及水岩反应可能是双河金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

新疆西天山查汗萨拉金矿床流体包裹体特征及稳定同位素研究

查汗萨拉金矿是近年来在新疆西天山新发现的金矿床,位于依连哈比尔尕构造带西端,属构造角砾蚀变岩型金矿床。流体包裹体研究表明,查汗萨拉金矿石中的的原生包裹体主要有两种类型：气液两相包裹体和富CO2三相包裹体。流体包裹体显微测温、盐度、密度及压力估算显示,气液两相包裹体均一温度为142~391℃,盐度为2.24%~7.73%,均一压力为0.274Gpa~16.35Gpa;富CO2三相包裹体均一温度为288~399℃,盐度为1.22%~2.39%,均一压力为187.0Gpa~240.7Gpa,具有中温、低盐度特点。成矿流体属CO2-H2O-NaCl型热液,成矿深度为1.1km。成矿应力场转变导致的流体减压沸腾作用可能是查汗萨拉金矿金沉淀的主要原因。成矿流体稳定同位素组成δD为-92‰~ -74‰,δ18O水为11.8‰~12.6‰,δ18CV-PDB为-8.92‰~ -8.06‰,δ18OV-SMOW为13.45‰~17.18‰,H、O、C同位素组成说明查汗萨拉金矿床成矿流体可能为深部来源和变质建造水的混合。     

胶东蓬莱金矿区流体包裹体和氢氧同位素地球化学研究

蓬莱地区金矿床以石英脉型为主,其次是蚀变岩型;成矿条件与著名的玲珑金矿床相似。金主要产于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,金矿床中主要存在两种类型的流体包裹体:CO_2-H_2O 包裹体和中低盐度的NaCl-H_2O 溶液包裹体。CO_2-H_2O 包裹体气相以 CO_2为主,可含少量 CH_4、H_4S、CO。其中,黄铁绢英岩的石英中含有丰富的CO_2-H_2O 包裹体,而黄铁矿石英脉和多金属硫化物石英脉中富 CO_2与富 H_2O 的 CO_2-H_2O 包裹体共存。显微测温结果显示,黄铁绢英岩中的 CO_2-H_2O 包裹体的均一温度范围为230℃～300℃;而黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英包裹体的均一温度为220℃～390℃,鉴于这些包裹体是从不混溶的 CO_2-H_2O 流体中捕获的,因此它们的温度下限220℃～250℃左右,应该看作是它们的形成温度。成矿早期流体为富含挥发份(流体密度0.92～0.985g/cm~3)、中低盐度(4.15%～5.23%NaCl eqv)的流体;到主成矿期逐渐演化为温度升高,盐度变化范围大(1.02%～15.5%NaCl eqv),水溶液以 NaCl 为主,气体仍以 CO_2为主,但可含少量的 CH_2、H_2S、CO 及有机质等的流体(流体密度0.32～0.99g/cm~3);成矿期后的流体盐度、温度及 CO_2含量降至最低。本区矿床中石英的δ~(18)O 值变化在13.8‰～18.3‰,成矿流体的δ~(18)O 值在4.9‰～10.9‰之间,流体包裹体中δD变化范围很小,从-78‰变化到-101‰,主要集中在-78‰～-88‰之间。由此表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,伴有大气降水的参与。在主成矿期成矿流体表现出明显的多期、多来源特征。温度降低和流体不混溶是导致金等成矿元素沉淀和富集的重要机制。     

豫西南高庄金矿床流体包裹体组合研究及其成矿流体特征

高庄金矿床形成于华北板块和扬子板块造山后的板内伸展环境,矿体是二郎坪群中充填于平行造山带走向的脆韧性剪切带中的石英-金多金属硫化物矿脉。本次运用"流体包裹体组合"(FIA)方法进行流体包裹体特征研究。研究表明,高庄金矿含矿石英中包裹体主要有CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体、CO_2包裹体和水溶液包裹体3种类型,其中,CO_2-H_2O型三相包裹体为主体类型,完全均一温度变化范围为286~349℃,w(Na Cleq)为0.41%~4.14%,估算流体密度为0.788~0.874 g/cm3,成矿压力为130~160 MPa,成矿深度为4.8~5.9 km,成矿流体具有中温,富CO_2、低盐度的特征。在同一视域内可见CO2-H2O型三相包裹体和水溶液包裹体共存,均一方式各异,且均有相近的均一温度,指示存在流体不混溶作用。成矿流体中水的δDH_2O=-83.4‰~-76.3‰,δ18OH_2O=5.8‰~7.1‰,显示成矿流体来自于岩浆热液。结合区域构造背景,认为高庄金矿床为形成于华北板块与扬子板块碰撞造山作用后,板块内部构造变形过程中形成的中温岩浆热液型金矿。     

厄立特里亚Koka金矿床成矿流体特征及其地质意义

厄立特里亚Koka金矿床产于努比亚地盾新元古代浅变质岩系中,矿体主要赋存于Koka微晶花岗岩内,受剪切构造控制,是在该国发现的大型造山型金矿床。矿床含金石英脉中石英中赋存的原生流体包裹体分为富CO_2包裹体、CO_2-H_2O包裹体和H_2O包裹体共3种类型,以大量发育富CO_2包裹体与CO_2-H_2O包裹体为特征。成矿流体具有富CO_2、中低温(210～360℃)、中低盐度(w(NaCl_(eq))=2.24%～8.51%)的特征。流体中阳离子主要为Na~+与少量K~+,阴离子为Cl~-与少量SO_4~(2-),气相成分主要为CO_2与H_2O,基本不含其他气体组分,流体属于NaCl-H_2O-CO_2体系。成矿流体密度变化范围较大(0.597～0.969 g/cm~3),其中高密度的富CO_2包裹体捕获的最小P-T条件为260～360℃、100～270 MPa,形成于区域变质作用时期。成矿流体的δD_(V-SMOW)范围为-57‰～-50.1‰,δ~(18)O_水范围为1.4‰～3.2‰,表明Koka金矿床成矿流体主要来源于变质热液,并伴有大气降水的混入。成矿流体中CO_2-H_2O包裹体气相分数变化范围很大(15%～80%),与之共生的H_2O包裹体具有相似的盐度以及较低的均一温度,表明初始的CO_2-H_2O型流体发生了不混溶作用,导致相分离,产生的大量富CO_2流体,并使金大量沉淀。     

琼西戈枕剪切带金矿流体包裹体研究

海南省醅土外山、抱板、二甲、不磨等金矿床是产于变质碎屑岩中受戈枕剪切带控制的蚀变糜棱岩型金矿。对这些典型金矿床中的石英和方解石所含流体包裹体的镜下观察，均一温度、盐度和成分以及H2O同位素的测试，并结合对成矿地质、构造背景的研究得出：成矿流体具有混合热液特点，δ^18O和δD值分别为-10.4‰--4.7‰和-50‰--87‰；热液成分为Na^ (K^ )-Ca^2 -Cl-(F^-)型；Au的成矿温度主要为240-250℃；成矿流体的盐度为2.0%-9.2%(NaCl)；成矿压力为27-50MPa.成矿流体的性质和成分在时间上和空间上都有一定的变化，受构造演化和构造不同部位的控制，并与其来源有关。     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金矿床成矿流体特征及稳定同位素研究

对金厂沟梁金矿床含金石英脉中流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、单个包裹体的激光拉曼测试以及O和S同位素组成等方面研究。结果表明,成矿流体气相成分主要为H2O,属H2O-NaCl体系,包裹体均一温度为148.7℃~352℃,盐度[w(NaCl)/%]为1.05%~5.99%。δ18O值为-1.1‰~3.0‰,说明成矿流体继承了变质流体的特征,仍以岩浆水和后期大气降水为主;δ34SV-CDT组成为0.6‰~4.3‰,平均值0.817‰,极差为3.1‰,表明成矿流体中的硫主要来自于幔源,其次为围岩。综合分析认为,金厂沟梁金矿床是在燕山晚期太平洋板块俯冲导致岩石圈的快速减薄、拆沉的拉张环境下形成的浅成造山型金矿。     

辽宁白云金矿床成矿流体特征、成矿物质来源及成因研究

辽宁白云金矿是辽东-吉南裂谷带内典型的大型金矿床,其成矿作用复杂,为了深入揭示其成矿流体、成矿物质来源及成矿模式特征,针对白云金矿石进行流体包裹体、H,O,S及与成矿有关的岩体的研究,结果显示:5块金矿石流体包裹体的均一温度范围为152℃~370℃,主要分布在240℃~310℃,激光拉曼成分主要为CO_2和CH_4,有少量H_2O,极少数有N_2;5块金矿石δ~(34)S值为-8.5‰~+1.6‰(平均为-4.85‰),赋矿围岩(黑云片岩、变粒岩)中δ~(34)S值为+10.0‰~+17.0‰(平均为+14.57‰),地层大理岩的δ~(34)S值为-0.5‰~+13.2‰(平均为+7.17‰);5块金矿石石英中δ~(18)O为8.0‰~15.5‰,δD为-96.3‰~-73.6‰;与成矿有关的新岭岩体SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为217.6Ma±2.2Ma。流体包裹体特征表明:成矿流体为中温低盐度低密度的水盐流体,属于含N_2的H_2O-CO_2-CH_4-NaCl体系。流体中CO_2及CH_4形成与大理岩有关,极少数的N_2含量可能与大气水有关。氢氧同位素结果显示,成矿热液主要来源于深部岩浆水,后期混有部分大气降水。硫同位素特征表明,成矿物质可能主要来自岩浆热液。综上,白云金矿床的主成矿期为印支期,白云金矿床属于岩浆热液型金矿。     

流体包裹体特征及其地质意义——以甘肃省芨岭铀矿床为例

为确定芨岭铀矿成矿流体的性质,对成矿期碳酸盐脉开展了详细的流体包裹体研究。包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明,碳酸盐脉主要发育气相包裹体、液相包裹体和纯液相包裹体;包裹体均一温度为141~295℃(峰值分别为170~180℃、240~250℃),盐度为2.09%~7.69%Na Cleqv(峰值5%~6%NCleqv),属于低-中温、低盐度铀矿床。激光拉曼和群体包裹体成分分析结果显示:成矿流体气相成分以CH_4、H_2为主,H_2S、N_2、CO_2次之,液相成分富H_2O和CH_4,成矿流体属于NaCl-H_2O±CH_4±CO_2体系。结合C、O同位素组成,δ~(13)C_(VPDB)值在-1.50‰~-6.33‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值为-2.577‰~5.051‰,成矿热液的水源主要为岩浆热液与大气降水混合特征,且以大气降水形成为主。结合成矿流体特征,流体不混溶或沸腾作用导致相分离产生铀沉淀,以及流体脱气(CO_2)作用导致铀矿质沉淀、富集,是芨岭铀成矿的主要成因。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.