苔藓植物在亚高山生态系统碳循环过程中的生态功能分析——以贡嘎山为例

苔藓植物是高山-亚高山生态系统最主要的地被组分之一,在生态系统结构和功能中起着重要作用。本文以位于青藏高原东缘的贡嘎山亚高山生态系统为例,从生态系统生产力、凋落物分解和土壤呼吸过程等方面阐述了苔藓植物影响亚高山生态系统碳循环过程方面的研究工作和取得的成果,以期促进对亚高山生态系统苔藓植物生态功能的认识,同时为下一步研究提供方向。     

不同苔藓斑块对亚高山针叶林土壤呼吸和有机碳累积的影响

苔藓植物作为森林生态系统最常见的地被植物之一,对生态过程起着重要调控作用。为探明不同苔藓植物对亚高山生态系统碳循环过程的影响,本文以封闭式动态气室法,对川西贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉生态系统赤茎藓(Pleuroziu schreberi)和星塔藓(Hylocomiastrum pyrenaicum)两种苔藓斑块土壤以及裸地斑块土壤CO_2排放速率进行了定位观测,同时探讨了不同苔藓斑块对土壤有机碳累积的影响及潜在途径。结果显示:(1)苔藓植物显著改变了亚高山针叶林土壤CO_2排放速率及其季节变化特征,但不同苔藓植物的影响程度具有差异:赤茎藓和星塔藓作用下土壤CO_2排放速率分别增加了28.5%和46.8%,星塔藓与赤茎藓相比其对土壤CO_2排放的促进作用更显著;(2)苔藓斑块对土壤有机碳(SOC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的影响具有物种特异性,两种苔藓中,赤茎藓能够显著促进SOC和DOC累积,但星塔藓的影响不显著。该结果反映了亚高山生态系统不同苔藓物种在促进生态系统碳循环方面的生态功能的差异,由此,在开展亚高山生态系统碳循环以及土壤有机碳储量研究时,应充分考虑苔藓物种对土壤碳过程/碳平衡的作用机制和生态功能差别。     

鄱阳湖湿地苔藓植物区系及分布

采用样线法和样方法,对鄱阳湖湿地的苔藓植物和土壤进行了调查、取样。共收集鉴定鄱阳湖湿地苔藓植物16科24属31种。苔藓植物主要成分为东亚分布成分(占38.46%)和温带分布成分(占26.92%)。苔藓植物含5种生活型,按物种数量依次为矮丛集型、交织型、一年生型、高丛集型和平铺型。将鄱阳湖湿地按水位划分为高漫滩、草洲和泥滩/水域,其上分布的植物形成3条环形植物带,各种生活型的苔藓植物在其中呈现规律性的分布。土壤培养实验结果表明,土壤种质库中维管束植物和苔藓植物物种丰富度都随水位下降而呈减少趋势,尽管维管束植物的物种丰富度显著高于苔藓植物,但苔藓植物的物种丰富度并不受维管束植物的影响。鄱阳湖湿地苔藓植物的分布规律是其自身生物学特性及其与环境梯度相适应的结果。     

小五台山自然保护区苔藓植物研究

根据对小五台山国家级自然保护区苔藓植物资源的实地调查和室内鉴定,该文分析了保护区内苔藓植物区系的基本组成,统计了科、属、种的数目及其优势科、属;讨论了苔藓植物的10种区系成分及其区系特征,其中北温带成分居主导地位,针对苔藓植物资源的现状,提出合理开发利用的建议。     

小五台山自然保护区苔藓植物研究

根据对小五台山国家级自然保护区苔藓植物资源的实地调查和室内鉴定，该文分析了保护区内苔藓植物区系的基本组成，统计了科、属、种的数目及其优势科、属；讨论了苔藓植物的10种区系成分及其区系特征，其中北温带成分居主导地位，针对苔藓植物资源的现状，提出合理开发利用的建议。     

耐旱藓类的抗旱生理及其机理研究

耐旱藓类广泛分布于干旱及半干旱地区。本文综述分析了苔藓植物的耐旱能力和适应耐旱的形态结构和生理特征，从细胞和分子水平，对苔藓植物的耐旱机理进行了综述，并展望了我国苔藓植物的耐旱生理生态学研究前景。     

南极乔治王岛六种苔藓植物的X荧光分析

在无标样条件下 ,我们利用微束 X荧光分析法对南极乔治王岛的 6种苔藓植物的叶和茎进行重元素分析。它们是 :Andreaea regularis,Bryum muehlenbeckii,Drepanocladus uncinatus,Brachythecium subpilosum,Tortula saxiola,Ditrichum austro- georgicum。研究结果发现 ,不同苔藓植物对各种不同重元素的吸收能力不同 ,即使是同一种植物 ,叶和茎中的重元素成分也有差异。在 6种苔藓中 ,Andreaea regularis体内的重元素种类最少 ,但其对 Fe有较强的吸收。由于南极环境条件优越 ,在苔藓植物体内 ,尚未发现大量有毒重金属元素的存在     

绿洲生态系统及其环境特征

绿洲是干旱区最重要的生态系统 ,其环境特点、结构和运行机制都与陆地生态系统中的其它生态系统类型有着显著的差别。本文对绿洲生态系统进行了较为系统的论述 ,讨论了与绿洲生态系统密切相关的重要环境要素的特点 ,以及绿洲生态系统的结构特点和运行机制。     

生态系统服务消耗：概念框架与中国西部案例

由于人为因素和自然因素的共同作用,全球生态系统正经历着巨大的变化。而这些驱动因素中,只有人为因素可进行调控。本文以人类对生态系统服务的消耗为着眼点,分析人类在获取舒适生活的过程中与生态系统形成的相互作用。研究从回顾生态系统服务消耗研究入手,建立了将生态系统服务、生态系统服务消耗和生态系统管理三者相联系的概念框架,并构建了生态系统服务消耗研究模型。同时,进一步以中国泾河流域为案例,对模型在生态系统服务直接消耗模式研究中的应用进行了实证研究和探讨。     

中国湿地保护战略

<正>1 湿地-生态安全体系中 不可或缺的生命支撑 可持续发展战略中的湿地价 值。湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球 三大生态系统,具有独特的生态功 能,是关系国家和区域生态安全的 战略资源。湿地生态系统强大的生 态服务功能和多种效益,被称为     

Effects of neighboring vascular plants on the abundance of bryophytes in different vegetation types

Due to the climate change, vegetation of tundra ecosystems is predicted to shift toward shrub and tree dominance, and this change may influence bryophytes. To estimate how changes in growing environment and the dominance of vascular plants influence bryophyte abundance, we compared the relationship of occurrence of bryophytes among other plant types in a five-year experiment of warming (T), fertilization (F) and T + F in two vegetation types, heath and meadow, in a subarctic–alpine ecosystem. We compared individual leaf area among shrub species to confirm that deciduous shrubs might cause severe shading effect. Effects of neighboring functional types on the performance of Hylocomium splendens was also analyzed.Results show that F and T + F treatments significantly influenced bryophyte abundance negatively. Under natural conditions, bryophytes in the heath site were negatively related to the abundance of shrubs and lichens and the relationship between lichens and bryophytes strengthened after the experimental period. After five years of experimental treatments in the meadow, a positive abundance relationship emerged between bryophytes and deciduous shrubs, evergreen shrubs and forbs. This relationship was not found in the heath site. Our study therefore shows that the abundance relationships between bryophytes and plants in two vegetation types within the same area can be different. Deciduous shrubs had larger leaf area than evergreen shrubs but did not show any shading effect on H. splendens.     

长白山哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓分布与环境关系研究

在长白山哈泥泥炭地调查7种苔藓的典型生境,共计93个样方,计测样方中苔藓植物的盖度和包括泥炭全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、K^＋和Ca^2＋等在内的9个环境因子,应用典范对应分析对数据进行处理,做出样方、物种与环境因子关系二维排序图,排序图直观地反映苔藓植物与环境因子间的关系。结果表明,排序图中同种苔藓为主的样方多数集中分布,个别分散分布;水位埋深、沼泽水pH以及乔木郁闭度和灌木盖度是影响泥炭地苔藓植物生态位分异的主要环境因子,泥炭全磷（TP）对苔藓植物分布影响较大。7种苔藓中,尖叶泥炭藓（Sphagnum capilifolium）、大泥炭藓（S．palustre）在乔木郁闭度和pH梯度上,喙叶泥炭藓（S．fallax）、沼泽皱缩藓（Aulacomnium palustre）在水位埋深和灌木盖度梯度上,生态位分异明显。锈色泥炭藓（S．fuscum）、桧叶金发藓（Polytrichum juniperinum）和中位泥炭藓（S．magellanicum）在各个环境梯度上生态位都比较相似。     

Land use and climate change on the Yamal Peninsula of north-west Siberia: some ecological and socio-economic implications

Compared to climate, land use change is expected to comprise a more important component of global change in the coming decades. However, climate is anticipated to supass land use as a factor later in the next century, particularly in the Arctic. Discussed here are the implications of land use and climate change on the Yamal peninsula of north-west Siberia, homeland of the Yamal Nenets. Since the discovery of super-giant natural gas fields in the 1960s, extensive exploration has resulted in direct withdrawal of large areas for infrastructure development and associated disturbance regimes have led to cumulative impacts on thousands of additional hectares of land. The land withdrawals have pushed a relatively consistent or increasing number of reindeer onto progressively smaller parcels of pasture. This has led to excessive grazing and trampling of lichens, bryophytes and shrubs and, in many areas, erosion of sandy soils via deflation. The low Arctic tundra lies entirely within the continuous permafrost zone and ice-rich substrates are widespread. One implication of this is that both anthropogenic and zoogenic distubance regimes may easily initiate thermokarst and aeolian rosion, leading to significant further losses of pastures. Even without industrial distubance, a slight change of the climate would result in massive thermokarst erosion. This would have negative consequences equal to or greater than the mechanical distubances described above. The synergistic effects of land use coupled with climate, change therefore have profound implication for the ecosystems of Yamal, as well as the future of the Nenets culture, society and economy.     

科尔沁沙地松树山地区苔藓植物物种多样性与分布特征分析

通过标本采集和群落调查,探明科尔沁沙地松树山地区有苔藓植物76种(包括变种和亚种),可归为苔类(9种)和藓类(67种)两个大的类群,隶属于21科、41属;可划分为7种区系地理成分,以北温带成分、世界广布种和东亚成分为主要区系成分, 分别有48种、12种和8种。石缝土层、岩面、树干小生境苔藓植物群落丰富,少数物种局限分布在一种小生境中,多数物种同时分布在两种以上小生境中。维管植物群落共有地面生苔藓植物39种,优势种有双色真藓(Bryum dichotomum)、土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、小疣冠苔(Mannia triandra)、西伯利亚疣冠苔(Mannia sibirica)、褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum)。随着水分条件改善,地面苔藓植物群落优势种构成发生有规律地变化,顶蒴藓类→顶蒴藓类+叶状体苔类→叶状体苔类+顶蒴藓类→侧蒴藓类+叶状体苔类+顶蒴藓类。认识群落随水分条件变化的特征对从更大尺度上认识苔藓植物结皮层形成和维持有重要参考价值。     

浑善达克沙地苔藓物种多样性

调查了浑善达克沙地10类植被地面生苔藓植物物种多样性及分布。结果表明：（1）该区共发现苔藓植物23科54属115种，其中苔类6科7属9种，藓类17科47属106种（包括变种）；具有4种生长型，其中茎叶体苔类4种，叶状体苔类5种，顶蒴藓类63种，侧蒴藓类43种；优势科有丛藓科（Pottiaceae）、真藓科（Bryaceae）、柳叶藓科（Amblystegiaceae）、青藓科（Brachytheciaceae）等；优势属有真藓属（Bryum）、青藓属（Brachythecium）、细湿藓属（Campylium）等；该区苔藓植物可分为10个区系地理成分，以北温带成分为主；白桦（Betula platyphylla）林、湿地、沙地云杉（Picea mongolica）林、爬地柏（Sabina vulgaris）灌丛等生境下苔藓植物多，且随着水分增加物种数量和生长型类型增加，优势种个体亦增大；（2）Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Patrick丰富度指数变化趋势基本一致，而Simpson优势度指数变化相反，土壤水分和空气湿度是苔藓植物物种多样性和丰富度的主要影响因子；（3）除了沙地云杉林与臭柏灌丛和白桦林外，物种相似系数总体较低。     

Early Holocene land floras and faunas from Edgeøya, eastern Svalbard

Early Holocene, near-shore marine sediments from Visdalen, Edgeøya, eastern Svalbard contain locally abundant allochthonous remains of land plants, notably bryophytes. Wetland species indicative of mineral rich and calcareous soils are frequent, but upland plants are also well represented. The fossil assemblages are indicative of ecological and climatic conditions similar to those on Edgeøya today. The sediments contain one of the first fossil beetles reported from Svalbard. Apparently, the modern flora of Svalbard was already established in the earliest Holocene, probably following immigration from northern Europe. A few Armeria scabra remains are believed to be derived from interglacial deposits.     

The influence of elevation, shrub species, and biological soil crust on fertile islands in the Mojave Desert, USA

We quantified soil nutrients and biological crust cover (bryophytes and lichens) under the canopies of three species of Mojave Desert shrubs and in interspaces between shrubs at three elevations to determine the effects of shrub species, soil crust, and elevation on islands of soil fertility. Means of pH, organic matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrogen mineralization, and gravimetric soil moisture are significantly greater in soils under Ambrosia dumosa (Gray) Payne, Larrea tridentata Cov., and Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. than soils from adjacent interspace microhabitats. Although soil moisture and soil organic matter increase by a factor of 1.5 from the low elevation to the high elevation site, the ratio of shrub to interspace concentrations, or the difference in mean soil variables between shrubs and interspaces, is effectively constant and independent of elevation. Total bryophyte and lichen cover is relatively low (24.5%), however, there are 11 species of bryophytes and two species of lichens distributed across three elevations with the highest species richness and cover at the low-elevation site. Bryophyte and lichen cover is correlated with silt but is not related, consistently, to soil nutrients. Overall, the balance of processes controlling spatial aggregation of soil nutrients under shrubs is remarkably insensitive to potential differences in organic inputs among elevations, shrub species, and soil crust surfaces.     

大青沟国家自然保护区地面苔藓植物分布格局

用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）、除趋势对应分析（DCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）研究了大青沟国家自然保护区32个样地36种地面生苔藓植物分布格局。TWINSPAN和DCA分析结果显示,地面生苔藓植物群落可以分成双色真藓（Bryum bicolor）-小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、西伯利亚瘤冠苔（Mannia sibirica）+小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、密叶绢藓短柄变种（Entodon compressus var.zikaiwiensis）-密叶绢藓（Entodon compressus）+反扭藓（Timmiella anomala）群落、绒叶青藓（Brachythecium velutinum）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）+尖叶匐灯藓（Plagiomnium cuspidatum）群落和地钱（Marchantia polymorpha）+曲肋薄网藓（Leptodictyum humile）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）-柳叶藓（Amblystegium serpens）+平肋提灯藓（Mnium laevinerve）群落5组,对应分布在羊草（Leymus chinensis）草地、西伯利亚杏（Prunus sibirica）灌丛、大果榆（Ulmus macrocarpa）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）林和水曲柳（Fraxinus mandschuria）林。CCA分析结果显示,影响苔藓植物分布的主要因子有土壤水分、乔木盖度、空气湿度、凋落物盖度、草本层盖度等。     

Three species of bryophytes from the Fildes Peninsula of Antarctica under the observation of SEM

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为《中国西部生态系统综合评估》一书所作的序言

Human well-being is dependent on ecosystems. Earth＇s mosaic of ecosystems - forests, grasslands, wetlands, streams, estuaries, and oceans - when functioning naturally, provide materials, conditions, and processes that sustain all life on this planet, including human life. The benefits that all living things obtain from ecosystems are called ＂ecosystem services.＂ Some are very familiar to us, such as materials like food and timber that are essential for our lives and important parts of the global economy. What are equally important, but certainly less well recognized, are the array of services delivered by ecosystems that do not have easily assigned monetary values, but that make our lives possible. These include the purification of air and water, the decomposition of wastes, the recycling of nutrients on land and in the oceans, the pollination of crops, and the regulation of climate.