Importance of coloured inversion technique for thin hydrocarbon sand reservoir detection – A case in mid Cambay basin

Cambay basin is an intra-cratonic rift graben formed as a result of rifting which was occurred in late Cretaceous with Deccan lava eruption through linear trending NNW to SSE directional basin. The Deccan basalt forms the basement over which more than 7–11 km thick piles of Tertiary sediments have been deposited during syn-rift and post-rift phases of basin development. Cambay basin has been considered as one of the significant hydrocarbon prolific basin in India. The biggest challenge in current days for this basin is further exploration or exploration under development stage in small marginal field or unexplored left out areas in the basin part as most of the areas are already explored/discovered by various small to big E&;P (exploration &; production) industrial players. In this present study one such small marginal field has been chosen for “Exploration under Development” portfolio in mid Cambay basin. The amount of oil-in-place volume, investment and techno-economics analysis of small marginal field has made this study area. In view of further hydrocarbon exploration in this area this kind of study will provide a robust support in limited dataset. The reservoir sand quality of the study area is discrete, thin and less permeable. This kind of sand body detection through classical seismic interpretation approach is difficult and there will be always a big amount of uncertainties for findings the pay reservoir sand. In view of the limitation of available data and challenging geological setup of the reservoir, a quantitative approach has been taken to detect the thin reservoir sand in this study area. Primarily coloured inversion technique has been applied on post-stack seismic data based upon well to seismic correlation and reservoir sand detection in seismic interpretation and well log property analysis. This technique has produced higher detectability impedance/property volume with respect to normal post-stack seismic data signature. Based on high contrast impedance/elastic property further seismic based attribute analysis on reservoir section has been performed. The attribute analysis has been made along surface and 3D seismic data level, provided clear image about the thin hydrocarbon sand reservoir. Based upon quantitative interpretation approach coloured inverted volume the prospect was chosen for further drilling in the study area and drilling of that sand was turned to be a hydrocarbon discovery prospect. The unconventional approaches e.g. coloured inversion with limited dataset for this kind of small marginal field has potential to find the hydrocarbon.     

Integrated Reservoir Characterization and Petrophysical Analysis of Cretaceous Sands in Lower Indus Basin,Pakistan

The reservoir character of the Cretaceous sand is evaluated in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan where water flooding is very common. Thus, prediction of subsurface structure, lithology and reservoir characterization is fundamental for a successful oil or gas discovery. Seismic reflective response is an important tool to detect sub-surface structure. Seismic reflection response is not enough to highlight geological boundaries and fluids in the pore space therefore, the use of integrated approach is vital to map sub-surface heterogeneities with high level of confidence. Based on seismic character and continuity of prominent reflectors four seismic horizons are marked on the seismic sections. All the strata is highly disturbed and distorted with presence of a network of fault bounded horst and graben structures, which indicate that the area was under compressional tectonic regime. These fault bounded geological structure formed structural traps favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbon. The petrophysical analysis reveals that the Cretaceous sand formation has four types of sand: Sand A, B, C and D with good porosity (15 % average) and low volume of shale. Although complete petroleum system is present with structural traps and reservoir character of sand interval is very good but these sands are highly saturated with water thus are water flooded, which is the main reason of the abundant wells in the study area.     

Continuous wavelet transforms of spectral decomposition analyses for fluvial reservoir characterization of Miano Gas Field,Indus Platform,Pakistan

Fluvial depositional systems constitute diverse host for the hydrocarbons all over the globe. Nevertheless, predicting the hydrocarbon sands within these assorted sand systems is a challenge for the prospect generation. We apply the continuous wavelet transform of spectral decomposition technique to a 3D seismic data of the Miano Gas Field in the Indus Platform, Pakistan. Full spectrum seismic attributes like the amplitude and root mean square (RMS) detect the reservoir sands down to a restricted reservoir compartment. Nonetheless, the continuous wavelet transforms can be advantageous in imaging and enactment of these clastic reservoirs within the whole reservoir zone. Rock physics reveal high-quality reservoir with an average porosity ～25% together with the discrimination of lithology/fluids, signifying the bright chances for ascertaining the potential stratigraphic reservoirs.     

地震沉积学在大庆长垣密井网条件下储层精细描述中的初步应用

文中针对大庆油田特高含水期精细调整挖潜,需要精细精确刻画储层的要求,充分利用大庆长垣油田密井网条件下储层精细描述成果及高密度三维地震资料,建立了处理-解释一体化高保真地震处理、大密度合成记录精细标定及地层切片优选方法;针对不同类型砂体分布特点,给出了利用地层切片采用"砂中找泥"和"泥中找砂"的单一河道识别分析方法,形成了"地震趋势为引导,井点相控"的井震结合储层精细刻画方法;实际应用证明对剩余油的分析认识更具针对性,应用点坝识别成果指导了D区水平井方案设计,取得了较好的钻遇效果。     

叠前弹性参数反演及FFP分析技术在东海A气田开发中的应用

东海盆地西湖凹陷A气田主力储层为浅水三角洲分流河道沉积砂体,储层横向变化快,非均质性强,实施开发井存在较大风险,且目的层段砂岩与泥岩纵波阻抗值叠置,基于叠后地震的属性分析及纵波阻抗反演技术无法区分岩性和进行烃类检测。在岩石物理分析确定岩性和流体敏感弹性参数的基础上,基于叠前弹性参数反演技术对岩性进行预测,进而通过基于多个弹性参数的FFP(Facies Fluids Probabilities)分析技术对含油气砂岩概率进行定量预测。2项技术在A气田开发中取得了良好应用效果: 通过纵横波速比(v_p/v_s)参数反演,清晰刻画了主力层河道砂体形态,据此指导水平井优化并获得高达95%的高砂岩钻遇率; 通过v_p/v_s和纵波阻抗双参数联合的FFP分析技术预测了含气砂岩空间概率分布,据此预测了潜力气层并指导调整井成功挖潜。这2项技术对于东海油气田砂泥波阻抗叠置区的储层精细描述、油气潜力预测具有良好的推广应用价值。     

渤海海域黄河口凹陷新近系多油水系统油藏成因分析

为明确同类油田的开发调整方向和潜力目标,以滚动勘探开发为目的,以A油田为例,探讨了黄河口凹陷中央构造脊北端新近系多油水系统油藏成因。储层与油源断层的有效配置是控制该类油气聚集的关键因素。基于已开发油田井震一体化精细地层对比和储层展布研究,细化了储层空间展布,并结合油源断层特征剖析,系统分析了储-断耦合对油气分布的控制作用。首先,油源断裂垂向活动强弱的差异与储层的匹配控制着油气垂向上主要聚集层位;其次,断裂平面发育程度的差异与储层展布的耦合控制着油气在平面上的分布;再次,储-断接触关系影响着油气的富集和赋存规律。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡延长区块储层流体识别

延长油田区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡东部延安单斜的中间部位,为研究天然气储层及储层中高含气分布区,2008年在延长油田区块内完成三维地震勘探344km2。本文对三维地震资料应用吸收系数、频谱分解、振幅衰减等地震属性进行流体识别试验。试验结果表明振幅衰减对含气层段异常响应相对敏感,吸收系数对高含气层段有一定反映。利用天然气储层各层段振幅衰减极大值,参考吸收系数剖面的高值层段,分析预测了三维区块含气概率高的平面分布区,2009年在预测的含气概率高分布区进行了探井验证,取得了比较理想的效果。     

孟加拉湾缅甸若开盆地上新统斜坡水道复合体沉积特征

斜坡水道复合体是孟加拉湾缅甸海上若开盆地上新统最重要深水沉积结构单元之一。研究工作以地震响应与深水储层之间的对应关系为指导,二、三维地震资料中的强振幅属性用以判断水道复合体内的粗粒沉积。利用多种地震技术,包括相干切片分析、地质异常体处理以及三维可视化,将斜坡水道复合体从背景中区分出来,并从斜坡水道复合体的外部几何形态、...     

新疆塔里木盆地温宿凸起区新近系薄互层储层预测方法研究与应用

针对塔里木盆地温宿凸起区新近系砂岩储层厚度薄、单砂体厚度小、砂体相变快的特点, 通过研究分析砂体储层与地震属性、测井曲线之间的关系, 采用伽玛拟声波地质统计学反演方法对研究区新近系进行储层预测, 并与常规的波阻抗反演、声波测井约束地质统计学反演方法生成的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明, 本文采用的方法极大地提高了预测结果的垂向分辨率, 可以有效识别出薄层砂体。该预测结果有效支撑了井位优选, 并经过了新钻井钻探证实, 实现了该区油气调查的突破。     

油砂储层非均质性的研究及对油气运移通道的预测 ——-以松辽盆地西部斜坡为例

以松辽盆地西部斜坡上白垩统油砂矿藏为例的研究表明,研究区主要发育三角洲前缘储集砂体,油砂储层存在严重的非均质性。与常规油气储层相比,层内非均质性要比平面和层间非均质性强,并且其控制因素也存在差异。在此基础上,以储层非均质性参数对油气运移通道进行预测,认为在断层不发育的构造简单斜坡油气运移的主要通道为水下分流河道下部和河口坝中的粗粒砂体,而远砂坝和席状砂砂体由于泥岩隔层、夹层、物性差和砂体层薄的原因不具备砂体连通或油气运移的条件。     

高精度三维地震数据采集技术在TBM探区的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地北部TBM探区表层地震地质条件较为复杂,低降速层主要为流沙、含水沙层及黄土层,厚度横向变化较大,潜水面变化不定。储层非均质性强,有效储层薄,储层与煤层伴生,严重制约了本区天然气勘探开发步伐。为了解决目前勘探开发所面临的实际问题,在TBM探区部署并实施了100km2的高精度三维地震数据采集,针对探区的地震地质特点和难点,开展了攻关和试验。在高精度三维地震数据采集中,通过观测系统优化、虚反射界面分析和利用、激发岩性优选、试验资料功率谱面积和频宽收敛分析等技术的综合运用,确定了合适的三维观测系统和激发因素,取得了较好的效果。     

定量化岩石物理分析技术在莫索湾地区处理解释中地应用

在油气勘探新区开展地震岩石物理研究,制约的因素之一是缺乏各类岩石物理基础资料。利用莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组储层沉积环境变化不大的有利条件,首先在莫索湾油气田开发区,开展测井环境校正和归一化,横波预测,敏感弹性参数优选以及岩石物理量板制作等定量化岩石物理分析,随后将开发区定量化岩石物理分析成果在莫10井区探区进行研究和应用,为莫10井区三维叠前地震保幅处理质量控制,储层叠前地震反演和油气检测研究提供了依据。     

Integration of Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis and 3D Geostatistical Modeling of Pliocene–Pleistocene Delta,F3 Block,Netherlands

This research is focused on the analysis of the sequence stratigraphic units of F3 Block, within a wave-dominated delta of Plio–Pleistocene age. Three wells of F3 block and a 3D seismic data, are utilized in this research. The conventional techniques of 3D seismic interpretation were utilized to mark the 11 surfaces on the seismic section. Integration of seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation, using well logs, and subsequent 3D geostatistical modeling, using seismic data, aided to evaluat...     

南海莺歌海盆地黄流组海底扇储层构型特征*

南海莺歌海盆地东方X气田中新统黄流组一段发育浅海海底扇沉积,沉积类型特殊,砂体连通性复杂,对储层构型的研究较为薄弱,影响了该地区的油气勘探和开发。以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学、地震沉积学等理论为指导,结合岩心、钻井、测井、三维地震和地震波阻抗反演成果等资料,对东方X气田中新统黄流组一段Ⅱ_b气组海底扇构型单元及砂体分布规律进行研究。结果表明: 研究区海底扇主要发育中扇亚相的水道沉积、堤岸沉积、席状砂和扇缘砂; Ⅱ_b气组以水道沉积及席状砂为主,2期水道沉积以充填沉积作用为主,整体呈NW-SE向展布;储集层内部砂体有层状充填、垂向切叠及侧向切叠3种叠置样式; 储层构型主控因素包括物源供给、地形坡度及重力流能量。     

南海莺歌海盆地黄流组海底扇储层构型特征*

南海莺歌海盆地东方X气田中新统黄流组一段发育浅海海底扇沉积,沉积类型特殊,砂体连通性复杂,对储层构型的研究较为薄弱,影响了该地区的油气勘探和开发。以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学、地震沉积学等理论为指导,结合岩心、钻井、测井、三维地震和地震波阻抗反演成果等资料,对东方X气田中新统黄流组一段Ⅱ_b气组海底扇构型单元及砂体分布规律进行研究。结果表明: 研究区海底扇主要发育中扇亚相的水道沉积、堤岸沉积、席状砂和扇缘砂; Ⅱ_b气组以水道沉积及席状砂为主,2期水道沉积以充填沉积作用为主,整体呈NW-SE向展布;储集层内部砂体有层状充填、垂向切叠及侧向切叠3种叠置样式; 储层构型主控因素包括物源供给、地形坡度及重力流能量。     

南海南部北康盆地碳酸盐岩储层特征及油气成藏

在南海扩张过程中微板块断裂、碰撞、拼接的构造背景下,南海南部中新世以来发育碳酸盐岩台地及生物礁,经过后期成岩改造形成了大量碳酸盐岩储层并蕴藏着丰富的油气资源.为了了解该海域碳酸盐岩储层的发育特征和成因机制,以北康盆地高精度二维地震资料为基础并结合邻区岩心、薄片资料,对该区域碳酸盐岩储层发育的类型、储集空间、成岩作用以及控制因素开展了系统研究.结果表明,南海南部碳酸盐岩储层类型多且储集空间丰富,主要有两类,分别为礁滩储层和不整合面岩溶储层;发育多种孔隙类型,包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙,以次生孔隙为主,包括铸模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶内溶孔等. 该区域碳酸盐岩储集空间主要受白垩化作用、溶蚀作用和白云岩化的建设性改造,并且主要受构造、沉积、古气候和流体活动因素的控制.北康盆地碳酸盐岩可以作为良好的储层,并具有良好的油气成藏条件,能形成“下生上储”的碳酸盐岩油气藏.      

Assessment of Reservoir Rock Properties from Rock Physics Modeling and Petrophysical Analysis of Borehole Logging Data to Lessen Uncertainty in Formation Characterization in Ratana Gas Field,Northern Potwar,Pakistan

Petrophysical evaluation and rock physics analysis are the important tools to relate the reservoir properties like porosity, permeability, pore fluids with seismic parameters. Nevertheless, the uncertainties always exist in the quantification of elastic and seismic parameters estimated through wireline logs and rock physics analysis. A workflow based on statistical relationships of rock physics and logs derived elastic and seismic parameters with porosity and the percentage error exist between them is given. The statistical linear regressions are developed for early Eocene Chorgali Formation between various petrophysically factors determined from borehole logging of well Ratana–03 drilled in tectonically disturbed zone and the seismic and elastic parameters estimated through rock physics modeling. The rock physics constraints such as seismic velocities, effective density and elastic moduli calculated from Gassmann fluid substation analysis are in harmony and close agreement to those estimated from borehole logs. The percentage errors between well logs and rock physics computed saturated bulk modulus (K _sat ), effective density (ρ _eff ), compressional and shear wave velocities (V _P and _V S) are 1.31%, 4.23 %, 5.25% and 4.01% respectively. The permeability of reservoir intervals show fairly strong linear relationship with the porosity, indicating that the reservoir interval of the Chorgali Formation is permeable and porous thus having large potential of hydrocarbon accumulation and production.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部长9储层差异化成岩与烃类充注过程研究

储层非均质性极大地影响储层内流体的流动和分布,在油气运移成藏和提高采收率研究中广受关注。储层内发生的差异化成岩作用是层内非均质性的重要成因,与烃类充注事件的相互关系也是致密砂岩油气成藏机理研究的核心内容。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地中西部上三叠统延长组长9储层为例,研究储层内砂岩所表现出的差异化成岩作用及其影响下的流体活动过程。系统的显微观察发现,长9储层主要由机械压实致密型砂岩、钙质胶结致密型砂岩、含水砂岩和含油砂岩等四类岩石组成。利用显微岩相学、紫外荧光光谱、包裹体均一温度测试、盆地模拟等技术综合分析表明,机械压实致密型砂岩在早成岩期即在压实作用影响下强烈塑性变形致密化;钙质胶结致密型砂岩在早成岩期就发生强烈的碳酸盐胶结作用而致密化。这两类砂岩在成岩中后期基本不能为流体活动提供孔隙空间。含水砂岩和含油砂岩均经历了复杂的差异化成岩过程,含油砂岩内可以辨识出至少三期沥青,含水砂岩则未见沥青残留。以含油砂岩中沥青质所对应的烃类充注为标志,重建了长9储层的成岩序列,划分出三期流体流动过程,烃类充注与成岩作用交替进行。含水砂岩大致可划分出相似的成岩过程,但未发生烃类充注。