方形平板锚抗拉承载力的大变形有限元分析

基于网格重分和改进的REP应力恢复技术,建立了三维大变形有限元方法研究拉力作用下方形平板锚与黏性土地基的相互作用。与常规的小变形有限元不同,大变形分析能够完整模拟平板锚的上拔过程,如果平板锚底面与土体始终保持接触,三维大变形计算得到的方板与圆板抗拉力相差很小;在无重土中的平板在加载初始即与土体脱离时,方板的承载力略低于圆板。大变形分析给出的立即脱离承载力系数与模型试验数据基本吻合,而小变形有限元与下限分析忽略了方形平板锚的长距离上拔过程对其抗拉力的影响,可能高估深锚的承载力。改进估计方形平板锚抗拉承载力的简化方法,方便于工程应用。     

Effect of shape on holding capacity of plate anchors buried in soft soil

Plate anchor is one of the most common varieties of anchors used in the construction and maintenance work of various on-land and offshore structures. An accurate estimation of the uplift capacity of anchor foundations is necessary for an economical design as well as for the safety and stability of structures. This paper outlines the effect of shape of anchor plates on their breakout capacity, through a series of model tests. Both shallow and deep anchor behaviours were investigated under conditions developing suction force and without suction force. The results of these tests are presented in terms of load-displacement behaviour, variation of breakout factors (with and without suction force) with depth of embedment, the critical embedment depth of anchors and variation of suction force with embedment ratio. Further, the variations of breakout factor ratio with aspect ratio and embedment ratio are reported. Based on the experimental results and the model test results of other investigators an empirical relationship has been suggested to determine the shape factor and holding capacity of plate anchors buried in saturated cohesive soils.     

Numerical Investigation of the Inclined Pullout Behavior of Anchors Embedded in Clay

Two-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis has been used to simulate the inclined pullout behavior of strip anchors embedded in cohesive soil. Previous studies by other researchers were mainly concerned with plate anchors subjected to loads perpendicular to their longest axis and applied through the centre of mass. This paper investigates the behavior of vertical anchors subjected to pullout forces applied at various inclinations with respect to the longest anchor axis, and applied at the anchor top and through the centre of mass. The effects on the pullout behavior of embedment depth, overburden pressure, soil–anchor interface strength, anchor thickness, rate of clay strength increase, anchor inclination, load inclination and soil disturbance due to anchor installation were all studied. Anchor capacity is shown to increase with load inclination angle for anchors loaded through the centre of mass; greater effects are found for higher embedments. The results also show that anchor capacity improves at a decreasing rate with higher rates of increase of soil shear strength with depth. In addition, the capacity of vertically loaded anchors is shown to approximately double when the soil–anchor interface condition changes from fully separated to fully bonded. Similarly, disturbed clay strengths adjacent to the anchor following installation cause a significant reduction in anchor capacity. The results showed a significant effect of the point of load application for anchors inclined and normally loaded. The effects of other parameters, such as anchor thickness, were found to be less significant.     

UPPER BOUND SOLUTION FOR PULLOUT CAPACITY OF ANCHORS ON SANDY SLOPES

By making use of limit analysis, an upper bound solution in a closed form for determining the ultimate pullout capacity of plate anchors buried in sandy slopes has been established. The anchor plate orientation has been considered either horizontal or parallel to the slope, with the pullout force applied perpendicular to the plate. It has been found that the pullout capacity for horizontal anchors, even on slopes, remains the same as that on horizontal ground surface as long as the average embedment ratio is kept constant. Whereas for anchors which are aligned parallel to the slope the collapse load decreases continuously with the increase in the inclination of slope. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computations of Seismic Passive Resistance and Uplift Capacity of Horizontal Strip Anchors in Sand

In this paper, the limit equilibrium method is used to compute seismic passive earth pressure coefficients and the vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchors in presence of both horizontal and vertical pseudo-static earthquake forces. By considering a simple planar failure surface, distribution of soil reaction is obtained through the use of Kötter’s equation. Presence of pseudo-static seismic forces induces a considerable reduction in the seismic passive earth pressure coefficients. The reduction in seismic passive earth pressure coefficients increases with increase in magnitude of the earthquake accelerations in both horizontal and vertical directions and with increase in wall friction angle. The vertical uplift capacity of horizontal strip anchor is obtained for various values of soil friction angle, embedment ratio and seismic acceleration coefficients in both horizontal and vertical directions by using rigorous computational optimization. Proper justification for selected value of wall friction angle is established. Results are presented in the form of non-dimensional breakout factor for anchor. A significant reduction in breakout factor is observed in presence of both the seismic acceleration coefficients whereas breakout factor increases with increase in soil friction angle and embedment ratio even under the seismic condition. Angles of failure planes keep changing with change in seismic acceleration coefficients and failure zone shifts towards the critical direction of seismic acceleration coefficients. Present results are compared and found in good agreement with some specific available results in literature.     

Serviceability limit state design for uplift of helical anchors in clay

Presently, no displacement-based design methodology exists for helical anchors subjected to tensile or uplift loading. This study investigates the statistical and probabilistic aspects of the load-displacement uncertainty associated with a database of thirty-seven uplift loading tests of helical anchors founded within cohesive soils. Initially, an ultimate resistance model is identified, and the semi-empirical uplift breakout factor statistically characterized. A relationship between ultimate resistance and slope tangent capacity is established, and used to form the basis for normalizing the load-displacement response. Hyperbolic and power law models are statistically evaluated for use in serving as a reference load-displacement model; the hyperbolic curve was selected based on goodness-of-fit statistics. Monte Carlo reliability simulations are used to establish an equivalent-deterministic load factor that associates the selected load factor with a probability of exceeding a pre-determined allowable uplift displacement, given uncertainty in the undrained shear strength, ultimate resistance model, transformation uncertainty, uncertainty in the allowable displacement, and variability in uplift loading. A practical example is provided to show the intended use of this probabilistic helical anchor displacement model.     

The ultimate uplift capacity of multi-plate strip anchors in undrained clay

Soil anchors are commonly used as foundation systems for structures requiring uplift resistance such as transmission towers, or for structures requiring lateral resistance, such as sheet pile walls. Anchors commonly have more than one plate or bearing element and therefore there is a complex interaction between adjacent plates due to overlapping stress zones. This interaction will affect the failure mode and ultimate capacity. However, no thorough numerical analyses have been performed to determine the ultimate pullout loads of multi-plate anchors. By far the majority of the research has been directed toward the tensile uplift behaviour of single anchors (only one plate). The primary aim of this research paper is to use numerical modelling techniques to better understand plane strain multi-plate anchor foundation behaviour in clay soils. A practical design framework for multi-plate anchor foundations will be established to replace existing semi-empirical design methods that are inadequate and have been found to be excessively under or over conservative. This framework can then be used by design engineers to more confidently estimate the pullout capacity of multi-plate anchors under tension loading.     

新型伞状抗拔锚现场试验与数值模拟

伞状抗拔锚是一种新型的锚杆装置。通过现场试验获得了其抗拔承载性能,从正常使用条件下Q-S曲线可见,与同场地施工的抗拔桩比较,新型伞状抗拔锚的承载力显著提高。鉴于试验条件的不足,未能获得伞状抗拔锚的极限承载力。为获得伞状锚达到极限状态时的Q-S曲线,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,对伞状抗拔锚和抗拔桩的原位抗拔试验进行数值模拟。模拟主要分2步来实现,先通过调节参数得到与试验一致的正常使用条件下的Q-S曲线,然后增加荷载,得到极限状态下的伞状抗拔锚的Q-S曲线。结果显示,伞状抗拔锚能够充分调动其扩大端的土体参与抗拔,得到的Q-S曲线表明伞状锚的抗拔性能存在很大潜力,具有显著的优越性。     

均质黏土中圆形平板锚的抗拉承载力分析

基于网格重新生成和场变量映射的大变形有限元模型,探索了立即脱离和无脱离两种典型条件下均质黏土中圆形平板锚的抗拉承载力。与小变形有限元比较,大变形分析克服了锚周围土体初始网格畸变的不利影响,能够追踪平板锚整个拔出过程中抗拉力的变化。通过具体算例,考察平板锚表面摩擦性质和上覆土重等因素对立即脱离工况承载力的影响程度,指出有重土中深锚的承载力小于无重土中对应的承载力与上覆土重之和,其上限是无脱离条件下的承载力。计算结果表明：土重对无脱离条件下的承载力影响很小,进而给出了无脱离承载力系数与初始埋深的关系曲线。     

Experimental,numerical and analytical study on conventional and innovative Grid-Anchor system in the pull-out test

With increasing use of geosynthetic applications in earth structures the need to develop more efficient reinforcement elements becomes evident. In this paper a conventional and an innovative geogrid system (named Grid-Anchor) are tested. The Grid-Anchor system consists of a conventional geogrid with anchors attached to it. The pull-out test has been used to highlight the capabilities of the product. Experimental investigation along with numerical studies using a finite element computer code was carried out. It was found that the ultimate pull-out resistance of a Grid-Anchor is more than that for an ordinary geogrid. Analytical study has been performed and the effect of an anchor group on the ultimate resistance of a geogrid was investigated.     

扩体型锚杆的研制及其抗拔试验研究

在研制锚杆机械扩孔器的基础上,进行了扩体型锚杆的工艺试验和抗拔试验研究。试验结果表明,所研制的锚杆机械扩孔器对地层具有良好的适应性;扩体型锚杆较普通锚杆的承载力平均提高20 %～30 %,最大为66 %;扩体型锚杆的轴向应变陡降现象明显,具有显著的端承效应。     

The elastic response of multiple underream anchors

A technique is developed for the analysis of multiple underream anchor systems resting in an elastic soil. This technique may be used to consider anchor systems involving arbitrary anchor inclination and depth beneath the soil surface, as well as arbitrary number, shape, size and spacing of underreams. The approach is largely analytical in nature and involves only a fraction of the computation required for a finite element analysis. Consideration is given to the effects of anchor depth and inclination to the soil surface, and the spacing and number of underreams upon the elastic response of anchor systems. On the basis of the result from this study, a simple, approximate method for estimating the response of multiple underream anchors is proposed. This approach involves the use of several interaction charts, which are presented in the paper, and can be used as a hand method for estimating the load–displacement behaviour of quite general anchor systems to sufficient accuracy for most practical purposes. The use of the approximate approach is illustrated by an example.     

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the keying of vertically installed plate anchors in clay

Plate anchors, such as suction embedded plate anchors and vertically driven plate anchors, offer economically attractive anchoring solutions for deep/ultra-deep water offshore developments. The rotation/keying processes of plate anchors will cause embedment losses, which lead to decreases of the uplift resistances of the anchors in normally consolidated soil. In the present paper, the keying processes of vertically installed strip and square plate anchors are simulated using the 3-D large deformation finite element method. The effects of loading eccentricity and pullout angle on the embedment loss during keying are investigated. Both the development of the uplift resistance and the soil flow mechanisms are presented. The numerical results show that the loading eccentricity e/B has a much larger effect on the embedment loss than the pullout angle does. The anchor shape has a minimal effect on the loss in anchor embedment. The shape factors (square/strip) are 1.05–1.09 for loss of embedment and 1.10–1.19 for capacity.     

土质滑坡格构锚杆抗滑机制及受力试验研究

通过滑坡防治格构锚固大型物理模型试验,分析了土质滑坡格构锚杆体系在坡顶荷载下的变形和位移,揭示了格构锚杆的抗滑机制,探讨了锚固力与坡体位移及锚杆变形的关系,提出了极限锚固力的计算方法。结果表明：滑坡滑动时,格构梁与坡体整体发生旋转滑移,锚杆在滑面处发生了弯曲变形,处于弯曲和轴向拉伸组合变形状态;格构锚杆的抗滑作用表现为锚杆在滑面处的抗剪抗滑和锚杆格构梁的挡土阻滑;格构锚杆的极限锚固力由初始预应力、锚杆弯曲变形引起锚拉力、坡体位移引起锚拉力三部分组成,可通过公式 计算。该研究结果可为格构锚固体系的优化设计提供一定的参考。     

深水注浆锚设计原理及其承载特性试验研究

海洋能源开发不断向深海迈进,大型深水海上平台对锚泊结构的承载力提出了更高的要求。针对传统鱼雷锚承载比不足的问题,提出了一种新型深水注浆锚。锚体带动连接其尾部的注浆管贯入海床,然后在外部注浆设备驱动下向海床注浆,浆液挤压土体并在锚体周围形成注浆固结块,从而大幅增加锚体抗拔力。采用自主设计的海洋锚注浆和拉拔试验系统进行了模型试验,研究了不同注浆量对浆液扩散特性以及锚体承载特性的影响规律。结果表明：浆液可以较好地包裹锚体,浆块呈倒锥形与锚体紧密黏结为一体,共同承受上部荷载,浆块承载比可达 24.6,远高于传统鱼雷锚的 2.4～4.1,从而验证了深水注浆锚的可行性。随注浆量的增加,浆块端部截面积和整体高度增加,注浆锚整体承载力也不断增大。     

Vertical Uplift Capacity of Equally Spaced Multiple Strip Anchors in Sand

The ultimate uplift resistance of a group of multiple strip anchors placed in sand and subjected to equal magnitudes of vertical upward pullout loads has been determined by means of model experiments. Instead of using a number of anchor plates in the experiments, a single anchor plate was used by simulating the boundary conditions along the planes of symmetry on both the sides of the anchor plate. The effect of clear spacing (s) between the anchors, for different combinations of embedment ratio (λ) of anchors and friction angle (ϕ) of soil mass, was examined in detail. The results were presented in terms of a non-dimensional efficiency factor (ξ_γ), which was defined as the ratio of the failure load for an intervening strip anchor of a given width (B) to that of a single strip anchor plate having the same width. It was clearly noted that the magnitude of ξ_γ reduces quite extensively with a decrease in the spacing between the anchors. The magnitude of ξ_γ for a given s/B was found to vary only marginally with respect to changes in λ and ϕ. The experimental results presented in this study compare reasonably well with the theoretical and experimental data available in literature.     

玻璃纤维增强聚合物抗浮锚杆抗拔性能试验研究与机制分析

抗浮锚杆作为一种竖向锚固技术在我国许多地区广泛应用,锚杆作为抗浮结构的核心其性能受到极大关注。但因钢材易腐蚀,传统金属锚杆的耐久性受到质疑,特别是地铁等地下工程存在杂散电流,限制了金属抗浮锚杆的应用。玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)抗浮锚杆是一种由树脂基体和玻璃纤维复合而成的新材料,与金属锚杆相比,它具有耐腐蚀、抗拉强度高、自重轻等优良特性。通过植入式裸光纤传感测试技术对GFRP抗浮锚杆的界面应力分布、荷载传递规律及破坏机制进行了研究,论证了GFRP抗浮锚杆使用的适宜性。试验表明,GFRP抗浮锚杆破坏以杆体基体材料剪切破坏为主,?28 mm锚杆极限抗拔力为250 kN,能够满足工程需要;杆体轴力沿深度方向逐渐递减,并且超过一定长度后杆体不再受力。结果显示,中风化岩地区,当锚固段长度为3.95⁶.95 m时,轴力影响深度范围约为3.7 m,说明GFRP抗浮锚杆同样存在临界锚固深度问题。锚杆界面剪应力呈不均匀分布,剪应力峰值随荷载的增加逐渐向下转移,同时0值点也向杆体深部转移。研究成果可为GFRP抗浮锚杆应用于工程实际提供依据。     

可回收式锚杆抗拔试验研究

为了研究可回收式锚杆的锚固机制,结合实际边坡加固工程进行了不同长度锚杆的现场抗拔试验研究,得到可回收式锚杆的p-s曲线。分析结果表明：可回收式锚杆属于压力型锚杆,能较好地发挥锚固体材料的力学性能,承载力较高,防腐性能好,回收方便;该锚杆存在着一个临界长度,当锚固长度超过其临界长度时,再增加锚固长度对锚杆抗拔力的提高作用不大;该锚杆杆体在回收后不造成地下空间的污染,尤其适用于临时性和短期工程加固。试验验证了该锚杆设计的合理性和安全性,对该锚杆今后的工程应用具有参考价值。     

BFRP筋锚杆土质边坡支护应用研究

论文通过拉伸试验、抗剪试验、耐腐蚀试验、与水泥基黏结强度试验,研究了BFRP筋力学性能,表明BFRP筋抗拉强度大于890MPa,耐酸碱强度保留率大于92%,抗剪强度略小于普通钢筋,与水泥基类黏结强度大于4.5MPa。参照《岩土锚杆（索）技术规程》（CECS 22:2005）,结合BFRP力学性能参数,对BFRP锚杆支护土质边坡进行设计。BFRP筋作为锚杆,其抗拉强度设计值取750MPa,与砂浆黏结强度取2.0MPa。通过BFRP筋材和钢筋锚杆加固土坡的现场对比试验,分析了BFRP锚杆加固土质边坡的效果,表明两种锚杆受力和边坡变形类似,验证了BFRP筋作为岩土支护锚杆的适用性。     

GFRP锚杆拉拔时效模型研究

近年来GFRP锚杆因耐腐蚀性好、强度重量比高等优点而逐渐应用于边坡等岩土体的支护,但其时效力学特性却对加固的岩土体造成了潜在的威胁。本文在分析GFRP锚杆拉拔机理的基础上,引入Merchant流变模型,建立了反映GFRP锚杆拉拔时效特性的黏弹性流变模型。根据推导出的控制方程,运用有限差分方法得到了锚杆轴力、剪应力和位移沿杆长的分布,及其随时间变化的规律。在该模型的基础上,对影响GFRP锚杆拉拔时效特性的主要因素进行了一系列的参数研究,并得到了一些关于GFRP锚杆加固机理的结论。