我国首例离层注浆减沉试验的再思考

20a前在抚顺老虎台煤矿512采区进行的我国首例离层注浆减沉试验为探索煤矿可持续开采技术提供了宝贵经验。试验采区地表下沉比预计小的真正原因是采空区密实水砂充填(充满率为70%~85%),覆岩中巨厚绿色页岩层遇水碎胀(碎胀率为185%)和大采深极不充分采动(采动程度系数为0.14)。离层注浆主要起到了使绿色页岩层碎胀的作用,而留在覆岩离层中的粉煤灰量极少(只占煤炭采出体积的3%)难以起到减沉作用。试验结果说明该技术在缓沉方面比减沉更有效。     

影响覆岩离层注浆减沉效果的地质因素

煤层开采后,采空区上覆岩层内产生离层现象,注浆充填离层可以减小地面沉陷。覆岩离层注浆减沉效果受离层带地层条件、离层围岩透水性和工程地质特性的影响,表现为离层的形成、宜于注浆的离层带的位置、注浆液的保存与支承力的维持。      

基于数值计算的覆岩移动离层量计算方法

地下煤层开采后造成的地表沉陷，对矿区环境，特别是铁路、房屋等建筑物造成重大危害。覆岩离层带高压注浆减缓地表沉降技术可以有效地减少或缓和沉降向地表发展。离层空间发育大小是进行离层带高压注浆工程设计的重要参数之一。文章的研究基于数值模拟，采用三次样条曲线回归方法，推导出一套计算采动覆岩离层量大小的公式。配合有限元计算，可以动态地计算离层空间的变化过程。对离层带高压注浆减缓地表沉降工程具有指导意义。     

最小势能原理在关键层挠度计算中的应用

关键层对上覆岩层的变形起控制作用并与受其直接控制的岩层形成组合梁结构协调变形,依此原理可算得将关键层视为四边简支的弹性薄板时板中面承受的均布荷载,因此可用关键层的变形代替组合梁结构的变形。将承受等效荷载时缓慢下沉的关键层视为平衡体系,依据平衡体系势能最小的原理求得注浆前后关键层的最大挠度和最大拉应力的方向。离层注浆是控制地表变形的有效方法,注浆前后地表的沉陷变形与关键层的挠曲变形密切相关,在忽略表土层对沉陷起弱化作用的前提下可用注浆前后关键层最大挠度的变化间接的反映离层注浆的减沉效果。通过该理论计算得出的减沉值和实测数据较为接近,验证了采用最小势能原理进行注浆前后关键层挠度值计算的可行性。为关键层注浆前后的挠度计算和注浆减沉的效果评价提供了新的方法和思路。     

特殊地质条件下覆岩离层注浆钻孔疏通及工作面跑浆防治技术研究

为了有效解决建筑物下压煤与矿井开采之间的矛盾,近些年采动覆岩离层注浆技术得到广泛的推广及应用,并产生了良好的经济效益。但在覆岩离层注浆工程中经常会出现各类跑浆事故,影响矿井生产和安全。分析了采动覆岩离层注浆工程钻孔压水p-t曲线,针对性的采用了高压气-液联动通孔技术成功疏通已下入注浆管的ZK-2钻孔,并结合采矿情况合理确定了钻孔注浆时机。在此基础上,以工作面跑浆事件为案例,从地质构造、采动影响裂隙发育、支承压力等方面对跑浆原因进行了详细分析,从封堵浆液压入量计算经验公式、堵漏时机、浆液材料及配比、具体实施方法四个层面制定了跑浆综合处置方案,经检验封堵效果良好、处置方案科学有效,后续注浆过程中未出现类似事故。     

矿区塌陷控制与灾害防治技术研究

采矿区覆岩及地表塌陷是涉及全球性人为环境灾害之一，控制与防护由地下采矿引起的地表塌陷灾害的技术途径主要有地下开采技术措施、地层控制措施和地面防护措施。文章基于岩层移动理论，阐述了地下采矿引起的覆岩移动、变形和坡坏规律，及地表塌陷及环境的影响特征。讨论了沉陷控制与灾害防治的技术途径，提出了解决地面大面积塌陷控制的地下多层位联合注浆方法，探讨了覆岩离层注浆控制与减缓地表沉陷技术的理论、方法、研究现状及发展与应用前景。     

煤矿环境治理技术新进展及应用

我国煤炭资源的长期大规模开发和利用引发了一系列环境问题,主要包括环境污染、资源破坏和地质灾害三类。地下充填方法是一种行之有效的生态环境修复方式。新型离层注浆技术可有效预防因采煤塌陷产生的环境问题,同时解决煤矿建筑物压煤问题,实现顺序开采,延长了煤矿生产年限,缓解了矿山关闭所带来的环境问题。中国煤炭地质总局在采煤沉陷治理领域以新型覆岩离层注浆技术为核心,形成了产学研用一体化的采煤沉陷区治理综合技术体系。通过对新型离层注浆技术的研究与实践,形成了厚煤层覆岩离层注浆控制采空塌陷技术体系,完善和发展了采空塌陷控制理论与技术。该技术在夏店煤矿得到了成功应用,取得了较好的经济和社会效益     

上覆岩层组合运动的力学解析特征研究

运用弹性薄板理论和复合材料力学的层合板理论,讨论了在覆岩运动中起决定作用的组合关键层的应力,为计算组合关键层的整体强度提供了途径;并且从控制开采沉陷工程实际入手,将结构塑性极限分析理论运用于组合关键层的失稳最大荷载计算,解析得出了充分采动情况下关键层塑性极限荷载的表达式,从另一个角度得到了一种判别关键层位置的新方法,为实施离层带注浆减沉提供参考。     

离层注浆防治地表塌陷的注浆量计算

地下煤层的大量开采，引起采空空间向地面的转移从而导致地表塌陷，造成危害。基于岩体中离层产生、发展的研究理论，提出利用“离层注浆防治地表塌陷技术”以控制地表塌陷。注浆量和与其相应的泵压是覆岩离层注浆工程实施防治地表塌陷成功与否的关键参数之一。通过对注浆机理及浆液流动模式的简论，给出了注浆量的两种计算方法并引入几个重要参数。文章指出了与计算所得注浆量相匹配的泵压，且给出一个在理论指导下的选型实例，为现场施工设计提供了理论依据。     

岩层及地表移动与冲击地压相关性研究

对岩层及地表移动规律的观测、室内试验和数值计算分析表明,采动覆岩层沉陷运动的不协调性造成裂隙带上部弯曲带岩体中产生大范围的离层空隙。随着工作面的推采,离层空隙周期性悬露垮断构成了上覆岩层及地表移动变形运动的不同特征。根据现场观测,砾岩层运动是矿井冲击地压发生的主要力源,地表下沉速度发生剧烈变化,冲击地压发生的频率较高,地表产生反弹时更为危险,且随着砾岩层的运动,冲击地压发生周期性变化。     

Numerical Simulation of Bed Separation Development and Grout Injecting into Separations

In this paper, the Cosserat theory that has been incorporated into a three dimensional finite element code COSFLOW, is applied to analyze the development of bed separations in the layered overburden and grout injection into the bed separations. The mechanism of bed separation development during the longwall mining is investigated. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of major factors including hard rock grade, panel height and panel weight on bed separation development. Based on the modeling, a conceptual model to describe the development process of bed separation is proposed. The effect of grout injecting into the bed separations on subsidence reduction is also studied and the conclusion agrees well with the common realization.     

Grout injection into bed separation to control surface subsidence during longwall mining under villages: case study of Liudian coal mine,China

Surface subsidence can cause many environmental problems and hazards (including loss of land area and damage to buildings), and such hazards are particularly serious in coal mining districts. Injecting grout into the bed separation in the overburden has been proposed as an effective control measure against surface subsidence during longwall mining. However, no field trials of this technique have been implemented in mines under villages in China, and thus, its ability to control subsidence in such areas has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, field trials using this technique were carried out during longwall mining under villages in the Liudian coal mine, China. The maximum surface subsidence observed after the extraction was only 0.298 m, which accounts for 10 % of the mining height and is 79 % less than the predicted subsidence. Moreover, no damage occurred to the village buildings either during or after extraction and these buildings remain stable. Thus, this study represents the first successful attempt to control surface subsidence under villages in China using grout injection during longwall mining.     

采空场覆岩变形数值模拟与相似模拟比较研究

用有限元数值计算尝试了离层模拟,并分别采用数值模拟与相似模拟的方法研究了木架山矿区143剖面倾斜采空场处理时的地表移动与覆岩破坏规律。研究发现,随着矿柱的崩落,覆岩跨度不断增加,引起的地表移动范围也不断增大,地表垂直沉降范围大致为跨度的1.5～1.7倍,垂直沉降曲线始终对称于最大沉降点;水平移动的范围大于垂直沉降的范围,最大水平移动量大约为最大沉降量的40 %,且水平移动不对称。另外,当覆岩发生整体下沉时离层主要存在于跨度两端,离层由层理剪切破坏引起。     

Sinkhole subsidence due to mining

This paper reviews the modes of formation of sinkhole subsidence associated with mining activities, drawing on examples in India. Sinkhole (pot-hole) subsidence is an abrupt local depression at the surface which can be hazardous to life and property due to its tendency to occur without warning. Shallow extraction, weak overburden and geological discontinuities are the main factors which cause them. Sinkholes occur due to the failure of a mine roof which migrates through the overlying strata until the failure zone intercepts the unconsolidated overburden. Alternatively they may occur by the creation of cavities in the overburden following the inflow of sand and soil from the overlying weathered and friable strata through faults. Overburden cavities eventually cave in and sinkholes appear at the surface. Sinkholing phenomena can be controlled to some extent by proper design of mining supports and construction of walls to create a barrier around an area prone to sinkholes in bord and pillar workings. Backfilling and grouting can be used to stabilize abandoned underground workings.     

Pot-hole subsidence in Son-Mahanadi Master Coal Basin

Pot-hole subsidence is an abrupt depression of local ground surface, which occurs due to sudden collapse of the overburden into an underground void. Pot-hole subsidence is a common form of subsidence in Jamuna and Kotma, Hasdeo and Bisrampur areas of Son-Mahanadi Master Coal Basin. Data of 34 cases of pot-hole subsidence were collected from the above areas and analysed from stand point of their causative factors, prediction, mechanism, and suggested mitigative measures. Analysis of these cases revealed that shallow depth, geological discontinuities, weak and saturated overburden are the main causative factors for the pot-holing phenomenon. Movement of eroded materials from saturated and weathered overburden with water along a fault plane into the underground bord and pillar development led to the formation of a pot-hole. Risk of pot-hole subsidence is high when the pot-hole potential ratings of causative factors are between 80 and 100. Suggested mitigative measures of pot-hole subsidence in bord and pillar development as well as unapproachable depillared workings include maintaining a minimum of 15 m un-weathered hard cover, controlled width and height of drivages, installation of suitable support system, back-filling, grouting of underground voids, etc.     

开采引起的含水层失水对地表下沉的影响

为了改善矿区开采沉陷预计精度,解释华东矿区地表下沉系数大于1的原因,减小采动损害,本文基于现场钻孔水位动态观测结果,获得了覆岩破坏与含水层水位变化的3种对应关系。根据含水层失水后固相颗粒有效应力增加引起岩土体孔隙比的变化,建立了含水层失水固结沉降机理,利用叠加原理,导出了地下开采与含水层失水共同引起的地面沉降计算方法。研究实例表明,失水下沉占煤层开采下沉的25%。      

神东矿区地表移动参数变化规律及影响机制

我国西部矿区普遍具有资源储量大、埋藏浅、覆岩结构简单等特点,采矿活动对地表影响明显。为研究神东矿区地表移动参数变化规律,首先基于大柳塔矿22201工作面实测数据分析其地表动态变形规律,再采用神东矿区18个工作面的实测数据,获得地表移动参数与地质采矿条件之间的对应关系,并分析地质采矿条件对地表移动参数的影响机理。研究表明:神东矿区煤层开采地表沉陷速度快、衰退期短,最大下沉速度达643.3 mm/d,活跃期下沉量占总下沉量的99.05%;下沉系数与松散层采深比呈先增大后减小的二次函数关系,水平移动系数、主要影响角正切分别与（采高×开采速度）/（宽深比×基岩厚度）、基岩厚度×开采速度/（采深×采高）呈先减小后增大的二次函数关系;边界角、裂缝角与松散层采深比呈正线性关系,移动角与基岩采深比成正比,与采高、开采速度成反比;基岩承载松散层荷载及松散层拱效应的变化是导致地表移动参数变化的根本原因。研究成果对西部矿区地表破坏控制与治理、矿井生产安全保障及生态环境修复具有工程实用价值。      

采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果:有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1,1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

厚覆盖层矿山地下开采地表塌陷机制分析

随着矿山开采深度的不断增加,厚覆盖层成为部分深部地下矿山的主要特点。以物探调查、变形监测以及理论分析为手段,对某典型厚覆盖层金属矿山地下开采初期地表塌陷的成因与机制进行了分析。结果表明,厚覆盖层中存在的大面积采空区为地表塌陷变形提供了空间,采空区顶板厚度较小为地面塌陷的发展提供了条件,采空区的存在是地表塌陷的主要原因。地表出现塌陷以后,塌陷范围以塌坑为中心继续向外扩展,受覆盖层内采空区走向,断层和岩层分界面等地质缺陷影响,塌坑向西、向南与向北三个方向上的扩展较向东快得多。降雨会增大塌坑向外扩展的速度,因为地表水的下渗加快了塌坑周围岩土体向塌坑方向的移动和下沉。