地震活动性的天文学研究：回顾与展望

本文简要介绍了国内外开展天文地震研究的历史和现状，及得到的一些初步结果，讨论了开展该研究的意义和目前存在的问题，认为天文地震研究是有学术意义和应用价值的课题，应用坚持深入下去，以期得到系统性结果，使天文学在解决地震活动性及预测预报研究这一笥科学难题中发挥应用的作用。     

地震预测试验场的回顾与展望

地震预测试验场针对特定的地震危险区，通过密集的、多学科的强化观测，研究与短临地震预测有关的科学问题，作为一类“大科学”项目，地震预测试验场的经验和教训值得认真总结，本文回顾和评述了地震预测试验场的观测与研究，对地震预测试验场的概念进行了分析和讨论，指出新技术的应用赋予地震预测试验场以新的内涵。并为地震预测研究带来新的发展机遇。     

地震活动泊松模型和应力释放模型在地震预测和地震危险性评估中的一些应用研

地震活动性是指地震发生在时间、空间和强度上的规律性。对地震活动研究的主要目的是对其未来的活动进行预测。地震活动随时间分布的特征是否表现为周期性、随机性、群集性 (cluster)等是地震学家十分感兴趣的研究课题 ,它对于理解地震活动物理过程和建立地震预测的研究思路具有重要的影响。对地震活动在时间域中的预测可分为中长期预测和中短期预测。本论文是针对地震活动中长期预测常采用的稳态泊松模型做了一些研究工作 ,发展了一些新的计算方法 ,具体分以下两部分。1　地震活动长期特征 (或平均特征 )的预测方法及地震危险性评估的新方…     

机器学习在地震预测中的应用进展

机器学习(Machine Learning, ML), 特别是深度学习(Deep Learning, DL), 在最近几年发展迅速, 在数据挖掘、 计算机视觉、 自然语言处理、 数据特征提取和预测等方面的应用中取得了令人振奋的进展。 地震预测是复杂、 涉及面广、 不成熟而且充满争议的科学问题; 其发展受到尚不清楚的地震机理和孕震结构、 不完备的观测数据与真伪不清的地震现象等方面的限制。 但是, 机器学习有可能改善复杂地震数据的挖掘和发现, 推动地震预测科学的发展。 本文回顾了机器学习在地震预测的应用, 包括强震、 强余震和岩石破裂失稳等方面的预测, 并展望了机器学习在地震预测方面的研究趋势。     

甘肃及邻区GPS连续站时间序列地震预报效能评估

1 研究背景 地震预测方法或手段的效能评价,是寻找有效的预报方法、选择科学的预报判据,也是进行综合地震预测的重要基础.1989年许绍燮(1989)提出R值评分方法,后经郑兆苾等(2001)、罗兰格(2015)等学者们不断完善而日趋成熟,逐渐成为地震预测领域认可度较高的常规地震效能评价方法之一.     

《地震学报》征稿简则

<正>一、《地震学报》是中国地震学会和中国地震局地球物理研究所主办的地震科学综合性学术刊物.主要内容包括:以刊登地震科学方面具有创新性的研究成果和技术成就为主,也登载一些与地震有关的地球物理、地震地质、工程地震等科学领域的学术论文及研究简报;登载本学科不同学术观点的文章;登载与地震科学有关的评述文章;介绍地震科学及与其有关的重大学术问题的研究现状和进展;反映地震科学及其有关的科技工作动态.二、来稿要求和注意事项     

中国地震活动性述评

对与我国地震活动性有关的地震资料、地震的地理分布、震源深度分布、地震的时间进程等方面的研究情况,进行了简要评述;并对研究工作需要注意的问题,以及台湾地震的成因。表明了观点。     

欢迎订阅2015年度《地震学报》

<正>《地震学报》是由中国地震学会和中国地震局地球物理研究所主办的地震科学综合性学术刊物.主要刊登地震科学方面的具有创新性的研究成果和技术成就,也登载一些与地震科学有关的地球物理、地震地质、工程地震等学科领域的学术论文及研究简报;径载本学科不同学术观点的文章;介绍地震科学及与其有关的重大学术问题的研究现状和发展;登载与地震科学有关的评述文章;反映地震科学及其有关科技工作动态.该刊为中国科技核     

昆仑山口西8. 1级地震的地震活动特征

在回顾昆仑山口西8. 1级地震前的长期、中期的不同阶段不同程度的预测意见基础上,对该次地震前的地震活动进行了分析。结果表明, 该次巨大地震前存在地震条带、地震空区、地震活动增强区、象限性等空间异常及地震活动参数异常, 这些特征对巨大地震的研究与预测具有重要的参考作用。     

地震预测：回顾与展望

本文概要回顾自20世纪60年代以来国际地震预测研究与地震预报实践的进展情况,指出地震预测这一既紧迫要求予以回答、又需要通过长期探索方能解决的地球科学难题目前尚处于初期的科学探索阶段,虽然总体水平仍然不高,特别是短期与临震预测的水平与社会需求相距甚远,但是近半个世纪以来并非毫无进展．文中以板块边界大“地震空区”的确认、“应力影区”、地震活动性图像、图像识别等方法以及美国帕克菲尔德（Parkfield）的地震预报实践为例,说明在中期与长期地震预测方面,地震预测研究均取得了一些有意义的进展．文中分析了地震预测在科学上面临的困难,阐述了为解决这些困难所应当采取的科学途径,展望了地震预测的前景,指出地震预测的进展主要受到地球内部的“不可入性”、大地震的“非频发性”以及地震物理过程的复杂性等困难的制约;地震预测虽然困难,但并不是不可能的;依靠科技进步,强化对地震及其前兆的观测,选准地点、开展并坚持以地震预测试验场为重要方式的地震预测科学试验,坚持不懈地、系统地进行基础性的对地球内部及对地震震源区的观测、探测与研究,对实现地震预测的前景是可以审慎地乐观的．     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...