河北省怀安盆地北缘断裂活动性研究

本文以野外地质调查为主，讨论了怀安盆地北缘断裂的几何展布和活动特征，并进行了断裂的活动性分段，对断裂的运动学特片也进行了探讨，研究认为，该断裂是一条第四纪活动断裂，以东段活动性最强，Ｑ３＾２以来平均垂滑动速率达０．２１－０．２２ｍｍ／ａ；中段活动次之，西段活动较弱，整个断裂活动年代有自西南向东北迁移的趋势。最后，文章对１６２６年２５／４级地震的震中位置作了讨论。     

胜利油田及邻近地区断裂活动性研究

本文提出了研究平原地区断裂活动性的步骤和方法,并用这一方法研究了胜利油田及邻近地区断裂活动情况。结果表明,无棣—益都断裂、广饶—齐河断裂和埕子口断裂为第四纪活动断裂。本文还进一步讨论了无棣—益都断裂的活动特征和第四纪活动断裂的标志等问题。     

新疆深断裂与地震活动

论述了新疆的深断裂与深断裂格局、深断裂格局与深断裂关系的基本特征以及活动深断裂同地震活动的关系。     

石家庄断裂活动性及其对市区稳定性的影响

本文应用浅层人工地震勘探及地层剖面对比等多种方法对石家庄断裂进行了研究,结果表明该断裂是一条第四纪活动断裂,在市区西部大安舍、留营、玉村、永壁一带通过,呈北8度西展布。并结合地震活动和地壳形变等资料,讨论了该断裂对石家庄市区地壳稳定性的影响,为城市建设规划提供了有力的依据。     

合肥地区地震活动性及地震地质构造背景分析

对合肥地区区域(R=200 km)和近场(R=25 km)范围内的地震活动性进行了研究,对区域和近场地震地质构造、区域重力场和磁场特征进行了分析,并重点对郯庐断裂及对合肥地区影响较大的近场区断裂活动性进行了研究,分析研究表明:自公元294年以来区域范围共发生Ms≥43/4级地震47次,1970年以来区域测震台网记录的ML≥2.0级地震有25次,其中ML3.0～3.9级地震5次;该区域断裂构造比较发育,其展布方向主要有北北东、北东、北西和近东西向,这几组方向的断裂形成区域断裂构造格架.区域Ms≥6级地震多发生在这几组不同方向断裂的交汇处附近.合肥地区未来的地震危险性主要来自华北地震区的长江下游-黄海地震带和郯庐地震带,其中安徽六安-霍山地震危险区、涡阳-凤台地震危险区和江苏的溧阳地区等未来可能发生中强震的地区,是对合肥地区影响较大的潜在地震危险区.     

德阳地区中小地震活动特征

德阳地区中小地震活动特征刘万全（德阳地震办公室）德阳地区位于龙门山断裂中段边缘，地处成都平原东北部，其西北侧为北川—映秀断裂黄连桥—御军断裂及千佛山—九顶山断裂；南东向紧临中江黄家坳—金堂断裂、中江杰兴场—兴隆断裂；中部平原区有三条左阶羽列状隐伏断裂...     

绰尔河断裂对文得根水库坝址区稳定性的影响

通过地质调查、物化探测量、地震活动性分析，研究了绰尔河断裂的位置、地质特征和活动性，以及该断裂对文得根水库坝址区稳定性的影响。结果表明，绰尔河断裂总体沿绰尔河河谷呈NW向展布，形成于中生代，经历了多期活动，表现为先压扭后引张。断裂北段宽而深，南段窄而浅。晚更新世末期以来不活动。绰尔河断裂对坝址稳定性影响不大。     

小江断裂带西支断裂南段新活动初探

本文根据实地调查,分析了小江西支断裂南段两条分支断裂的展布特征及其活动性。用冲沟长度、错动量及平均侵蚀速率,估算了断裂的水平滑动速率。指出南段分支断裂作多重右阶斜列展布,现今活动以左旋走滑为主,兼有倾向运动分量,全新世以来平均水平滑动速率为1.66mm/a。     

西江断裂鹤山—江门段的构造活动性

西江断裂鹤山－江门段由了哥山断裂,天台山断裂,鹅公山断裂,岐祥里断裂和横坑里断裂等５条断裂组成,并以斜列形式分布在西江左右岸。断裂明显控制或影响西江水道的发育,在中更新世晚期至晚更新世中晚期曾发生多次活动。与西江断裂的其它断裂段比较,该断裂的活动性地较弱。     

辽宁普兰店—瓦房店地区主要断裂活动性研究

本文根据野外地质调查资料和２９个年代测定数据,讨论了普兰店－瓦房店地区１３条断裂的展布特征和活动性．指出：金州断裂、普兰店湾断裂和曲家屯断裂属于晚更新世活动断裂,其余１０条断裂为早、中更新世活动断裂或前第四纪断裂     

丹东市东北部鸭绿江断裂带的探测与研究

根据电法,人工地震勘探和钻孔资料分析了位于丹东东北部沿中朝边境长１１ｋｍ的鸭绿江断裂带分布特征。     

丹东台地倾斜异常与中强地震的关系

分析丹东地震台地倾斜资料与周围地区中强地震的对应关系时,发现震中位于鸭绿江断裂北西盘上的地震异常反映比较突出。     

鸭绿江断裂西南段地震活动特征分析

依据鸭绿江断裂历史地震和近期地震的活动状况,分析了鸭绿江断裂西南段的地震活动特征,并对未来地震活动趋势进行了判断。     

辽宁东港地区主要断裂活动性与地震关系研究

本文通过对辽宁东港地区地震地质条件和主要断裂活动性的调查,讨论了该区主要断裂活动性与地震的关系,指出鸭绿江断裂南段是主要的地震构造,该段的中强地震活动是造成东港地区地震危险性较高的主要原因。     

朝鲜北西部地质构造特征及主要断裂活动性

着重论述了朝鲜北西部五条主要断裂的活动性、简要地叙述了这些断裂的概略特征,认为北东向的鸭绿江东支断裂、清川江断裂为中、晚更新世有活动,早更新世有明显活动的断裂;北西向的载宁江断裂为中更新世有活动,早更新世有明显活动的断裂;在北西西向断裂中,长林断裂为早更新世—上新世活动断裂,南江断裂活动时代不详。其活动性最明显的为鸭绿江东支断裂和载宁江断裂,次为清川江断裂和长林断裂,再是南江断裂。最后,还讨论了这些断裂的形成与演化。     

Post‐European settlement response gradients of river sensitivity and recovery across the upper Hunter catchment,Australia

Most analyses of river adjustment have focused on parts of catchments where metamorphosis has occurred. This provides a non‐representative view of river responses to human‐disturbance. Although many rivers have been subjected to systematic land‐use change and disturbance, significant variability is evident in the form, extent and consequences of adjustment. This study documents the catchment‐wide distribution of river sensitivity and adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia in the period since European settlement. The spatial distribution and timing of lateral, vertical and wholesale river adjustments are used to assess river sensitivity to change. The type and pattern of rivers, influenced largely by valley setting, have induced a fragmented pattern of river adjustment in the upper Hunter catchment. Adjustments have been largely non‐uniform and localized, reflecting the predominance of bedrock‐controlled rivers which have limited capacity to adjust and are resilient to change. Less than 20% of river courses have experienced metamorphosis. Phases of reach‐scale geomorphic adjustment to human disturbance are characterized as a gradient of primary, secondary and tertiary responses. In general terms, primary responses such as cutoffs or straightening were followed by secondary responses such as channel expansion. These secondary responses occurred between 50–70 years after initial disturbance. A subsequent tertiary phase of river recovery, denoted as a transition from predominantly erosional to predominantly depositional geomorphic processes such as channel contraction, occurred around 70–120 years after initial disturbance. Such responses are ongoing across much of the upper Hunter catchment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reflections on the history of research on large wood in rivers

Dynamics and functions of large wood have become integral considerations in the science and management of river systems. Study of large wood in rivers took place as monitoring of fish response to wooden structures placed in rivers in the central United States in the early 20th century, but did not begin in earnest until the 1970s. Research has increased in intensity and thematic scope ever since. A wide range of factors has prompted these research efforts, including basic understanding of stream systems, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems, and environmental hazards in mountain environments. Research and management have adopted perspectives from ecology, geomorphology, and engineering, using observational, experimental, and modelling approaches. Important advances have been made where practical information needs converge with institutional and science leadership capacities to undertake multi-pronged research programmes. Case studies include ecosystem research to inform regulations for forest management; storage and transport of large wood as a component in global carbon dynamics; and the role of wood transport in environmental hazards in mountain regions, including areas affected by severe landscape disturbances, such as volcanic eruptions. As the field of research has advanced, influences of large wood on river structures and processes have been merged with understanding of streamflow and sediment regimes, so river form and function are now viewed as involving the tripartite system of water, sediment, and wood. A growing community of researchers and river managers is extending understanding of large wood in rivers to climatic, forest, landform, and social contexts not previously investigated. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adjustment processes of mountainous rivers affected by tilting uplift: Laboratory experiments and a case study of Yakushima Island,Japan

Mountainous river basins are one of the main sources of sediment. Over long time scales, sediment production is sustained by the persistent dissection of river basins, which is promoted by tectonic activity. The response or adjustment of rivers to forcing factors such as uplift is based on the concept of the graded river and a feedback mechanism between the incision and uplift. Although the development of graded rivers under natural circumstances has been discussed for a long time, knowledge about the transition of river basins under heterogeneous uplift is not enough. To understand the development of a river basin with a non‐uniform uplift rate, two simple cases are examined: landward and seaward tilting uplift, where the uplift rate varies linearly in space. For our study, laboratory experiments were conducted and the results were compared with those of natural river basins; two river basins in Yakushima Island were selected for this purpose. In both the laboratory and Yakushima, the longitudinal profile of the river basin under landward‐tilting uplift has a convex‐up zone and a specific knickpoint is formed at the upstream end of this zone. This knickpoint is inactive with respect to migration and incision owing to the insufficient cumulative uplift to the equilibrium state. It was also observed in both the experimental and natural cases that the profile of the river basin under seaward tilting is unlikely to have such a convex‐up zone in the long term, and will instead have a smooth concave profile. Therefore, the spatiotemporal pattern of dissection differs depending on the type of tilting uplift, which suggests that sediment production also varies in time and space according to the type of uplift.     

Morphodynamics of the exit of a cutoff meander: experimental findings from field and laboratory studies

The morphological evolution of the entrances and exits of abandoned river channels governs their hydrological connectivity. The study focusses on flow and sediment dynamics in the exit of a cutoff meander where the downstream entrance is still connected to the main channel, but the upstream entrance is closed. Two similar field and laboratory cases were investigated using innovative velocimetry techniques (acoustic Doppler profiling, image analysis). Laboratory experiments were conducted with a mobile‐bed physical model of the Morava River (Slovakia). Field measurements were performed in the exit of the Port‐Galland cutoff meander, Ain River (France). Both cases yielded consistent and complementary results from which a generic scheme for flow patterns and morphological evolution was derived. A simple analogy with flows in rectangular side cavities was used to explain the recirculating flow patterns which developed in the exit. A decelerating inflow deposits bedload in the downstream part of the cavity, while the upstream part is eroded by an accelerating outflow, leading to the retreat of the upstream bank. In the field, strong secondary currents were observed, especially in the inflow, which may enhance the scouring of the downstream corner of the cavity. Also, fine sediment deposits constituted a silt layer in a transitional zone, located between the mouth of the abandoned channel and the oxbow‐lake within the cutoff meander. Attempts at morphological prediction should consider not only the flow and sediment conditions in the cavity, but also the dynamics of the main channel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

Estimating the probability of river channel adjustment

River channels respond not only to natural external controls, and natural controls internal to individual drainage basins, but also to the influence of human activity. Although many site-specific instances of change have been documented, the complexity of the process interactions means that very little is known about the general nature of different styles of adjustment, or their relative sensitivity to drainage basin controls. Data obtained from the Thames Basin, southeast England, are used in a probabilistic approach to differentiate between four styles of river channel adjustment and a variety of drainage basin characteristics. Adopting a probabilistic approach quantifies the degree of confidence attributable to any prediction of river channel adjustment while acknowledging that certainties are difficult to obtain in studies of the natural environment. This approach could thus allow environmental planning decisions to be made with a quantified degree of uncertainty. Four multivariate logistic regression models are described which use a combination of continuous and categorical variables to associate drainage basin characteristics with four styles of river channel adjustment derived from a reconnaissance evaluation survey. In comparison, it is shown that laterally migrating river channels are the most common ‘natural’ channel type in the Thames Basin, and their probability of occurrence rises to 71 per cent in sand/gravel environments. In channels regulated by low weirs, deposition is the most likely channel activity where gradients are lower than 0·0040, whilst above this threshold the majority of channels are morphologically inactive. In urban channels, many of which are also lined by concrete, the likelihood of obtaining a stable channel is mostly in excess of 80 per cent. In channels straightened during this century, deposition is most likely in gradients below 0·0050, whereas erosional enlargement is most probable above this value. In channels which were initially channelized prior to this century, deposition gives way to stability at a threshold gradient of 0·0080.