1991年柯坪6．5级地震余震序列分析

前言1 991年 2月 2 5日 ,新疆维吾尔自治区柯坪县发生 6.5级强烈地震。该地震发生在柯坪断裂与北西向扭张断层交汇部位附近 ,是柯坪断裂带近 1 5年来发生的最大一次地震 ,给柯坪县及巴楚附近地区造成了不同程度的破坏 (详细烈度区划见文献 [1 ])。根据新疆地震局地震台网测定 ,该地震微观震中位置位于北纬 40°2 0′,东经 79°0 1′,震源深度为 2 2 km;现场考察结果确定宏观震中位置为北纬 40°2 3′,东经 79°0 4′,震源深度为 2 2 km左右 ,两者相当接近。笔者通过对柯坪地震的余震频度衰减、能量释放、余震的空间分布特征等进行分析 ,总结…     

公元138年陇西郡地震考证

根据历史资料对公元１３８年陇西郡地震进行了考证，认为该次地震的震中应在青海省民和县与甘肃省临洮县之间，震中位置为北纬３５．９°，东经１０３．３°．震中烈度为Ⅸ，震级为６３４．对该次地震的区域构造背景也进行了讨论．据史料记载，张衡地动仪曾记录到了这次地震．     

1329年福建闽江口 级地震与1517年福建福州 级地震考证

通过对历史地震资料的收集与考证以及历史地震传言调查,得到如下认识:(1)1329年在福建闽江口曾发生过1次震级约为51/2级地震,震中位置为:北纬26.1o,东经119.7o。(2)1517年5月10日福州市附近曾发生过1次43/4级震群地震,其等震线呈北东向,震中位置为:北纬26.0o,东经119.2o。     

自贡4.6级地震活动背景及其特征

一、地震参数及地震序列特征据四川地震台网测定,发震时刻:1985年3月29日19时15分02秒;震中位置:北纬29°22′08″,东经104°49′34″;震源深度:7千米;震级(Ms):4.6;震中烈度:Ⅶ。据现场考察,宏观震中位于自贡市大安区凉高山至燕子山一带,其几何中心坐标为北纬29°22′39″,东经104°48′46″。宏、微观震中之间相差约2千米。     

1329年福建闽江口51/2级地震与1517年福建福州43/4级地震考证

通过对历史地震资料的收集与考证以及历史地震传言调查,得到如下认识:(1) 1329年在福建闽江口曾发生过1次震级约为51/2级地震,震中位置为:北纬26.1°,东经119.7°.(2) 1517年5月10日福州市附近曾发生过1次43/4级震群地震,其等震线呈北东向,震中位置为:北纬26.0°,东经119.2°.     

1988年11月22日甘肃肃南5.7级地震

1.地震的基本参数及序列根据甘肃区域地震台网和全国地震台网测定,这次地震的基本参数是: 发震时刻:1988年11月22日01时46分1.7秒; 震中位置:北纬38°35′,东经99°32′,即肃南县城以南的祁连山中;     

缺震方法在鄂西地区的应用

1.资科和方法研究区(图1)位于东秦岭以南、江汉平原以西,是丹江水库及葛州坝所在区域。考虑到研究区包含了不同的构造单元,将该区划分为两个小区域进行处理。以青峰断裂为界(约北纬32°),鄂西南以黄陵背斜为主体,范围为北纬30°—32°,东经108°—112°;鄂西北以武当地块为主体,范围为北纬32°—34°,东经108°—112°。所用资料选自《湖北省台网地震目录》。依据该区台网控制能力及该区地震少而小的特点,震级下限取为M_L≥1.0,资料     

东乌珠穆沁旗5.9级地震参数及序列特征

2004年3月24日内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟东乌珠穆沁旗发生Ms5 9级地震,地震微观震中位于北纬45°19′,东经118°22′,宏观震中位于东乌珠穆沁旗与西乌珠穆沁旗交界处的格日乐图嘎查。经过余震序列及区域地震序列类比分析,认为该次地震是一次较为明显的孤立型地震。宏观烈度长轴走向与最佳震源机制解结果基本接近。     

公元1831年安徽凤台地震宏观震中考察

公元1831年(清道光十一年)安徽凤台曾发生一次破坏性地震,史料记载情况基本一致,但现有各版地震目录所确定的震中位置存在分歧,震中位置竟多达4处.在分析已有资料的基础上,作者对该地震进行了实地考察.经综合分析认为,应当对此次地震的宏观震中进行调整,震中位置应改为32.88°N、116.89°E,名称相应变更为"安徽怀远西南地震".同时认为此次地震原来所确定的震级(614)偏大.     

1991年至1994年甘肃地区发生的部分地震的震源机制解

１９９１年至１９９４年甘肃地区发生的部分地震的震源机制解根据甘肃省地震台网测定，１９９１年１月２日在青海省祁连境内发生了一次５．１级地震，震中位于北纬３８°６＇，东经９９°５４＇。１９９１年１０月１日在青海省门源境内发生了一次５．２级地震，震中位于北...     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Resistivity methods in geothermal prospecting in Iceland

Resistivity techniques have been used successfully to identify and delineate geothermal resources in Iceland. The most frequently used techniques include Schlumberger, central loop TEM and head-on profiling. Geothermal systems in Iceland are located both within and outsite the active volcanic regions. Outsite the active volcanic regions the temperature in the upper most kilometer of the geothermal systems is below 150° C whereas the temperature in the geothermal fields within the active volcanic regions exceeds 200° C. The resistivity of the rock in geothermal fields located outside the active volcanic regions ranges from about 10 m to some hundreds of m, and are characterized by considerably lower resistivity than of the surrounding rocks. Most of the geothermal systems within the active volcanic regions, show common resistivity structure with low resistivity of 1–5 m surrounding an inner core of higher resistivity. This increasing resistivity with depth is associated with a change in the conduction mechanism, from interface conduction to electrolyte conduction due to a change in alteration minerals at about 240° C. Examples of resistivity surveys of geothermal fields from both outsite and within the active volcanic regions are discussed.