湖相烃源岩生烃动力学及排油效率——以松辽盆地青山口组为例

为准确评价湖相烃源岩的排油量及致密油资源潜力,结合湖相I型有机质的黄金管热模拟实验和青山口组烃源岩的有机地球化学分析,对松辽盆地湖相烃源岩生烃特征、动力学参数和排油效率进行了研究。热模拟实验的产物定量结果表明,松辽盆地青山口组湖相烃源岩具有可观的生油潜力,最大生油量约为600 mg/g·TOC,主要的生油阶段在Easy Ro=0.5%~1.2%。动力学计算结果表明,该烃源岩生油的平均活化能为218.5 k J/mol,重质组分生成活化能要低于轻质组分。结合青山口组烃源岩的生油动力学参数和英X58井热史的地质推演,证实该井湖相烃源岩的当前生油转化率为40%~60%,生油量为240~360 mg/g·TOC;通过残留烃的定量,计算得到该烃源岩的排油量为150~200mg/g·TOC,相对排油效率约为60%。生油量及排油效率结果表明,松辽盆地致密油资源潜力大。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩排烃效率研究

准噶尔盆地南缘下部成藏组合勘探日趋重要,其主力烃源岩生烃潜力和排烃效率的研究亟待加强。根据排烃门限理论,利用生烃潜力法建立了准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩的生、排烃模式,并计算了烃源岩的生烃量、排烃量和排烃效率。研究表明,准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系泥质烃源岩和煤层的排烃门限对应的镜质组反射率均为0. 7 %。侏罗系烃源岩的总生烃量为3 973. 84 x 108t,总排烃量为1 402. 71 x108t,其中八道湾组烃源岩排烃量占总排烃量的69.85%。准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩的平均排烃效率为35. 30%,不同层系不同岩性烃源岩,其排烃效率明显不同,泥质烃源岩排烃效率远大于煤层。综合分析认为,准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩生、排烃量大,排烃效率较高,下部成藏组合以侏罗系烃源岩为主力烃源岩,具有良好的资源潜力。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系煤生烃热模拟实验研究

采用黄金管-高压釜热模拟体系,开展准噶尔盆地南缘地区侏罗系八道湾组和西山窑组煤的生油和生气演化特征研究,对区域油气资源评价和油气资源研究具有重要意义。煤热模拟实验结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘八道湾组煤生油潜力明显高于西山窑组煤,其生油高峰在R_o(镜质体反射率)=1.07%,最大生油产率的分布范围为60.13~83.27 mg/g,具有一定的排油能力;西山窑组煤生油高峰在R_o=0.96%,最大生油产率分布范围为27.14~62.14 mg/g,部分样品具有一定的排油能力。八道湾组煤和西山窑组煤生气能力接近且均较好,生气窗长。R_o为0.90%时,煤开始生气;R_o在1.07%~1.65%时,煤进入快速生湿气阶段,煤裂解气产量是最大产气量的50%左右;R_o达1.65%后,煤进入干酪根裂解生气阶段;R_o在3.60%时,煤生气基本结束,最大生气产率分布范围为92.23~141.26 mg/g。南缘西段艾卡构造带八道湾组煤层厚度为10~20 m,R_o在1.0%左右,处于煤生油高峰,生油量在57.10~81.19 mg/g,且煤具有有机碳含量高的特点,认为该区煤具有形成带气顶的油藏的潜力。准噶尔盆地南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带和昌吉—乌鲁木齐地区侏罗系煤层厚度大,最厚达60 m,烃源岩R_o在1.3%~2.0%之间,处于煤大量生干气阶段,生气量为60.21~104.27 mg/g,认为准噶尔盆地南缘中段煤具有形成凝析气藏和干气藏的条件。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

煤和煤系泥岩生油能力再评价

煤和分散有机质（煤系泥岩或页岩）对煤成油田的贡献大小一直没有获得统一认识,这导致煤是否具有生排油能力直到现在仍然争论不休。选择了两个典型侏罗系煤和一个煤系泥岩样品,分别进行了限定体系热解生烃模拟,结果表明热解特征较差的泥岩（H／C 0．77,IH 146mg／g）却比中等富氢煤（H／C 0．82,IH 260mg／g）的生油量高出2．7倍,是一般煤（H／C 0．75,IH 199mg／g）生油潜力的6倍。这暗示着在煤成油评价中,不能简单把煤和煤系分散有机质对等进行评价,不然会低估煤系相对分散有机质的贡献而过高估计了煤的作用。热解模拟结果与吐哈盆地台北凹陷煤系岩石中有机质含量对比结果表明,该凹陷煤成油更可能来自于煤系泥岩而不是煤本身。此外,通过分析发现煤中液态烃稳定性较差,一般在低熟阶段就开始裂解生气,因此,被国内外学者普遍采纳的,IH（或S1）随成熟度变化的趋势不能作为判断煤排油门限的有效参考。     

应用荧光显微组分定量评价煤的生烃排烃潜力

在研究镜质组类型基础上，把富氢镜质组（荧光镜质体）作为有折扣的富氢显微组分（类脂组）对待，提出了利用荧光显微组分丰度－ＦＭＴ参数作为评价不同还原类型煤生烃，排烃的定量指标。煤岩学标志，有机地球化学参数和热模拟实验产烃率数据为ＦＭＴ值定量评价煤生烃排烃潜力的适用性和有效性提供了佐证。     

角质体热解产烃的实验研究

本文在严格的煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,系统地对贵州水城上二叠统龙潭组(P_3l)煤中角质体的生烃潜力、热解烃组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果显示:角质体具有很高的生烃潜力,其S_1+S_2为308.33mg/g,远高于丝质体(S_1+S_2为26mg/g)和基质镜质体(S_1+S_2为192mg/g),而与树皮体(S_1+S_2为297mg/g)相当。另外,角质体为一种好的生油组分,其热解烃中油占了67％(197.47mg/g);角质体热解产物主要为碳数较低的正构烷烃、烯烃化合物,此外苯、烷基苯(甲苯、二甲苯)、萘系化合物所占比例较高,而姥鲛烷和植烷含量则较少。本区角质体的主要生烃区间介于420～450℃之间(对应的R_o为1.1％～1.5％),生烃高峰在425～435℃范围内,最大产烃率对应的温度为430℃。角质体这种生烃潜力高,并且在高成熟度下大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的现实意义。     

中口子盆地侏罗系煤系烃源岩地球化学特征及生烃潜力评价

甘肃-内蒙古交界处的北山盆地群侏罗系是我国西北地区潜在的油气勘探新领域。为加深对该盆地群资源潜力的认识,以有机地球化学分析数据为基础,探讨了其中煤系烃源岩的沉积环境、有机质来源,建立了该烃源岩生烃潜力评价标准。研究结果表明,中口子盆地侏罗系烃源岩干酪根类型以Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型为主,生烃母质主要是陆生植物,含少量的藻类和水生生物,主要形成于三角洲平原沼泽或湖侵期的间湾湖泊等氧气量适中的弱氧化-弱还原沉积环境。生烃潜量和氢指数是衡量煤系源岩有机质丰度、生烃潜力和生油潜力最有效的指标,根据生烃潜力评价标准：黑帐房凹陷侏罗系暗色泥岩多属于中-差烃源岩,南泉凹陷暗色泥岩生烃潜力级别优于黑帐房凹陷,主要为中-好烃源岩;南泉凹陷炭质泥岩大多数属于中等-好油源岩,煤岩大多属于差油源岩。     

煤岩初次和二次生烃动力学及其对沾化凹陷孤北天然气成因的解释

沾化凹陷孤北地区石炭一二叠系(C-P)潜山产出煤成气,油气勘探需要搞清楚产出的煤成气是煤岩初次埋藏、还是抬升剥蚀后再次埋藏生成的.在查明该区煤岩地质演化的基础上,采用热模拟实验方法,探讨了煤岩初次和二次生烃过程中气态烃与主要单体烃生成动力学特征,发现煤岩二次生烃的活化能比一次生烃高40～50 kJ/mol,认为孤北地区C-P煤系源岩达到4200 m深度条件(R°约0.9%)才发生二次生烃作用.与煤岩初次生气相比,二次生气具有iC4/nC4＜1、n(C6 C7)/i(C6 C7)＞0.8、甲苯/苯＜1.2等特征,据此认为孤北煤成气是煤岩二次生烃形成的.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.