从另一个角度看中国的PM_(2.5)问题

<正>大气中直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物被称为PM2.5。严格讲应称为气溶胶PM2.5。这是指长期悬浮在大气层中的胶体。美国NASA公布了PM2.5全球浓度分布图,显示了从非洲至东亚的PM2.5高值区。这使国内外人们普遍认为中国空气污染很严重,为世界之最。近来北京等北方地区普遍出现PM2.5超标,达到500以上,更引起了公众和政府的关注与不安。在NASA公布的PM2.5图上     

不同天气类型广东大气超级站细粒子污染特征初步研究

2012年5月至7月期间,以广东大气超级监测站为观测平台,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和其他多种环境监测仪器对大气污染现象进行高时间分辨的长期连续观测。以能见度和相对湿度为参考,将天气类型划分为2次灰霾、1次暴雨和多次晴朗天气过程。观测结果表明,SPAMS捕获的颗粒物数浓度与PM2.5和PM1的相关性(R2)分别达到0.538和0.448,呈现出一定的相关性。大气颗粒物浓度在不同天气条件下,浓度变化较大,其中,灰霾天气下,PM2.5和PM1浓度最大小时均值分别达到0.132 ng/m3和0.094 ng/m3。观测结果表明,粒径处于600~800 nm的细颗粒物对该区域的灰霾形成过程起了最为关键的作用。该地区的大气颗粒物类型主要可分为7种:元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、元素-有机碳混合(ECOC)、大分子有机碳(HMOC)、海盐(Na-K)、富钾颗粒(K-rich)和富铅颗粒(Pb-rich)。灰霾天气,各类型颗粒物数量浓度均有一定程度的增加,其中以EC和K-rich的增加最为明显。分析表明,第一次灰霾主要是由于大气光化学反应起到主导作用,而生物质燃烧又增大了灰霾程度;第二次灰霾过程,生物质燃烧产生的影响更大。     

喜马拉雅珠峰地区冬季大气气溶胶化学组分及光学特征

为了研究喜马拉雅山北坡冬季大气气溶胶化学组分、光学特征及来源,2017年11—12月在珠穆朗玛峰站(QOMS)共采集22个PM2.5样品.结果显示:PM2.5中包括水溶性离子(WSIs)、有机质(OM)、元素碳(EC)在内的所有检测成分,总质量浓度为(3.36±1.06)μg·m-3;有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水...     

超低排放燃煤电厂一次颗粒物和黑碳实时排放特征

燃煤电厂是大气一次污染物的重要排放源,其超低排放改造改变了大气颗粒物排放特征.为满足当前高时间分辨率排放清单构建的需要,燃煤电厂颗粒物实时排放质量浓度及关键组分比值亟需更新.本研究基于稀释通道采样系统,对某超低排放改造后的燃煤电厂开展实测,获得该燃煤电厂可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、超细颗粒物(PM...     

《攻坚行动方案》实施后北京市PM2.5中微量元素组成特征

文中利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对《攻坚行动方案》实施后北京市环境大气PM2.5中微量元素组成特征进行研究。结果表明,《攻坚行动方案》实施后,北京市PM2.5中微量元素以Zn、Mn、Ba、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ti等7种元素为主,其中元素Zn含量最高。元素Zn、Cd、Tl、Cs、Rb的水溶性组分在总微量元素中占比超过80%,说明这些元素大部分以易溶于水的状态存在于PM2.5中。有趣的是,在PM2.5样品中微量元素的含量(10-6)随着PM2.5污染水平的升高而下降,而质量浓度(ng·m-3)随PM2.5污染水平的升高而升高。这说明单位质量PM2.5中微量元素的含量只与颗粒物的组成成分有关,与颗粒物浓度无关。采样期间PM2.5中的微量元素主要来源于土壤扬尘(48.27%)、燃烧源和工业排放(16.16%)、刹车和轮胎磨损(10.03%),其次是汽车尾气(5.84%)、建筑扬尘(4.88%)以及其他源(3.68%)。与攻坚行动前相比,PM2.5中微量元素的质量浓度有明显的降低,高污染等级的PM2.5样品中微量元素质量浓度的降幅最为明显,比攻坚行动前下降了80.3%。     

北京大气颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征及可能来源

<正>近年来,随着经济社会的高速发展,工农业活动的日益加剧,化石燃料的大量使用,我国区域性灰霾污染事件频发。长时间、大范围的以高浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)为主的灰霾天气横扫我国中东部地区,尤以京津冀鲁、长三角和珠三角地区为甚。颗粒物不仅降低了大气能见度,而且还会引发呼吸系统疾病以及心血管疾病等,对人体健康带来严重的危害(Nel,2005)。大气颗粒物一般由水溶性离子,多环芳烃,重金属、矿物粉尘以及碳质气溶胶组成,其中水溶性离子所占比重最大,占PM2.5总质量浓度的50%~60%(Li     

甘新城市大气挥发性有机物和颗粒物的污染特征及健康风险评估北大核心CSCD

基于质子转移反应质谱仪(PTR-MS)和颗粒物(PM)采集和分析技术,对我国西北甘肃省和新疆维吾尔自治区(甘新地区)十三个城市大气中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)、PM(PM10、PM2.5和PM1)及其组分(水溶性无机离子、碳质气溶胶和无机元素)进行了采样分析,阐明了甘新地区城市大气中VOCs和PM的污染特征和健康风险。研究表明:污染特征分析表明平均总VOCs(TVOCs)浓度为(41.84±7.56) ppbv(ppbv为十亿分之一的体积混合比),氧化性VOCs(OVOCs)是VOCs的重要组分,VOCs组分总浓度高于国内外其他城市,主要为甲醇的浓度较高,而芳香烃则低于其他城市。PM10、PM2.5和PM1的平均浓度分别为(139.39±32.63)μg·m-3、(77.66±25.39)μg·m-3和(44.76±17.59)μg·m-3,水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)是该地区PM的重要组分。健康风险评估表明该地区VOCs的非致癌风险显著,致癌风险处于可接受水平;PM中重金属的非致癌风险和致癌风险均显著。乙醛的非致癌风险和萘的致癌风险较高,Mn的非致癌风险和As的致癌风险较高,因此应加强乙醛、萘、Mn和As元素的管控,以减少大气污染对人体健康的危害。     

北京市区大气气溶胶PM_(2.5)污染特征及颗粒物溯源与追踪分析

重点研究北京市区大气气溶胶中细粒子的污染特征,分析其质量浓度变化与各种自然影响因素的相关性,利用美国空气资源实验室的HYSPLIT模型对颗粒物进行溯源和追踪分析,为正确认识北京市区大气PM2.5污染状况提供重要基础数据,为以后的对比研究和制定相应的污染控制措施提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)PM2.5质量浓度的最高值出现在4月的沙尘天气期间中,由于受沙尘天气影响春季的PM2.5质量浓度居四季之首;(2)温度、相对湿度、风速、降水和气压等是影响PM2.5污染程度的重要因素,不同季节里、不同温度范围内,PM2.5的质量浓度与温度表现出不同的但都强烈的相关性;沙尘天气里风速低于某一阈值(10 km/h)时,PM2.5的质量浓度与风速呈负相关,反之则呈正相关;(3)沙尘主要来自西北、西北偏北或偏西方向,境外源有俄罗斯、蒙古和哈萨克斯坦等国的戈壁或沙漠地区,境内主要来自西部戈壁沙漠地带以及内蒙古的大范围干旱和半干旱地区,到达北京后继续向东或东南、东北方向运移,进入朝鲜、韩国、日本和俄罗斯等邻国。     

气溶胶质谱技术在海洋气溶胶亚微米级颗粒物特征的研究进展

海洋上空颗粒物(即海洋气溶胶)体系组成和来源非常复杂,它对于大气颗粒物总数贡献非常大,是大气科学及全球变化领域研究的重要组成部分。与传统离线滤膜采样技术相比,气溶胶质谱技术具有灵敏度高、检测效率高、时空分辨率高等特点,已广泛应用于大气细颗粒物的特征和来源判别研究中。综述比较了目前应用最广泛的气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)和气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(ATOFMS)在岛屿、沿海城市、近海、开阔大洋及南北极地等区域细颗粒物特征的研究进展。指出2种一起联合使用,可以较为全面地观测海洋气溶胶的粒径、化学组分及混合态的特征,为中国近海的雾霾监测网建设和治理空气污染提供一定的科学依据。     

绵阳市4月份城郊大气中PM_(2.5)矿物及微生物特性分析

2012年4月份对绵阳市城郊大气PM2.5进行了连续4次采样,而后利用SEM、XRD/XRF等测试手段对采集后PM2.5颗粒物矿物特性进行了分析,并利用自然沉降法和滤膜稀释法两种方法对大气微生物浓度进行了分析。采样结果表明,通常情况下所测大气中PM2.5浓度可以达到新订《环境空气质量标准》标准的要求,且雨后明显降低,风沙天气或人为焚烧则会导致PM2.5浓度大幅升高;物相分析可知,绵阳城郊大气的矿物种类主要有石英、石膏、方解石、伊利石、高岭石等;SEM分析发现,采集的PM2.5滤膜上大多为亚微米系颗粒物,且颗粒物多数表面光滑无棱角;微生物浓度分析可知,大气中粒径≤2.5μm的微生物个数偏少,约占总数的1/100。     

Spinel inclusions in olivine and plagioclase crystals in a layered gabbro: a marker and a tracer for primary phenocrysts in a differentiating magma reservoir

The problem of whether cumulate rocks were formed by crystal settling or by in situ crystallization after magma emplacement is an important issue concerning the mechanisms of magmatic differentiation. However, it is hard to distinguish these two processes for plutonic rocks because the primary texture and chemical composition have generally been modified by postcumulus processes. To contribute this problem, we studied the distribution and compositions of Cr-spinel inclusions hosted in olivine and plagioclase in the Murotomisaki Gabbroic Intrusion (MGI), SW Japan. It is shown that the olivine-hosted inclusions are restricted to specific horizons where accumulation of olivine phenocrysts is thought to have occurred and that the compositional variations of the Cr-spinel are explained by a secondary compositional modification that probably took place after the magma emplacement. It is also shown that the Cr-spinel inclusions in a chilled margin have suffered the least compositional modification and nearly retains the primary composition. Those in the interior of the intrusion, on the contrary, have been significantly modified by re-equilibration with residual melt driven by cation diffusions through the host phases. Those in plagioclase have been less modified. It is shown that all the spinel inclusions had primarily the same and common composition at the time of magma emplacement. This implies that all the inclusion-bearing crystals, olivine and plagioclase, represent primary phenocrysts that had already existed in the emplaced magma. In this way, spinel inclusion in the MGI may be regarded to be a useful petrographic “marker” for identifying intratelluric phenocrysts and also as a “tracer” to trace the motion of the primary phenocrysts after the magma emplacement.     

Sources of Salinity Variation in a Coastal Lagoon in a Karst Landscape

Bahia de la Ascension (BA) is a shallow, mangrove-fringed coastal bay connected to the Caribbean through two inlets, outlined by the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. This work represents an initial investigation of the relative contribution of hydrometeorological and hydrodynamic forcing on salinity variation in this lagoon. Our objective is to assess the sensitivity of the salinity in BA to fluctuations in freshwater inflow and coastal oceanography. Two field trips were undertaken during rainy and dry seasons in 2007. Surface salinity was mapped across the system and CTD deployments carried out within BA and in the sea end-member to characterize temperature, conductivity, and water level. Also, cross-sectional CTD profiles were implemented to examine vertical stratification. The water balance indicated that 16 % of rainfall over the drainage basin (DB) becomes groundwater discharge plus surface runoff into BA during dry season, while 68 % of the precipitation input to the DB is supplied through groundwater–surface runoff to the bay during rainfalls. This combined inflow showed larger fluctuations than direct rainfall and, thus, has a greater potential to alter the seasonal salinity variations within BA. The tidal signal is selectively attenuated within BA, as diurnal frequencies are more readily filtered out than semidiurnal frequencies. Mesohaline conditions in the southwest bay are associated with freshwater sources, while saline water masses in the inlet are influenced by prevalent SE winds in the region and tidal phase, establishing a strong horizontal SW-NE estuarine salinity gradient.     

Spreading of a NAPL lens in a double-porosity medium

Spreading of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) denser than water (DNAPL) lens (mound) in the unsaturated zone of double-porosity aquifer above an impervious plane boundary is investigated. The double-porosity aquifer is conceptualized as a fracture network surrounding pervious blocks. Vertical gravity equilibrium is assumed to prevail in each one of the two media, fractures and blocks. Through vertical integration, two coupled partial differential equations for the DNAPL content in each medium are obtained. The mass exchange rate between high- and low-permeability media is considered as a function of NAPL content. The dominant effect is gravity, whereas capillary forces are negligible. Analytical solutions for one-dimensional and axisymmetric problems of mound spreading are obtained.     

Toward a definition of a mineral sample in geology

Summary Any rock may be regarded as an aggregate of mineral species frequency distributions, thus opening up a new method of analyzing the problems of the nature of these discrete distributions.Based on theorems in mathematical probability, a subrock sample is defined as a probability sample under the conditions that every mineral species' distribution function in this subrock converges probabilistically to one and the same distributions the nature of which is immaterial at this point.For obvious reasons, the situation is excluded if the sample size approaches infinity, i.e., Chebyshev's theorem (Chebyshev, 1867).     

翼龙重建：方法论的一个研究例子

Reconstructions of fossil animals are widespread and often very high profile, yet many of these reconstructions exhibit low standards of scientific accuracy.     

Propagation of a shear crack in a compressed plane with a circular hole

The problem of the equilibrium of a plane with a circular hole and a shear crack is considered to model failure of an excavation (borehole or circular opening) in rocks weakened by discontinuities (planes of weakness). It is assumed that sliding occurs in a part of the plane of weakness when the Mohr–Coulomb friction criterion is satisfied due to the stress redistribution caused by the excavation. The method of singular integral equations is employed to solve the boundary value problem. Geomechanical problems concerning borehole breakout and rockburst caused by fault-opening interaction are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fracture in a heterogeneous medium: a network approach

Fracture in a heterogeneous medium is simulated by a network model. Heterogeneity is introduced by randomly distributing an initial population of cracks on a triangular network of bonds. Each ruptured bond represents a crack. External stresses are applied onto the network and the evolution of the crack population is analysed when the stresses are increased. A crack will propagate to an intact bond if the critical crack extension force is reached. This propagation leads to the coalescence of bonds: crack clusters are formed. When their shapes are complex we approximate them by simpler ones to compute a crack extension force. Crack interactions are introduced by adding for a given bond the contributions of all adjacent dusters. By using this kind of approach combining fracture mechanics and network modelling, we are able to simulate the rupture of a rock specimen under compression/ traction or shear stresses and to give some characteristics of the macroscopic fracture.     

Strain analysis of a shear zone in a granodiorite

A ductile shear zone in a late Precambrian granodiorite, from the Rouergue (southwest part of the French Massif Central) has been studied.A single episode of deformation is responsible for the formation of a foliation and a well-defined lineation which are localized into an elongated zone, a few decimeters wide.The strain features can be attributed to a simple-shear mechanism (Ramsay and Graham, 1970), so that the main parameters of the deformation are defined.At stages of increasing deformation, the quartz isotropic sub-fabric of the undeformed host rock is progressively transformed into an anisotropic fabric composed of a single oblique girdle while the subgrain size progressively decrease and the dislocation density remains constant. It is suggested that the gliding planes of quartz are the basal plane (0001) and a predominant prismatic plane 101&#x0304;0 the slip directions may be a for both glide-planes.The results obtained in this investigation provide a basis for a high voltage electron microscope (H.V.E.M.) study which shows that the fabrics development may be related to dislocation processes. The difference of strain rates in the host rock and in the shear zone is calculated from the dislocation microstructures.     

Microcrystalline textures resulting from rapid crystallization in a pseudotachylite melt in a meta-anorthosite

The very fine-grained (1 m) polygonal microcrystalline texture occurring in the groundmass of pseudotachylite veins in the Harris meta-anorthosite and its variation with position are described and an origin by crystallization from a melt at very large undercooling suggested. The intrusive nature of the veins is shown by their geometry and internal structures. Clasts, which are almost always only plagioclase, are generally concentrated towards the centres of veins. Flow of tens of millimetres can account for this concentration in millimetre-thick veins as a result of the Bagnold effect. The veins are generally thin (5 m to 5 mm or more), are frequently zoned and always contain transparent granules of high relief (probably Al-rich pyroxene) and opaque granules of magnetite up to a few micrometres in size. The granules are either uniformly distributed in microcrystalline textures or concentrated locally giving cellular textures. In some veins, spherulitic or bow-tie textures occur. The coarsest textures are found in the centres of the thickest veins. The groundmass of the pseudotachylite is never completely isotropic but consists of a mosaic of transparent plagioclase crystals decreasing in size from the centres of thick veins to less than 1 m in thin veins or in the margins of thicker veins. This fine microcrystalline texture was studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and consists of polyhedral crystals of regular size in the range 0.2–1.5 m, which show little sign of deformation. The local composition of the pseudotachylites varies little from the average compositions of the rocks in optically homogeneous veins, the variation being within the compositional space defined by the minerals of the host rock. This shows that homogenization of the pseudotachylite has occurred. In cellular veinsdifferentiation has occurred as the compositions of the cell centres lie outside those of the minerals of the host rock. This was produced by segregation of the granules, pyroxene being absent from the host rock. The plagioclase in the pseudotachylite is more disordered than that in the host rock. All the microtextures described are absent from the associated cataclasites and cannot be due to recrystallization of a fine-grained and intensely strained rock powder. The physical state on and after intrusion was that of a melt and injection was followed by crystallization. The melt was produced by more or less total fusion of the host rock minerals at shallow depth by heat produced during local faulting and perhaps during crack propagation. The fine microcrystalline texture very closely resembles that produced during hypercooling of molten metals and alloys. It thus possibly formed not by devitrification but from a melt at much greater degrees of undercooling than the spherulitic and bow-tie textures.