新疆塔西南区海相白垩系—第三系界线的地球化学异常

新疆塔里木盆地西南地区海相白垩系—第三系的界线粘土层发现于依格孜牙组和吐依洛克组之间。这一层具有相当复杂的元素组合 ,存在诸多元素异常。它不仅是一条生物界线 ,而且是一条地球化学界线。这一异常事件层代表了白垩纪与第三纪之交的突变事件 ,具有全球的一致性和等时性 ,因而具有自然界线性质。     

地质界线的铱异常

自从1980年,美国Alvarez小组首先报道白垩纪和第三纪之间的界线粘土层中有异常高的铱含量以来,各国科学家在寻找地质界线的铱异常方面,已取得了大量成果。迄今,不仅已发现全世界五十余处的白垩系一第三系界线有铱异常外,而且还发现在前寒武系—寒武系、泥盆系—石炭系、上泥盆系的弗拉斯阶—法门阶、二叠系—三叠系、中侏罗系—上侏罗系、始新世—渐新世等界线层,也有着程度不同的铱富集。铱异常的研究加深了对古生物进化、地质历史的演化、地层界线的划分、以及天、地生相关系等许多重大地学问题的认识。     

早元古代碳同位素突变的发现

本文较详细较系统地研究了早元古代碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成。样品采自山西五台县滹沱群建安村组，大关洞组和槐荫村组。平均采样间距６。９ｍ，分析样品总数２０９个，所分析的样品全部为泥晶白云岩。碳同位素分析结果，清楚地显示了建安村组一大关洞组界线处以及大关洞组一槐荫村组界线附近碳同位素突变的存在。这次在前寒武系中发现的碳同位素突变，与白垩系－第三系、二叠系－三叠系、寒武系－前寒武系等界线层碳同位素突变类似。     

侏罗系——白垩系界线年代研究

本文采用界线层型标定地层界线的方法，以河北滦平县井上－大店子和大北沟两界线层型剖面的生物地层研究结果，确定我国陆相侏罗系－白垩系界线在大北沟组与大店子组之间，对滦平县热河群下部及其下伏岩层中的火山岩层进行４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ法年代学研究，并推定侏罗系－白垩系界线年龄为１４０±１Ｍａ。     

浙闽赣地区侏罗系——白垩系界线更认识

我国陆相侏罗系－白垩系界线长期存在争议，最近黑龙江东部相化石的检验使这一问题有所突破，根据与海相层交互的陆相层中各门类化石的对比，又使其它地区（包括浙闽赣地区）的问题进行开始解决，众所周知，浙闽赣地区株罗系一白垩系界线就在建德群（或其相当地层）之中的或其顶，，本文依据与黑龙江省东部的对比，并据本区近年来采用多种方法测得的，一批可靠性大的同位纱年龄资料，提出株罗系一白垩系界线的新认识。     

滇东黔西地区陆相二叠—三叠系界线粘土岩特征

在滇东黔西地区，海相和陆相二叠－三叠系界线附近均有界线粘土岩存在。本文介绍了该区陆相界线粘土岩的特征，并探讨了其成因。这些粘土岩主要矿物成分为伊／蒙混层矿物（20％－80％）和高岭石（35％－80％），碎屑物中有锆石、磷灰石、六方双锥石英、其他类型石英和微球粒等。提出界线粘土岩中的物质主要是火山成因，也有正常沉积物的加入，可能还拌有撞击作用的影响。     

白垩纪末的撞击事件与二叠系——三叠系界线的铱异常研究

分别对西藏岗巴与广东南雄的K/T(白垩系/第三系)剖面及四川广元与重庆P/Tr(二叠系/三叠系)界线剖面进行了野外考察和系统取样,还收集了浙江长兴P/Tr界线剖面,国外五个K/T界线剖面及贵州遵义下寒武统剖面的系统样品。利用仪器中子活化分析测定样品中的Ir与其他元素。 1.岗巴K/T界线铱异常:该剖面三个粘土样品中分别测得Ir为7.3、2.5和2.9ppb,较之其上下沉积物(Ir<0.5ppb)显示铱异常;相对深海沉积物而言,这三个剖面富铱层也显示异常。     

四川广元上寺二叠系—三叠系界线层内微球粒的发现与研究

在四川广元上寺剖面二叠系—三叠系的界线层内发现了大量微球粒,这些微球粒数目的峰值在层位上与铱异常、碳稳定同位素负异常大体是一致的,与生物大量绝灭也大体上是相当的。显示了与白垩系—第三系界线层内相类似的微球粒数目变化特征。某些铁质微球粒的结构表明,微球粒形成于高温熔体急速冷却的物理环境。有些微球粒的Cr/Fe与CI型陨石相近,有些与铁质宇宙尘的相近,而有些则与地球物质的相近。微球粒的来源是复杂的,现有来源于地内的,也有来源于地外的。此文主要是介绍四川广元上寺剖面二叠系—三叠系的界线层内所发现的微球粒及对其研     

广西香田弗拉斯-法门阶界线事件标志——碳、氧稳定同位素异常特征

本文对广西香田晚泥盆世弗拉斯-法门阶界线剖面进行了系统的碳、氧稳定同位素研究。发现随着弗拉斯-法门期之交的生物大量死亡和绝灭,在弗拉斯-法门阶界线层中,碳、氧稳定同位素组成出现了明显的异常。这和白垩—第三系界线灾变事件中出现的异常颇为相似。碳同位素异常达-6.6‰左右,氧同位素出现正异常达2‰。此外,在界线层中出现铱异常为230×10^-12g/g。这些表明,上述同位素地球化学异常是地球历史中生物绝灭灾变事件的重要标志。     

四川盆地陆相侏罗系白垩系界线问题探讨

侏罗系/白垩系界线是国际地层年表中少有几个未定全球界线层型（GSSP）之一。传统上依据菊石类生物将Berriasian阶底界定义为白垩系的底界。国际上西北太平洋Shatsky Rise的Berriasian阶最底部玄武岩岩床的同位素年代学年龄为145 Ma,从而为侏罗系/白垩系界线提供了最接近的年龄估计值。在国际上,地层对比划分大都根据海相地层,中国广泛发育的陆相侏罗系/白垩系,难以与国际标准地层对比。中国四川盆地以陆相生物为标志的界线划分与国际年代地层对比困难,导致对四川盆地陆相侏罗系/白垩系界线问题的认识长期未有更新。根据陆相生物对比结果的同时,结合考虑同位素测年、磁性地层和旋回地层,有望获得良好的效果。基于同位素测年数据和陆相生物对比分析,在遂宁组中发现了最年轻的~120 Ma的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄,而且该套地层与国际对比的核心证据介形类的研究也有新的发现,表明遂宁组有可能属于白垩系而非原认为的侏罗系。将沙溪庙组和遂宁组作为侏罗系/白垩系过渡地层系统研究,有可能在该套地层内部发现界线标志。      

白垩-第三纪界线样品异常铱的赋存状态及其地质意义

通过对地质样品中铱的赋存状态研究及对残渣相中微粒的透射电镜分析,得出:在K-T界线样品中铱主要存在于残渣相中,不利于地球化学过程富集铱;铱在残渣相的富集与有机不溶物的存在没有必然联系;白垩-第三纪的生物绝灭事件中有火山活动参与;K-T界线事件的触发物为地外物质撞击。最后提出了K-T界线样品异常铱来源于地外物质撞击和火山喷发的混合模型。     

白垩-第三纪界线样品异常铱的赋存状态及其地质意义

 通过对地质样品中铱的赋存状态研究及对残渣相中微粒的透射电镜分析,得出:在K-T界线样品中铱主要存在于残渣相中,不利于地球化学过程富集铱;铱在残渣相的富集与有机不溶物的存在没有必然联系;白垩-第三纪的生物绝灭事件中有火山活动参与;K-T界线事件的触发物为地外物质撞击。最后提出了K-T界线样品异常铱来源于地外物质撞击和火山喷发的混合模型。     

Proximal impact deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Gulf of Mexico: a restudy of DSDP Leg 77 Sites 536 and 540

Restudy of Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 536 and 540 in the southeast Gulf of Mexico gives evidence for a giant wave at Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary time. Five units are recognized: (1) Cenomanian limestone underlies a hiatus in which the five highest Cretaceous stages are missing, possibly because of catastrophic K-T erosion. (2) Pebbly mudstone, 45 m thick, represents a submarine landslide possibly of K-T age. (3) Current-bedded sandstone, more than 2.5 m thick, contains anomalous iridium, tektite glass, and shocked quartz; it is interpreted as ejecta from a nearby impact crater, reworked on the deep-sea floor by the resulting tsunami. (4) A 50-cm interval of calcareous mudstone containing small Cretaceous planktic foraminifera and the Ir peak is interpreted as the silt-size fraction of the Cretaceous material suspended by the impact-generated wave. (5) Calcareous mudstone with basal Tertiary forams and the uppermost tail of the Ir anomaly overlies the disturbed interval, dating the impact and wave event as K-T boundary age. Like Beloc in Haiti and Mimbral in Mexico, Sites 536 and 540 are consistent with a large K-T age impact at the nearby Chicxulub crater.     

Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects

Cretaceous volcanic activities (LIPs and CFBPs) appear to have had relatively minor biotic effects, at least at the generic level. Major biotic stress during the Cretaceous was associated with OAEs and related to nutrient availability largely from weathering, greenhouse warming, drowning of platform areas, and volcanism. The biotic effects of OAEs were often dramatic at the species level, causing the extinction of larger specialized and heavily calcified planktonic foraminifera (rotaliporid extinction) and nannoconids (nannoconid crises), the temporary disappearances of other larger species, and the rapid increase in r-selected small and thin-walled species, such as the low oxygen tolerant heterohelicids and radially elongated taxa among planktic foraminifera and thin walled nannofossils. Biotic diversity increased during cool climates, particularly during the late Campanian and Maastrichtian, reaching maximum diversity during the middle Maastrichtian. High biotic stress conditions began during greenhouse warming and Deccan volcanism about 400 ky before the K-T boundary; it reduced abundances of large specialized tropical planktic foraminiferal species and endangered their survival. By K-T time, renewed Deccan volcanism combined with a large impact probably triggered the demise of this already extinction prone species group.Evidence from NE Mexico, Texas, and the Chicxulub crater itself indicates that this 170 km-diameter crater predates the K-T boundary by 300,000 years and caused no species extinctions. The Chicxulub impact, therefore, can no longer be considered a direct cause for the K-T mass extinction. However, the K-T mass extinction is closely associated with a global Ir anomaly, which is considered too large, too widespread, and too concentrated in a thin layer to have originated from volcanic activity, leaving another large impact as the most likely source. This suggests that a second still unknown larger impact may have triggered the K-T mass extinction.     

Stevns Klint Fish Clay (FC-1): Preparation of, and Preliminary Results for, a Candidate Reference Material

The collapse of a section of the cliff at Stevns Klint, Denmark in 1986 provided a unique opportunity to collect about 50 kg of Fish Clay representing the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary layer. In this paper, details of the preparation of this sample are presented, together with preliminary analytical results to support the development of this sample as a reference material, particularly for the determination of iridium and the other platinum-group elements in clays and sediments associated with K-T boundary studies and in other environmental samples collected to study the effects of automobile exhaust catalysts.     

A terrestrial scenario for the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary collapse of the marine pelagic ecosystem

In this paper, we present an expansion of the model for marine ecosystem collapse at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary presented by Brinkhuis and Zachariasse (1988). A long-term sea-level drop at the end of the Cretaceous culminated in a short-term regressive pulse at K-T time. Deep-water production was curtailed, minimizing the vertical advection of nutrients and oxygen in the oceans. Consequently, a productivity crisis developed, which could only be survived by cosmopolitan shallow-dwellers, and the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) expanded. No sustained Oceanic Anoxic Event followed the K-T boundary event, since productivity had dropped to extremely low values. At K-T time, however, the short-term expansion of the OMZ, invoked by the combination of minimized oxygen advection and abrupt mass mortality, caused dysoxic conditions even to reach up to the shelves, as can be deduced from sedimentological, chemical and faunistic observations.     

天然富勒烯及其在P-T界线地层的研究进展

富勒烯（Fullerene）为除金刚石和石墨外碳元素的第三种同素异形体,自Kroto等1985年发现以来,对富勒烯的研究一直是世界性的热点话题,并在多个方面取得重要进展。它具有稳定的封闭笼状结构,被认为在星际空间广泛存在。富勒烯的形成条件特殊,普通的地球环境和地质过程不利于富勒烯的生成。1992年天然富勒烯在俄罗斯前寒武纪地层桑加岩（Shungite）中被发现,引起了人们对天然富勒烯研究的兴趣。随着富勒烯在陨石和撞击构造中的发现,人们更加关注事件地层中富勒烯存在的可能性以及它们的可能来源。二叠纪—三叠纪（P-T）之交发生了地质历史上规模最大的生物灭绝事件,因此,学者十分关注P-T界线地层中是否能检测到天然富勒烯的的存在。文章回顾了富勒烯在陨石、撞击构造、K-T界线地层和P T界线地层的研究进展,并重点对P-T界线富勒烯的存在问题进行讨论,指出从样品采集到样品测试,每一个环节都可能影响富勒烯的检出。P-T界线地层富勒烯可能源于陨石撞击、天然大火等极端地质事件,而包裹在富勒烯碳笼的稀有气体的同位素组成提供了进一步区分的重要证据。事件地层中普遍存在富勒烯,表明天然富勒烯可以作为地层中发生过重大灾变事件的重要的地球化学指标,而具有异常稀有气体同位素组成的富勒烯则是地外撞击事件的最直接证据。     

Impacts,volcanism and mass extinction: random coincidence or cause and effect?

Large impacts are credited with the most devastating mass extinctions in Earth's history and the Cretaceous?–?Tertiary (K/T) boundary impact is the strongest and sole direct support for this view. A review of the five largest Phanerozoic mass extinctions provides no support that impacts with craters up to 180 km in diameter caused significant species extinctions. This includes the 170 km-diameter Chicxulub impact crater regarded as 0.3 million years older than the K/T mass extinction. A second, larger impact event may have been the ultimate cause of this mass extinction, as suggested by a global iridium anomaly at the K/T boundary, but no crater has been found to date. The current crater database suggests that multiple impacts, for example comet showers, were the norm, rather than the exception, during the Late Eocene, K/T transition, latest Triassic and the Devonian?–?Carboniferous transition, but did not cause significant species extinctions. Whether multiple impacts substantially contributed to greenhouse warming and associated environmental stresses is yet to be demonstrated. From the current database, it must be concluded that no known Phanerozoic impacts, including the Chicxulub impact (but excluding the K/T impact) caused mass extinctions or even significant species extinctions. The K/T mass extinction may have been caused by the coincidence of a very large impact (>?250 km) upon a highly stressed biotic environment as a result of volcanism. The consistent association of large magmatic provinces (large igneous provinces and continental flood-basalt provinces) with all but one (end-Ordovician) of the five major Phanerozoic mass extinctions suggests that volcanism played a major role. Faunal and geochemical evidence from the end-Permian, end-Devonian, end-Cretaceous and Triassic/Jurassic transition suggests that the biotic stress was due to a lethal combination of tectonically induced hydrothermal and volcanic processes, leading to eutrophication in the oceans, global warming, sea-level transgression and ocean anoxia. It must be concluded that major magmatic events and their long-term environmental consequences are major contributors, though not the sole causes of mass extinctions. Sudden mass extinctions, such as at the K/T boundary, may require the coincidence of major volcanism and a very large Impact.     

扬子地台前寒武-寒武纪界线附近的地质事件与成矿作用

详细研究了扬子地台6个前寒武-寒武纪界线附近的黑色岩系剖面。选择67个标本做仪器中子活化分析并在17个样品内发现铱异常,认为它是稀罕事件的反映。其特点是地理分布广、地外物质断续供给时间长。这很可能是太阳系进入银河系星际物质密集区而引起的慧星雨,它不仅提供了宇宙物质,而且造成了缺氧环境,从而使铱异常与缺氧事件交织在一起。更重要的是许多沉积及沉积-成岩矿床(石煤、钒、钡、铀、镍钼等)与这两个地质事件紧密相关。