地热井洗井及增产工艺技术探讨

本文从地热井钻探过程入手,分析了钻井过程中对含水层通道的污染因素,系统总结了地热井的洗井工艺和流程、水层改造增产技术及变更设计增产技术,在地热钻井中的应用。     

土耳其高温地热钻井关键技术

高温地热资源具有分布广泛、清洁环保的特点,世界各国都在加大高温地热资源的开发利用。土耳其ECOLOG公司Geo2E地热发电项目高温地热钻井实施过程中,针对区块高温地热钻井过程中存在的技术难点,从井身结构设计、钻井提速、抗高温钻井液、安全钻井技术等方面着手,进行相关技术的研究及应用,现场应用效果良好。该地区高温地热钻井成功经验能够为我国高温地热开发钻井施工提供有效借鉴,促进我国高温地热资源的经济高效利用。     

高温地热钻井的最佳实践

地热开发的关键是地热钻井,高温地热钻井成本高,风险大。2008年,欧盟出版了"增强型地热系统最佳实践手册";2010年,美国桑迪亚国家实验室出版了"地热钻井最佳实践手册"。本文参考这两本手册和世界主要高温地热钻井实践,分析了高温地热钻井的特点及主要潜在问题,介绍了高温地热钻井的成熟钻井技术和一些前瞻性的技术,以及不同地质条件下(火山岩、变质岩和花岗岩)适用的最佳钻井实践,旨在对我国高温地热钻井提供技术参考。     

抗高温泡沫钻井液体系评价研究

高温地热钻井过程中,温度会对泡沫钻井液体系稳定性造成影响。针对高温地热井泡沫钻井液的技术要点,分别对发泡剂、稳泡剂、抗温土的优选,在此基础之上分别对泡沫钻井液的抗高温性能、抗污染能力进行了评价。实验结果表明:(1)优选出的发泡剂/聚合物/粘土体系在不同温度下进行测试,均具有良好的泡沫稳定性和发泡能力,说明初步形成的泡沫体系具有良好的抗230℃高温的能力。(2)通过模拟欠平衡钻进过程中地热水对泡沫钻井液体系的污染发现,该体系耐一价盐能达到20%,而且在加入5%CaCl_2后析液半衰期仍在5 min以上,最终形成一套抗高温能力可达230℃,具有较好悬浮携带能力的地热井抗高温环保钻井液体系。     

天津地区地热钻井标准设计探讨

地热钻井标准设计是天津市第一地质勘探大队地热钻井工作的经验和总结,也是在总结经验基础上的提高。在今后进行地热井单井设计时,可以结合已知地质条件和成井工艺要求,选择合适的标准设计方案。这为设计工作和技术管理工作规范化创造了有利条件。     

山东省地矿局在河北霸州打出华北地热第一井

近几年来，山东省地矿局充分发挥地热勘察施工技术优势，大力开拓地热钻井市场，在地热井钻探施工中取得了重大突破。由该局鲁北地质工程勘察院在河北霸州施工的一眼地热井，钻井深度3440m，日出水量3360m^3，出水温度104℃，成为目前华北地区地热第一井。     

北京地区地热井钻探技术

介绍了地热井钻井特点，针对北京市地热井的一般要求，论述了北京地区地热钻探工艺及钻探技术难点。     

韩城地区中深层钻井取热供暖关键技术

地热井钻取优质的地热水是采灌型地热能供暖系统的前提条件,是影响整个水热型地热能项目经济效益的最敏感因素,而钻井关键技术对地热井的成井质量具有重要意义,对地区地热产业的发展有着举足轻重的作用。根据韩城地区地热资源赋存的地质特征及开发过程中遇到的难点,在理论分析和试验研究的基础上,研究了韩城地区地热钻井施工的关键技术问题,提出韩城地区地热钻井取热供暖五大关键技术问题：防塌高效钻井技术,地热井止水工艺,酸化增产增灌处理措施,原位采灌工程优化布置,梯级换热与回灌技术。通过对生产过程中遇到的技术难题进行理论分析,提出解决问题的关键技术,对五大关键技术进行了逐一阐述。这些关键技术对于韩城地区开发利用中深层地热资源具有重要的科学与工程意义,也可为其它地区提供借鉴。     

高温地热高效开发钻井关键技术

地热能是来自地球深部的热能,是一种清洁、低碳、环保的可再生资源,高效开发地热资源对调整我国能源结构具有重要意义。目前高温地热开发的钻井技术都是采用油气开发的技术,由于高温地热储层的特殊性质,使得常规油气钻井技术作业效率低,成本较高。针对目前高温地热资源开发的工程需求,介绍了高温地热储层的类型,分析了高温地热储层特性和高效开发的钻井关键技术,包括高效破岩技术,防漏堵漏技术、抗高温井下工具和仪器、抗高温钻井液、抗高温水泥浆和高效低成本钻井技术,并对未来高温地热高效开发的钻井技术攻关方向提出了建议。     

钻井泥浆冷却技术发展现状与新型泥浆冷却系统的研究

在中高温地热钻井、深部油气钻井、冻土带钻井及天然气水合物钻井中,钻井泥浆冷却技术是钻井工艺中的关键技术之一。适当的井内循环泥浆温度是钻井作业安全快速进行的保证,根据泥浆冷却冷源获得方式的不同,将钻井泥浆冷却技术分为高温泥浆冷却技术和低温泥浆冷却技术。分别论述了在中高温地热钻井和深部油气钻井中采用的高温泥浆冷却技术,以及在冻土带和天然气水合物钻井中采用的低温泥浆冷却技术,并针对我国在低温泥浆冷却技术领域的现状,介绍了一种新型钻井泥浆冷却系统。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of