国家数字地震台网中心技术系统与服务

概述中国数字地震观测系统主要是由国家数字地震台网、区域数字地震台网、流动数字地震台网、数字强震台网和区域数字地震台阵、中国地震局卫星数据通信网组成。国家数字地震台网中心是国家数字地震台网、区域数字台阵和数字强震台网数据的集中收集和处理中心 ,同时还保存一部分区域数字地震台网和流动数字地震台网的数据 ,与各区域数字地震台网中心进行各种数据交换 ,另外 ,国家数字地震台网中心也为防震减灾中心的地震应急信息快速响应系统及时提供各种测震数据。国家数字台网中心是我国数字地震观测数据的收集、管理、保存、处理和提供各…     

实时地震数据处理系统网络通讯服务

EDSP-MCRTS是区域数字地震台网中心实时地震数据处理系统专用软件包。该软件包已在全国20多个区域数字地震台网和古巴等国家数字地震台网投入运行。该系统具备以下功能：实时接收多路地震波形数据;实时事件检测;对检测到的地震事件进行自动分析;实时波形数据记录和事件波形数据记录;数据存储管理;系统运行管理。     

"国家数字地震台网分中心地震波形数据管理和服务"系统

国家数字地震台网分中心负责分析处理国家数字地震台网和区域有人值守数字地震台网的资料,为了更好地使这些数据在实际应用中发挥作用,分中心开发研制了一套地震波形数据的管理和服务系统。     

山西数字遥测地震台网数据传输系统

介绍了山西数字遥测地震台网建设在设计、安装调试过程中，有关数字地震信号的数据传输，信道复用方面的技术，结合山西数字地震台网数字通信工程的实施，提出了适合目前山西省实际情况的地震数据传输方式，考核 运行证明了山西数字遥测地震台网数据传输系统运行可靠。     

国家数字地震台网分中心的数据管理与服务

国家数字地震台网分中心是中国数字地震观测系统的资料收集、处理、管理、保存和提供各种服务的中心。该中心在结构上采用网络式结构，在上采用分布式结构。根据“95010” 总体设计要求和各单位所承担的任务，中网中心由两部分组，一部分是国家防震减灾中心的测震中心，另一部分是国家数字地震台网分中心，国家数字地震台网分中心设在中国地震局地球物理研究所内，文章对分中心的技术系统、数据管理和数据服务进行全面地介绍。     

数字遥测地震台网数据管理与服务系统(MASS系统)的系统方案

介绍了基于Internet／Intranet标准的数字遥测地震台网数据管理与服务系统(MASS系统)通过互联网信息发布实现的方案。该方案采用Windows2000server和ⅡS5．0平台，利用ASP技术和脚本语言JavaScript，VbScript及HTML技术，响应浏览器端的动态请求，实现诸如数据管理、数据服务和在线评比等功能，并根据用户请求完成波形数据和相应处理软件的下载。     

新一代中国数字地震台网台站系统

以白家疃数字地震台为例，介绍了新一代中国数字地震台网台站系统的各种硬件单元及它们的相互联系与特征，同时介绍了系统的频率响应，数据流和动态范围，并与中国数字地震台网一期设备进行了简单比较。     

河北省数字遥测地震台网的监测能力

叙述了自编的地震台网监测能力评估软件的技术思路、实现方法；以河北省数字遥测地震台网中心产出的107个台站的实测波形数据为基础，运用此软件计算出河北省数字遥测地震台网目前的监测能力，绘制了图件；利用“十五”项目将新建和改建的20个台的勘选波形数据，得出了“十五”项目完成后河北省数字遥测地震台网的监测能力，并绘制了图件。对河北省地震台网布局及未来发展提出建议。     

广州(珠江三角洲)数字遥测地震台网建设回顾

广州（珠江三角洲）数字无线遥测地震台网是我国第一个全套引进的数字无线遥测地震系统的数字地震台网,采用２４位数字地震采集、无线数据传输、地震数据处理等先进技术,对增强广东省特别是珠江三角洲地区的地震监测能力发挥了重要作用,为发展和推动我国数字地震观测技术进行了有益的探索和实践。系统介绍了广州台网的建设过程和技术特色。     

山西数字与模拟地震台网的资料对比研究

山西数字遥测地震台网于2000年10月1日投入考核运行，为使数字遥测地震台网与模拟地震台网测定的时、空、强地震参数顺利接轨，尽快发挥数字资料在日常工作中的效益，将山西数字遥测地震台网产出的资料与模拟地震台网产出的资料作了全面细致的对比分析，研究了它们之间的相关程度、一致性、差异性。结果表明，数字地震观测系统比模拟地震观测系统具有更高的拴震率，得出山西数字遥测地震台网产出的资料与模拟地震台网产出资料相关性较好、定位结果在误差范围之内、符合《数字地震及前兆观测技术规范》要求的结论。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.