基于多元信息约束的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位——以云南北衙金矿区红泥塘矿段为例

矽卡岩型矿床是云南北衙金多金属矿区的一种主要矿床类型,受岩体、构造及层位等控制,其有利找矿空间为中酸性岩体与碳酸盐岩的接触带.以岩石物性为纽带,实现目标地质体与地球物理场的转换,提取有效信息.接触带中低电阻率、岩体的低密度性、铁矿的高磁性和高极化率等都是矽卡型铁矿床的特有地球物理属性.通过地质地球物理等多元信息的层层约束,解析不同级次的成矿要素问题,实现对隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位,建立地球物理勘探模式,并在矿区外围开展方法有效性的验证,取得了良好的勘探效果,提出一套适应于北衙地区及类似成矿地质背景下的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床定位预测方法.     

西藏日土县材玛铁矿地质特征及找矿方向

通过对西藏日土县材玛铁矿床的调查研究表明,南羌塘拗陷带的材玛铁矿床成矿地质条件较好.经地表槽探揭露和深部钻探工程控制,发现其矿体为似层状;矿体品位和厚度沿走向和倾向变化较小;容矿岩石主要为矽卡岩、矽卡岩化灰岩;矿石类型简单,主要为磁铁矿矿石.矿化富集与侵入于上三叠统地层的燕山晚期花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、花岗斑岩密切相关;矿体产出部位严格受碳酸盐岩层位及其层间破碎带的控制,属接触交代型矿床.其形成与燕山晚期岩浆活动关系密切,空间分布严格受岩浆岩和断裂的控制.花岗岩类岩体与上三叠统地层的接触带和层间破碎带是寻找铁矿的有利部位,外围地区具有寻找相同类型铁矿床的远景.     

QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF A COMBINED ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MAGNETIC HELIPORTED SURVEY FOR THE SEARCH OF ECONOMIC MAGNETIC TACONITE*

The present paper shows the practical use of a combined electromagnetic and magnetic helicopter transported system in the search for steeply dipping high-grade magnetic taconite bodies (magnetic ribbons). The principles of operation of the heliported system and the essential parts of the instrumentation are described. The quantitative interpretation of the data allows the geophysicist to calculate the tonnage of magnetite within the iron ores and to obtain an approximate idea of their grade. According to the tonnage and grade calculations obtained from the surveys, three regions in the west-central sector of the Labrador trough (Wishart Creek, Knob Lake Ridge, and Swampy Bay areas) appear to be the most interesting locations for the site of a magnetic taconite deposit (the Howells River area, which has been evaluated previously, is excluded from the discussion). The tonnages calculated by this geophysical method are not to be compared with probable or possible mineable ore reserves, but are only rough estimates in terms of mining engineering standard. The physical parameters determined with such a system are also used as a tool for indirect geological mapping of the areas flown when interpreted carefully. Practical examples related to results obtained on the magnetic iron formations of the Schefferville mining district are presented.     

非均匀物性条件下多尺度窗口修正法换算磁源重力异常及在寻找DSO的应用

DSO(Direct Shipping Ore,直运块矿)是一种高品位的富铁矿.在加拿大拉布拉多(Labrador)地槽谢菲尔威利(Schefferville)铁矿成矿带,含铁建造苏克曼(Sokoman)组地层全铁含量低、具高密度、强磁性,能够引起高重力异常与高磁异常;而风化淋滤后富集的赤铁矿和针铁矿等(也称DSO)全铁含量高,具高密度、无磁性,仅能够引起高重力异常.采用一般的滤波方法不能提取DSO的重、磁异常.本文采用基于泊松(Poisson)公式的磁场换算磁源重力异常(pseudo-gravity anomaly)方法,由磁场换算磁源重力异常,再与实测重力异常对比,得到纯粹由高密度、无磁性的DSO产生的剩余重力异常,对剩余重力异常采用密度成像与2.5D反演方法解释DSO.泊松公式虽然提出时间很长,但迄今为止仅仅用在资料解释中的定性分析,本文推导并实现了密度磁性非均匀条件下经典泊松公式的形式与实现过程,提出了多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的磁场换算磁源重力异常方法,使该公式的数学原理能够对重、磁异常的反演解释定量化.最后本文将多尺度窗口滑动线性回归修正的换算磁源重力异常方法用于加拿大拉布拉多地槽谢菲尔威利铁矿成矿带铁矿勘探,较好地解决了寻找高密度、无磁性DSO的问题.     

Metal-depleted root zones of the Troodos ore-forming hydrothermal systems, Cyprus

The cupriferous pyrite deposits of Cyprus were precipitated from hydrothermal solutions derived by interaction of contemporaneous seawater with hot mafic rock at the ancient Troodos spreading centre. Here we identify the zones in which this interaction took place. The zones occur in the lower part of the sheeted dyke complex, and within them 30–50% of the rock is made up of epidosite, an epidote-quartz rock, replacing the dykes as sheets and pipes. The epidosites contain abundant fluid inclusions, which give trapping temperatures of 350–400°C or even higher, and contain water normally near seawater in salinity. Zones of epidosite are elongate parallel to the strike of the sheeted dykes, and are up to 1 km wide. The rocks throughout these zones are strongly depleted in Cu and Zn, and the metals removed are sufficient to supply the ore deposits. In fact several large ore deposits lie along strike from zones of epidosite. All of these features support the identification of the epidosites as the hydrothermal reaction zones.The location of the epidosite zones immediately above the gabbros of the plutonic complex supports the hypothesis that the heat to drive the ore-forming systems came from the underlying magma, as is also likely for modern black smoker springs.     

Geophysical targeting of Fe-oxide Cu–(Au) deposits west of Kiruna,Sweden

Ore deposits are frequently associated with various types of rock alteration that may affect the physical properties of rocks, and result in a characteristic signature of the deposits. The present work focuses on the use of geophysical data in targeting areas hosting Fe-oxide Cu–Au (IOCG) deposits west of the Kiruna mining district, northern Sweden. It is noted that IOCG deposits in different areas worldwide (e.g., Australia, Canada) are preferentially located in proximity to faults associated with deformation zones of regional relevance, and that the deposits are hosted in areas affected by potassic to sodic alteration. This study shows that at a semi-regional scale IOCG deposits occur within areas of high positive gravity anomalies, high values of estimated potassium content and high K/Th ratios, which is an expression of potassic alteration. High magnetic anomalies are associated with magnetite occurrences, while low linear magnetic anomalies mark fault/shear zones, in proximity of which the majority of the IOCG deposits occur.     

九江-瑞昌矿集区的3D结构及对区域找矿的启示

本文分析了九瑞地区重、磁场的分布特征.运用最新的方法技术对已有的重磁资料重新进行处理:采用重磁多尺度边缘检测方法,对九瑞矿集区区域重力和航磁数据进行了边缘检测,并根据检测结果重新厘定了断裂系统的展布位置.在整理、分析九瑞地区地质、地层物性资料的基础上,对实测的1∶5万重磁数据进行较细致的准三维反演.同时将重磁三维物性反演应用到岩浆岩空间结构研究中,获得了矿集区地层结构及岩浆岩三维空间形态特征.根据反演所得磁化率强弱,分析了岩体的基性程度,为寻找与火山岩、侵入岩体有关的金属矿产提供了指示信息.最终建立的模型给出了地下地层的分布特征、控矿构造的展布规律、与成矿相关岩体的三维形态以及已知矿点的空间分布特征,为在九瑞矿集区的深部寻找隐伏矿体提供了新的信息.     

Geological and geophysical data integration for delimitation of mineralized areas in a supergene manganese deposits

Geophysical methods are widely used in mineral exploration. This paper discusses the results of geological and geophysical studies in supergene manganese deposits of southern Brazil. Mineralized zones as described in geological surveys were characterized as of low resistivity (20Ω.m) and high chargeability (30ms), pattern found also in oxides and sulfite mineral deposits. Pseudo-3D modeling of geophysical data allowed mapping at several depths. A relationship between high chargeability and low resistivity may define a pattern for high grade gonditic manganese ore. Large areas of high chargeability and high resistivity may result in accumulation of manganese and iron hydroxides, due to weathering of the gonditic ore, dissolution, percolation and precipitation.     

九瑞矿集区重磁三维约束反演及深部找矿意义

研究九瑞矿集区成矿地层和岩体的三维分布特征可为区域成矿背景和成矿规律研究提供新的信息,实现研究区深部及外围找矿突破.本文首先综合分析研究区区域地质及地层和岩石密度和磁化率特征,然后将区域地质和12条地质剖面信息利用自行开发的GIF2UBCmodel程序构建剩余密度和磁化率参考模型和上下边界约束模型,实现了带约束重磁数据三维反演.反演结果揭示九瑞矿集区剩余密度和磁化率三维分布特征,解译了矿集区主要地层和岩体分布特征.该区存在邓家山—东雷湾以及武山—丁家山两个大型岩体;盖层褶皱与结晶基底隆起方向一致,是深部基地隆起的继承.通过与矿集区已知矿床对比发现,高磁性岩体边缘和基底隆起(高密度体)两翼为成矿有利区.     

Stability of iron oxides and their role in the formation of rock magnetism

Thermodynamic conditions (first of all, temperature) are the main dynamic factors in the transformation process of ferrous to ferric iron (TFFI). TFFI usually takes place within a temperature range of 473–843 K (most active at temperatures above 673 K) and does not require presence of the oxidizing agents above 673 K. Analysis of the chemical composition of different rocks and minerals indicates that only for some sedimentary rocks is the relative content of ferrous iron oxide less than its value in magnetite, and this value is minimal for oceanic sediments. The relative content of ferrous iron oxide in oceanic magmatic rocks exceeds this value in continental magmatic rocks and depends on the rate of rock cooling. An investigation of the role of the titanium oxide content of different rocks on stability of ferrous iron oxide against its transformation to ferric iron oxide shows that a significant correlation (r = 0.79) does exist between the relative content of ferrous iron oxide and ratio of TiO₂/Fe₂O₃. Temperature within the solar nebula at location of the Earth was within the temperature range of the TFFI. During the Earth accretion and its early evolution, ferric iron oxide was unstable and most likely did not exist. The first magnetic minerals containing ferric iron could have appeared only after the Earth’s surface had cooled below ∼843 K. The formation of the first Algoma-type banded iron formations could be used as a marker of the Earth’s surface cooling below ∼843 K.     

High-magnetization zones near spreading center discontinuities

Three-dimensional inversions of the magnetic field reveal the presence of zones of high magnetization over the propagating limb of large spreading center discontinuities. The presence of high-magnetization zones is confirmed by rock magnetic measurements where available. Magnetization highs are associated with basalts which tend to have high Fe contents and low Mg numbers. These data suggest that high-magnetization zones observed over large ridge axis discontinuities are associated with highly differentiated basalts enriched in iron. Following Christie and Sinton [1], such highly evolved basalts may be the result of shallow-level crystal fractionation in small magma bodies with a low supply rate. These small magma bodies are postulated to correspond to the first stages in the development of a sub-axial magmatic system as a result of the propagation of one of the limbs of the offset into older lithosphere. Because high-magnetization zones at large ridge axis discontinuities often correspond to gaps in the along-axis extent of a seismically detectable magma chamber, these magma bodies may be smaller than a few hundred meters. Rock magnetic measurements suggest that the enrichment in iron associated with increased differentiation may be accompanied, in a few cases, by an increase in the concentration of titanomagnetite within the basalts and in the magnetization of the rocks. However, the exact relationship between high magnetization intensities and iron enrichment is complex and unclear, and may be significantly affected by factors such as magnetic mineralogy and crystallization history.     

几内亚红土型铝土矿床地质特征

几内亚铝土矿资源丰富,并具有品位高,富铝、高铁、低硅、易采、易选之特点,属富含三水铝石的红土型铝土矿。硅铝铁风化壳是本区的含矿岩系,主要矿石类型为蜂窝状、土状和块状铝土矿。矿体多赋存于山体顶部和坡度适中的斜坡上,地形平坦地段和沟谷部位矿体质量差或无矿体。几内亚属于湿热多雨和干湿交替的热带气候,为红土型铝土矿的形成提供了有利条件。广泛分布的富铝基性岩石是铝土矿的母岩,也是形成铝土矿的基本前提。     

Study of changes in the rock formation medium of the Karadzha section (Azerbaijan) from the results of petromagnetic investigations

The petromagnetic characteristics of marine and subaqueous deposits on the upper marine terrace of the Karadzha section (Azerbaijan) are investigated. These deposits correspond to the great Khvalynsk transgression of the Paleocaspian. Thirteen meters of the section encompassing an age interval of ～45–20 ka are sampled continuously. Regular along-section changes are revealed, and their relation to environmental changes is established. Magnetite, maghemite, and hematite that were formed in the process of alteration of the maternal rocks in the Paleocaspian wash-down basin are the main ore minerals of the studied rocks. The ratios of these minerals in the deposits depend on the degree of alteration of the maternal rocks. Both the total amount of ore mineral (K and SIRM parameters) and the rigidity parameter B _cr regularly increase in the basal part of the section and in the sediments reflecting finer variations in the basin level. An increased magnetic rigidity and the sensitivity of petromagnetic parameters to weak variations in the sea level are characteristic features of sediments in this part of the Paleocaspian compared with normal marine sediments.     

火山岩油气藏重磁电震综合预测方法及应用

通过准噶尔盆地陆东地区数十口钻井资料的对比分析、归纳总结,提出了火山岩油气藏重磁电震综合预测方法.将正则化下延与延拓回返垂直二次导数串联形成了一个新的滤波器,该滤波器相当于首先通过正则化下延将位场曲面延拓至地下目的层段,降低火山岩埋深对磁J异常幅值的影响,然后利用延拓回返垂直二次导数对弱信号进行增强,不仅提高了位场异常...     

3D GRAVITY INVERSION OF THE CHESHIRE BASIN1

Three-dimensional inverse gravity modelling is used to determine the structure of the Carboniferous sediments underlying the Jurassic and Permo-Triassic formations in the Cheshire Basin. The gravity effect of the Jurassic and Permo-Triassic rocks was first removed from the observations and the resulting residual gravity field was then inverted to map variations in depth of the Carboniferous formations. The inversion technique is performed in the frequency domain, enabling rapid computation of solutions for large gridded data sets. Evaluation of results shows that there is good agreement between calculated and observed values, with interpreted depths to the base of the Carboniferous in excess of 6 km. Gravity inversion results also delineate areas of faulting on the south-western and eastern edges of the basin.     

Terrestrial radioisotopes in black shale hosted Mn-carbonate deposit (Úrkút, Hungary)

Previously, little attention has been paid to terrestrial radioisotopes (U, Th, ⁴⁰K) occurring in manganese ores, despite the fact that the biogeochemical relationship between Mn and U is versatile. Occurrence of terrestrial radioisotopes in great amounts during mining on a long-term causes significant radiation exposure. It is important to inspect black shale-hosted manganese ores from this aspect, as black shales are typically potential U-rich formations. Despite the increased radon concentration in the mine, based on the detailed major elements, trace elements and gamma spectroscopy inspection of the rock types of deposit, the U, Th enrichment was undetectable. However, the U and Th content of about average terrestrial abundance of the great ore amount may be in the background of the increased radon concentration level. This Mn-carbonate ore deposit in spite of the low U content exhibit potential radon danger for miners, which can be eliminated with intensive air change only.     

地球物理数据与区域构造的关系──-对约旦Risha地区构造格架的研究

根据航磁、重力和地震数据以及地质和辅助地球物理资料，对约旦东北部前寒武纪岩石的轮廓和变化及其上覆的沉积岩石的厚度进行了研究．识别出5个具有特定磁性特征的磁场区，每个磁场区都有其特征的样式和突变的边界，每个磁场区的物质组成存在明显差异，其构造边界均与断层相对应．计算表明基底表面有很大起伏，磁化的前寒武纪岩石深度变化范围为-5000m至-10000m，可以识别出由基底下陷相对应的5个盆地或拗陷带，同时可见3个起伏较大的构造隆起．探测结果表明，古生代建造中发育的主要断裂呈N-S与NNE向，而在新生代建造中发育的断裂则呈NE-SW，NW-SE和E-W向．研究区构造发展的第一构造阶段与E-W向张力有关，第二构造阶段的产物明显受到第三构造阶段发生的构造变形的改造，并与阿拉伯板块的逆时针旋转有关．磁场区之间的移位、错断、拖曳和并置被认为剪切断层所造成．剪切形式表明位移是左行的，即北侧的块体向北西方向移动．     

庐枞盆地浅表地壳速度成像与隐伏矿靶区预测

利用反射地震初至波可以精确反演地壳速度结构和构造信息.对庐枞盆地采集的高分辨地震数据,运用初至波层析成像方法,反演得到了该区1200 m以上的浅表地壳速度结构信息.找矿信息总是同地球化学异常联系紧密,对采集于炮孔深处的岩屑、泥砂样品进行了地球化学分析,发现了多处显著的金属元素异常.对五条测线的速度成像结果及其映射的地下岩性结构和炮孔地球化学分析结果进行了相关性对比分析.结果显示,庐枞盆地的沉积岩、火山岩和侵入岩具有不同的速度范围,侵入岩具有高波速特征,地球化学信息高异常往往出现在高速侵入岩体的上方;精细的速度信息蕴含着丰富的浅表地壳结构变化特征,与庐枞矿集区已知的地质、岩体、构造和矿体分布存在着良好的对应关系.速度成像结果可以准确刻画地下隐伏侵入岩体的空间分布形态,结合地球化学分析异常和重磁探测等信息,预测隐伏矿床,提供深部找矿靶区.     

Experimental estimation of velocities and anisotropy of a series of Swedish crystalline rocks and ores

To provide a guide for future deep (<1.5 km) seismic mineral exploration and to better understand the nature of reflections imaged by surface reflection seismic data in two mining camps and a carbonatite complex of Sweden, more than 50 rock and ore samples were collected and measured for their seismic velocities. The samples are geographically from the northern and central parts of Sweden, ranging from metallic ore deposits, meta‐volcanic and meta‐intrusive rocks to deformed and metamorphosed rocks. First, ultrasonic measurements of P‐ and S‐wave velocities at both atmospheric and elevated pressures, using 0.5 MHz P‐ and S‐wave transducers were conducted. The ultrasonic measurements suggest that most of the measured velocities show positive correlation with the density of the samples with an exception of a massive sulphide ore sample that shows significant low P‐ and S‐wave velocities. The low P‐ and S‐wave velocities are attributed to the mineral texture of the sample and partly lower pyrite content in comparison with a similar type sample obtained from Norway, which shows significantly higher P‐ and S‐wave velocities. Later, an iron ore sample from the central part of Sweden was measured using a low‐frequency (0.1–50 Hz) apparatus to provide comparison with the ultrasonic velocity measurements. The low‐frequency measurements indicate that the iron ore sample has minimal dispersion and attenuation. The iron ore sample shows the highest acoustic impedance among our samples suggesting that these deposits are favourable targets for seismic methods. This is further demonstrated by a real seismic section acquired over an iron ore mine in the central part of Sweden. Finally, a laser‐interferometer device was used to analyse elastic anisotropy of five rock samples taken from a major deformation zone in order to provide insights into the nature of reflections observed from the deformation zone. Up to 10% velocity‐anisotropy is estimated and demonstrated to be present for the samples taken from the deformation zone using the laser‐interferometery measurements. However, the origin of the reflections from the major deformation zone is attributed to a combination of anisotropy and amphibolite lenses within the deformation zone.     

东海陆架盆地及其周边海域地质、地球物理场特征

分东海陆架盆地及其周边海域的重、磁场特征、对研究区域的地球物理场资料进行了小波变换与多尺度分布与计算，计算了研究了海域重，磁资料的1－4阶小波变换逼近、细节、根据分析与计算可知，在东海陆架盆地及其周边域，重、磁异常的主要特征没有内陆盆地那样明显，但盆地内的绝大部分地区均位于异常相对缓变区，在盆地内部有时有局部异常的圈闭及剧变区，但总的特征为缓变的，而周边区域多为相对剧变区，但也存在局部区域的缓变, 、磁场特征表明，盆地基底相对盆地周边区域主要由密度较大，磁性中的岩石组成，因此盆地中部以高正磁异常为主，布格重力异常 对周边地区高，东海陆架盆地及其周边海域的重力场的主要走向为NNE向，局部重力异常较为平缓，磁异常走向没有重力异常明显，但主要也为NNE向，重、磁场的分布特征表明，东海陆架盆地及其邻域的地质构造为大陆架构造的延伸。