Restructuring of Hog Farming in North Carolina: Explosion and Implosion

Over the past six years hog farming in North Carolina has undergone a significant restructuring. For most of this century raising hogs was a casual farm activity found throughout the state. During the past decade hog farming has been transformed along industrial-corporate lines. In the process, the swine population has expanded rapidly (exploded) and simultaneously collapsed in geographical bounds (imploded). This paper examines the linkage between the development of the industrial-corporate hog farming regime, the rapid growth in hog populations, and the geographical concentration of hog production in a newly emerging high-density hog production district in the south central area of the Coastal Plain region.     

中国农业地理和土地利用的近期研究

近十余年来,中国农业地理与土地利用的研究主要在以下方面:农业地理丛书的编写,完成了中国农业地理总论和21部分省(自治区、直辖市)的农业区域地理著作;承担全国综合农业区划、自然区划、农业各部门与农业技术条件区划,进行了农业区划理论与方法的研究;对农业发展战略与我国人口、资源与环境的国情研究;为促进农业生产稳定发展,以因地制宜为原则进行农业各部门生产布局研究;1/100万土地利用图与土地资源开发、利用和保护的研究。上述研究是持续而广泛的,在理论上和实践上都取得了很大进展。     

江苏省典型样带区农业发展的地域差异

以江苏省204国道沿线15县(市)组成的典型样带为研究区域,根据农林牧渔业总产值及其增长率、农业产值占地区GDP比重、农业产业结构、农业优势度等多项发展指标,应用统计模型和GIS空间分析方法,研究了改革开放以来样带区农业发展的差异格局。研究结果表明:(1)近30年来样带内各县市农业发展的总体水平差距拉大,农林牧渔业总产值年均增长率呈现出北高南低的格局;(2)农业产值占地区GDP比重普遍下降,尤以苏南三市下降幅度最大,样带内各县市间农业比重的差距明显增大;(3)样带内各县市农业内部结构也发生了巨大的变化,其中种植业比重有所下降,渔业比重有所提高,并且各县市间种植业比重的差距和渔业比重的差距均有明显增大;(4)改革开放以来,样带区农业优势度北高南低的格局得到逐渐强化,苏南三市不具优势,苏北地区优势度最高。     

The direct and indirect impacts of population growth and economic development on maize (Zea mays L.) diversity in highland Guatemala

This paper discusses the impacts of population growth and economic development on maize diversity in highland Guatemala. In the context of this discussion, economic development specifically refers to the recent expansion of the non-traditional agricultural exports (NTAEs). Population growth and economic development (i.e. NTAEs) are linked because as land has become scarce in highland Guatemala, due to the poor distribution of land resources and rapid population growth over the past 50 years, many farmers have turned to non-traditional economic strategies such as new crops that produce more income per unit of land. These new crops have improved the economic conditions of many farming families, but it has come at a cost regarding the maintenance of local maize varieties and household food security.     

农机投入对农业GTFP影响及门槛效应的区域差异分析

按照粮食的产销情况，将全国划分为3类粮食功能区域，利用固定效应模型和门槛效应模型分析了农机投入对农业绿色全要素生产率（GTFP）的影响及门槛效应的区域差异。结果表明：农机投入对农业GTFP的影响程度存在区域异质性，农机投入对粮食主销区农业GTFP提升的促进作用最大，粮食产销平衡区次之，粮食主产区最小；农机投入对农业GTFP的影响路径亦存在区域差异，粮食主产区和产销平衡区的农机投入通过促进农业技术效率和农业技术进步进而推动农业GTFP提升，粮食主销区的农机投入通过促进农业技术进步推动农业GTFP提升；农机投入对粮食主产区农业GTFP的影响存在双门槛效应，对粮食主销区和产销平衡区农业GTFP的影响存在单门槛效应。     

基于GIS的辽宁省土地可耕作性评价

借助GIS格网技术,选取影响土地可耕作性的关键自然条件,建立辽宁省土地可耕作性评价指数,确定辽宁省土地可利用性等级。研究结果表明,辽宁省土地可耕作性从中部向周围递减,辽中的土地可耕作性最高,辽西北和辽东山地区土地可耕作性较差。该研究结论符合实际情况,可为辽宁省土地开发管理服务。     

中国北方农牧交错带农业经营方向初探——以晋陕蒙甘宁青地区为例

农业(包括农林牧副渔业等)是对生态环境依附性很强、影响又大的基础产业。要使农业快速、稳定发展,又不损害生态环境,实现可持续农业发展,必须选择正确的农业经营方向。从农牧交错带的资源状况、农业生产对生态环境的负面影响以及建立特色产业3个方面,肯定了研究区宜牧而不宜农,探讨了牧农错位的原因和过程,以及由以农为主向以牧为主经营方向转变的有利条件,并提出了大力发展草食性畜牧业的对策建议。     

地理标志农产品种植户的生计脆弱性及影响因素研究————以陕西眉县、周至县为例

地理标志农产品可以促进农业绿色高质量发展,推动乡村振兴并改善种植户生计。气候变化和极端气候事件的增加可能会加剧地理标志农产品种植户的生计脆弱性。以地理标志农产品猕猴桃种植区为例,构建生计脆弱性评估框架,结合熵值法和自然断点法评估种植户的生计脆弱性,运用有序Logistic回归和夏普利值分解法探究种植户生计脆弱性的影响因素及其贡献度。结果表明：① 处于中、高度脆弱性等级的种植户所占比例较大,约占64.10%。② 猕猴桃的生产特征对生计脆弱性等级的贡献率最大为48.47%。是否采用地理标志商标、是否参与地理标志商标培训、是否采用合作生产方式生产对种植户的生计脆弱性有显著影响。③ 在猕猴桃种植特征方面,种植年限对种植户的生计脆弱性等级有显著影响,贡献率达12.20%。④ 在适应行为采用强度方面,秋季连阴雨适应行为采用强度对猕猴桃种植户的生计脆弱性等级有显著影响,贡献率达20.75%。     

地理标志农产品和农业经济的时空演变及交互响应

利用多指标综合评价法、协调发展度模型、灰色关联度模型和P-VAR模型对中国326个地级以上行政单元的地理标志农产品与农业经济的时空演化、协同发展、交互响应关系进行了综合测度。研究表明：① 地理标志农产品和农业经济发展水平均具有整体上升态势,在空间上分别呈“大分散、小集聚”和“阶梯式下降”的分布特征。② 地理标志农产品和农业经济的协调发展等级由初级协调演化为高级协调,空间差异先增大后减小;二者间具有显著的、持续强化的关联性。③ 地理标志农产品和农业经济均具有正向的自我强化与惯性增长特征,地理标志农产品对农业经济的影响程度较小,而农业经济对地理标志农产品的影响程度较大,形成倒逼作用。     

Impact of cultivated land fragmentation on spatial heterogeneity of agricultural agglomeration in China

Systematically revealing the impact of cultivated land fragmentation(CLF) on the geographical agglomeration pattern of agricultural specialization(AS) has positive significance for national agricultural production management. Based on the data of the second national land survey and agricultural production, this study has explored the impact of CLF on spatial heterogeneity of agricultural agglomeration in China by comprehensively using the Theil index, ordinary least square model and geographically weighted regression. Results showed that:(1) the regional differentiation of the CLF in China is obvious, and the cultivated land fragmentation index is generally characterized by increasing pattern from northwest to southeast.(2) Spatially, the development level of AS in China has formed three high-value clusters in the Northeast China Plain, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the middle of the Middle-lower Yangtze Plain; and the low-value contiguous areas centered on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin and surrounding regions, with significant spatial differences. The contribution of grain crops, economic crops, and vegetables and melon to the level of AS was 74.63%, 9.09%, and 16.28%, respectively, and the pattern of agricultural geographical aggregation dominated by grain crops has primarily taken in shape.(3) CLF is significantly negatively correlated with AS, and every 1% increase in the degree of CLF will result in a decrease of about 0.2% in AS. However, the impact of CLF on the geographic agglomeration of different crop categories or groups varies significantly. Among them, CLF has a prominent impact on the specialization level of grain crops and vegetables and melon. Each 1% increase in the CLF will reduce the specialization level of grain crops by 0.38%, and increase the level of vegetables and melon by about 0.22%.(4) According to the landscape characteristics of cultivated land, the degree of spatial division and agglomeration of cultivated land patches have a significant impact on the formation of geographical agglomerationpattern of AS, and the intensity and direction of influence show significant regional differentiation, while the patch size has no significant impact.     

广西主要农作物生产格局演变特征与机制研究

农作物生产结构与布局是农业地理学探讨的传统研究主题,开展农作物生产格局演变特征与机制研究,可为区域农业生产要素的优化配置提供参考依据。论文运用区位基尼系数、重心移动模型、比较优势指数等方法,揭示1995—2019年广西粮食、糖料、水果和蔬菜4类主要农作物生产格局的演变特征,剖析其形成机制,据此提出相关优化建议。结果表明：粮食作物“退”、糖果菜“进”构成主要农作物竞争的基本态势;粮食、蔬菜生产空间分布相对分散,糖料生产地理集聚趋势明显,水果生产由相对集中走向分散;主要农作物综合比较优势受规模比较优势主导,粮食生产劣势明显,糖料生产具有绝对规模比较优势和综合比较优势,水果、蔬菜生产规模比较优势突出但效率比较优势有待提升。资源禀赋的约束、市场供需和比较效益的主导、乡村社会发展要素变化的诱发、制度环境的引导/修正、集聚经济的循环累积等多种力量综合作用推动农作物生产格局的演变。特殊的区情决定了广西农作物生产应统筹经济功能、社会功能和生态功能,通过结构调整、产业集聚、空间优化,推进农作物生产从规模扩张向综合效益提升转型。     

中国山区耕地利用边际化表现及其机理

耕地利用边际化是当前中国山区土地利用主要变化趋势。利用《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》资料,本文首先分析2003年以来农业劳动力价格快速上涨的背景下,中国农业生产成本的结构变化以及农户的响应,并对比平原和山区农户对劳动力成本上升的响应方式及程度的差异,发现平原地区能够通过大规模的农业机械替代减少劳动投入,进而有效减少劳动力价格上升所带来的影响,而山区因地形条件限制,劳动生产率提升相对缓慢,并与平原地区的差距不断扩大,导致农业劳动力成本占比不断上涨。随着劳动力成本的快速上涨,中国山区耕地边际化特征明显,以玉米为代表的种植业净利润在2013年普遍降至零以下。2000年以来,中国山区土地利用和植被变化表现为耕地面积减少、森林面积增加、NDVI指数增强,而且在省级层次上,山区县范围NDVI变化率与耕地和森林面积变化率分别具有很强的负相关（r = -0.70）和正相关（r = 0.91）,证实了中国山区耕地当前边际化的发展态势。基于以上分析,本文最后对务农机会成本上升、农业劳动力快速析出背景下的山区耕地利用边际化机理进行了总结。这一研究有助于深入认识山区耕地撂荒和森林转型的发展过程。     

韩国济州岛柑橘园景观与空间分布演变（1526—2019年）

韩国济州岛的柑橘园景观具有重要的文化遗产价值,是当地人利用济州岛特殊的气候、水文、植被环境所塑造的独特农业景观。16世纪朝鲜王朝建立柑橘进贡制度,济州官府设置柑橘园,此后至今,济州岛柑橘园区域分布与地理景观都呈现较大变迁。文章结合气候、水资源等自然因素与韩国柑橘产业政策、市场、社会变化与技术进步等人文因素,分析16世纪以来济州岛柑橘园景观与空间分布变化,探讨济州岛柑橘生产空间变迁原因与驱动力。结果显示：16世纪至2019年,济州岛柑橘生产经历了发展、没落、强力复兴的大起大落发展历史,呈现从北到南的生产空间大迁移,柑橘生产空间逐渐扩大。济州岛的柑橘园生产经历从朝鲜时期的官府果园到现代观光体验农场的转变。柑橘生产空间变迁与地理景观变化的原因与驱动力较复杂,水资源是影响朝鲜时期柑橘园分布的主要自然因素。社会制度、交通与市场是16世纪以来影响柑橘园生产空间扩展的主要人文因素,在近500年的柑橘生产空间发展变迁的过程中,人文因素不断加强,影响柑橘空间与地理景观的优化调整。20世纪70年代以来,水资源开发技术的进步改变了现代柑橘园生产空间分布格局。对济州岛柑橘园长时段的生产空间与地理景观变化及其作用机制的研究,可以为中国传统柑橘栽培地区打造具有地方特色柑橘园文化景观与民俗、文化产品,以及中国柑橘产业的升级发展提供参考。     

The changing geography of mortality in Norway, 1969-1989

"Changes in the geographical mortality pattern for Norway between 1969 and 1989 are explored for total mortality, coronary heart disease, stomach cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, infant mortality and suicide. The period has shown considerable flux. Coronary heart disease mortality used to be higher in urban than rural areas, but the situation has now reversed (for men) or equalized (for women). The excess infant mortality in the periphery has been eliminated. Suicide has increased faster in fishing and farming areas than in the cities. The changes are interpreted through some concepts and models: the epidemiological transition, geographical and social diffusion, regional restructuring, changes of the physical environment and geographical uniqueness." Data are from official sources.     

地理标志保护的研究和经济学分析

在经济发展中,地理标志作为一种区别商品来源并能标识该商品特定品质的标志,其标识功能与经济效益之间存在极为紧密的关联性.中国作为一个具有悠久历史的农业大国,具有悠远的农耕文明,地理标志资源丰富,加强对地理标志的保护,符合我国经济发展的长远利益.从加强地理标志保护具有的现实意义出发,对地理标志保护模式进行经济学分析,并根据我国目前地理标志保护模式中存在的问题提出相应的改进措施,以提高我国地理标志资源保护的效率.     

Mapping the vulnerability of crop production to drought in Ghana using rainfall, yield and socioeconomic data

This study evaluates new multi-scale, multi-indicator methods for assessing the vulnerability of crop production to drought at a national and regional scale. It does this by identifying differences across and within ten regions of Ghana, a country that faces many climate and crop production challenges typical of sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, we illustrate how a quantitative national and regional study is a critical first step in assessing differences in the drought sensitivity of food production systems and show how such an assessment enables the formulation of more targeted district and community level research that can explore the drivers of vulnerability and change on a local-scale. Finally, we propose methodological steps that can improve drought sensitivity and vulnerability assessments in dynamic dryland farming systems where there are multiple drivers of change and thresholds of risk that vary in both space and time. Results show that the vulnerability of crop production to drought in Ghana has discernible geographical and socioeconomic patterns, with the Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions being most vulnerable. Partly, this is because these regions have the lowest adaptive capacity due to low socioeconomic development and have economies based on rain-fed agriculture. Within these regions we find considerable differences between districts that can be explained only partly by socioeconomic variables with further community and household-scale research required to explain the causes of differences in vulnerability status. Our results highlight that national and regional scale multi-indicator vulnerability assessments are a vital (and often ignored) first step in assessing vulnerability across a large area. These inputs can guide both local-level research and also demonstrate the need for region-specific policies to reduce vulnerability and to enhance drought preparedness within dryland farming communities.     

西部大开发中的农业结构调整思考

西部地区的农业发展直接影响到我国国民经济是否能够持续快速健康的发展，这是由于我国是农业大国，农业人口大约占全国人口比例的80％，而实现西部地区持续健康发展的关键在于对传统农业产业结构的调整，提高农业增长的结构变动效益，树立大农业观念，延长农业产业链，在联产承包责任制的基础上通过经营权的集中规模种植，达到实现农业结构调整生态化和产业一体化目标。西部地区在大开发战略实施中，如何将自身的发展环境劣势转变为优势，提出了农业结构调整模式的构想。     

Virtual vegetables and adopted sheep: ethical relation, authenticity and Internet-mediated food production technologies

Associating ideas related to cultural geographies of 'quality' food production and consumption with recent discussion of Internet technologies, virtuality and simulation, this paper examines two newly constituted Internet enterprises offering customers 'virtual' experiences of food production, and 'quality' food products in which they have invested. The paper shows how these enterprises are associated with particular types of geographical and ethical relation, and a search for 'authentic', connected, relationships with food, farming, locality and 'nature'. These relationships are constituted in an assemblage of things held together by flows of food, products, money and electronic communication. The paper ends by suggesting a number of theoretical ideas that might usefully be explored in empirical research into Internet-mediated food production.     

Gendered production spaces and crop varietal selection: Case study in Yucatán, Mexico

This paper examines the influence of gender relations and gendered domains on maize and squash varietal selection in a village in Yucatán State, southeast Mexico. Results of the exploratory study indicate that the traditional production spaces of homegardens and agricultural fields are complementary gendered domains of varietal maintenance for both crops although with different cropping patterns, while a 'new' space, of land allocated to some families for future residential construction ( terreno ) is in the meantime a jointly worked agricultural domain. Women's labour, knowledge and preferences predominate in post-harvest processes. Fieldwork revealed that neither men nor women are independent decision-makers, planning what to grow, where and in what amounts, but that in most aspects of farming the interests of both are accommodated within the household's production spaces.     

耕地资产社会保障功能的空间分异研究——不同农业类型区的比较

在中国人多地少和土地产权二元结构背景下,耕地资源一直是农民的“命根子”,其社会保障功能被认为是社会的稳定器,但近年来这一观点受到越来越多的质疑。目前中国农户耕地的社会保障功能还有多大,迫切需要利用详实的数据进行系统性、定量化的测算。基于此,把拥有承包权的耕地看作农户的一项资产,论文选取都市农业区、集约农业区、平原主粮作物区和山地主粮作物区4类典型农业区,实地调查1025户农户家庭,旨在揭示耕地社会保障功能的空间分异规律。结果表明:作为家庭农业的生产资料,耕地投入农业生产所获收益占家庭总收入的比重在各区最高为50%,其中山区不足7%;作为一项养老保障,家庭耕地资产收益对养老需求的贡献率均不足30%,山区甚至不及3%;作为金融抵押品,若以20万元资金需求为例,户均耕地资产可贷款额度均不超过资金需求的20%,而山区仅为1%。现阶段农户耕地资产的社会保障价值已十分微弱,这有助于给出对新时期农村土地保障功能的科学判断。随着城镇化的推进,不同农业类型区农户的耕地收益及资产价值均不断下降,尤其是在农地利用边际化胁迫下的山区,如何减缓山区耕地弃耕撂荒和耕地资产贬值,无疑是乡村振兴战略实施过程中需要重点关注的问题。