m/(n+1)公式可以休矣!——水文频率分析中绘点位置的研究

我国的水文频率分析习惯采用适线法,长期是以期望值公式(P_((m))=m/(n+1))计算绘点位置。但是,由这套适线法求得的设计值是有偏差的,其原因就在于所取的绘点位置不合适。本文建议了一套以纵标期望值P{E[X_((m))]}为绘点位置的“动点动线”适线程序。实践表明建议的程序是可行的,计算成果也是合理的。本文还进一步通过统计试验途径,对两种绘点位置的适线法作了检验,结果表明新适线法在不偏性和有效性两个方面都有显著改进。     

模糊加权优化适线法的改进及统计特征分析

水文序列长度有限,频率曲线参数估计存在抽样误差,采用加权适线法能够很好地减小误差。模糊加权优化适线法的诺模图长度有限,而且隶属度函数不是以样本无穷大为前提,对模糊加权优化适线法改进,提出半降正态分布的隶属度函数,运用大样本统计试验方法延长诺模图。以理想数据、蒙特卡洛随机数和实测序列对改进的方法检验,以无偏性和有效性为评价指标,运用评分法和百分率法对统计结果分析评价。结果表明改进的模糊加权优化适线法的统计特性好,适线精度高,能够促进模糊加权优化适线法在实际工程中的推广应用。     

设计洪水频率曲线数学适线法的比较分析

运用全国91座大型水库洪水资料,比较分析了绝对值最小准则适线、离差平方和最小准则适线、概率权重矩法和双权函数法等适线结果与设计成果采用值(一般为目估适线结果)的差别.结果显示,无论是频率曲线参数,还是各频率洪水设计值,离差平方和最小准则适线结果均与采用成果的差别最小,多数(56%～87%)水库设计值的相对误差在±5%以内,绝大多数(79%～93%)水库设计值的相对误差在±10%以内.     

水文频率计算中对数Γ分布的应用

简述了对数Γ分布的统计特性和不同Ｃｓ／Ｃｖ值时模比系数Ｋｐ的制作方法。介绍了估计参数的矩法、混合矩法和适线法。文中认为,可以用水文资料的原系列直接进行频率计算,以避免对数变换引起的误差;并且,可将该型分布作为比较线型,用于进一步的分析研究中。     

水文计算中的模糊优化适线法

我国在水文计算中广泛应用适线法估计频率曲线参数。本文建议了一种模糊优化适线法。这一方法能较好地考虑经验点据的不确定性，和传统方法相比具有明显的特点。     

频率分析中特大洪水处理的新思考

按以不确定性较小的实测洪水系列为主的原则,对含特大洪水系列的频率计算方法,包括经验频率、参数估计和适线问题进行了讨论,并结合实例作了剖析,提出了改进意见。     

群居蜘蛛优化算法在水文频率分析中的应用

水文频率分析在参数估计过程中常采用智能优化适线法,如蚁群算法、遗传算法、粒子群算法、模拟退火算法等,但这些算法模型参数难以有效确定,导致寻优结果存在不稳定的不足。为了克服传统优化适线法的缺陷,在系统阐述群居蜘蛛优化算法基本原理的基础上,将群居蜘蛛优化算法用于水文频率曲线的参数确定中,并与传统的参数估计方法(矩法、权函数法、概率权重矩法、遗传算法)加以比较。实例结果表明,该方法搜索效率高,寻优结果稳定,能较好获得参数的最优解。     

Г分布保证修正值系数В的确定

本文用统计试验法,对Γ分布估算了水文频率计算中适线法结果的保证修正值系数B,并绘制了用绝对值和最小法及最小二乘法适线的B值诺模图。其应用范围为C_s=0～6及p=0.01%～20%。为便于检读,也列出了此两法的B值表。     

广义极值分布的适线法应用

广义极值分布频率曲线,也可采用均值、变差系数和偏态系数等三个统计参数来进行计算。通过建立离均系数表,可以方便地进行频率分析计算。现以澧水某站年最大流量系列为例,采用广义极值分布的适线法进行频率分析计算,成果表明广义极值分布具有一定适应性。     

城市设计暴雨频率计算问题

城市设计暴雨,具有历时短、设计标准较低的特点,与常用的频率计算方法不尽相同。简述了暴雨系列的取样问题;改正了与经验频率有关的计算公式;提出以经验适线法来拟合暴雨系列呈反Ｓ形的分布;比较了推求设计暴雨的几种方法,认为超定量综合法有偏于安全的结果;列述了我国一些城市的暴雨强度公式,其中的参数无一定的规律性,期望进一步工作,在点面上进行协调。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)