四川地区云和空中水资源分布与演变

利用1971～2000年台站云降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了四川地区云和空中水资源的分布与演变。研究发现:四川地区平均总云量为7.2成,低云量4.7成,全年阴天日数193.5天,降水日数154.0天,小到中雨日147.1天;全年大气可降水量为181.7kg.m-2。云有明显的季节变化特征,总云量夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,低云量夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。大气可降水量夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最少。云和小到中雨日的空间分布具有明显的地域性,且夏季分布与全年分布显著不同。在高原上,总云和低云、降水日、小到中雨日呈相反的变化趋势,总云在平均状态附近波动略有减少,而低云、降水日、小到中雨日在平均状态附近波动略有增加;在盆地内,云和降水日的演变趋势相同,总云量、低云量、降水日、小到中雨日都在线性减少。30年来四川地区大气可降水量线性变化则略有增多。     

基于2014～～2017年Ka毫米波雷达数据分析北京地区云宏观分布特征

本文利用2014年1月至2017年12月Ka毫米波雷达数据对北京地区云宏观特征进行统计分析。云出现率方面，4年平均值约36.3%；冬季最低，夏季最大；月出现率值9月最大，12月最小；出现率日变化有季节差异，春夏两季呈现中午（11:00，北京时间，下同）开始逐步升高至下午17:00后逐步下降的特点，增高幅度大于15%；冬、秋两季日变化特征不显著。高度方面，4年平均云底高约4.9 km，平均云顶高约7.2 km；云顶高和云底高的月变化特征明显，从年初1月开始逐步上升，在6月达到峰值，而后下降到12月达到低值；3～10月，高云（云底高>5 km)占约一半左右比例；厚度小于1 km的云在各月中所占比例最高；厚度1～4 km的云，厚度越大所占比例越低；特别地，厚度大于4 km的云所占比例在4～9月中仅次于厚度小于1 km云的比例。4年期间，北京地区单层云居多约占66.7%，两层云占比约25.2%，两层以上云占8.1%；冬季约80%的云为单层云，而6～9月云层分布变化最多，其中9月单层云比例最低约为40%。本文基于4年高时空分辨率雷达数据对北京地区云分布特征，特别是云垂直分布特征在数值上准确刻画，该项工作在已有云气候研究中尚未见开展，所获得的知识将对了解地区气候特征、区域模式云参数化选择提供参考。     

Cloud-base distribution and cirrus properties based on micropulse lidar measurements at a site in southeastern China

The cloud fraction(CF) and cloud-base heights(CBHs), and cirrus properties, over a site in southeastern China from June 2008 to May 2009, are examined by a ground-based lidar. Results show that clouds occupied the sky 41% of the time.Significant seasonal variations in CF were found with a maximum/minimum during winter/summer and similar magnitudes of CF in spring and autumn. A distinct diurnal cycle in the overall mean CF was seen. Total, daytime, and nighttime annual mean CBHs were 3.05 ± 2.73 km, 2.46 ± 2.08 km, and 3.51 ± 3.07 km, respectively. The lowest/highest CBH occurred around noon/midnight. Cirrus clouds were present ～36.2% of the time at night with the percentage increased in summer and decreased in spring. Annual mean values for cirrus geometrical properties were 8.89 ± 1.65 km, 9.80 ± 1.70 km, 10.73 ± 1.86 km and 1.83 ± 0.91 km for the base, mid-cloud, top height, and the thickness, respectively. Seasonal variations in cirrus geometrical properties show a maximum/minimum in summer/winter for all cirrus geometrical parameters. The mean cirrus lidar ratio for all cirrus cases in our study was ～ 25 ± 17 sr, with a smooth seasonal trend. The cirrus optical depth ranged from 0.001 to 2.475, with a mean of 0.34 ± 0.33. Sub-visual, thin, and dense cirrus were observed in ～12%, 43%, and 45%of the cases, respectively. More frequent, thicker cirrus clouds occurred in summer than in any other season. The properties of cirrus cloud over the site are compared with other lidar-based retrievals of midlatitude cirrus cloud properties.     

Effect of Macrophysical Parameters of Clouds on Broadband Solar Radiation (295-2800 nm) at a Subtropical Location

The present study describes the effect of clouds(macro-physical parameters) on global solar radiation(G).Data from four years of hourly measurements of G on a horizontal surface were used.These data were collected at the South Valley University(SVU) meteorological research station(26.2°N,32.7°E,96 m above mean see level.In addition,the cloud modification factor for G(CMFG) was estimated in three cases:high-level,mid-level,and low-level clouds.For every level,the variation of hourly CMFG as a function of cloud amount(CA) was illustrated.A third-order polynomial between hourly values of CMFG and CA was established.Furthermore,the effect of CA in the attenuation of G relative to its corresponding value in cloudless conditions is discussed.For cloud cover > 88%,G was reduced by 54%,34%,and 28% by low-,mid-,and high-level clouds,respectively.     

Cloud vertical distribution from radiosonde,remote sensing,and model simulations

Knowledge of cloud vertical structure is important for meteorological and climate studies due to the impact of clouds on both the Earth’s radiation budget and atmospheric adiabatic heating. Yet it is among the most difficult quantities to observe. In this study, we develop a long-term (10 years) radiosonde-based cloud profile product over the Southern Great Plains and along with ground-based and space-borne remote sensing products, use it to evaluate cloud layer distributions simulated by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction global forecast system (GFS) model. The primary objective of this study is to identify advantages and limitations associated with different cloud layer detection methods and model simulations. Cloud occurrence frequencies are evaluated on monthly, annual, and seasonal scales. Cloud vertical distributions from all datasets are bimodal with a lower peak located in the boundary layer and an upper peak located in the high troposphere. In general, radiosonde low-level cloud retrievals bear close resemblance to the ground-based remote sensing product in terms of their variability and gross spatial patterns. The ground-based remote sensing approach tends to underestimate high clouds relative to the radiosonde-based estimation and satellite products which tend to underestimate low clouds. As such, caution must be exercised to use any single product. Overall, the GFS model simulates less low-level and more high-level clouds than observations. In terms of total cloud cover, GFS model simulations agree fairly well with the ground-based remote sensing product. A large wet bias is revealed in GFS-simulated relative humidity fields at high levels in the atmosphere.     

东亚地区云垂直结构的CloudSat卫星观测研究

本文利用卫星CloudSat同时结合了与其同轨道的卫星CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)2007至2009年3年的观测资料,将东亚地区划分为六个研究区域,着重研究了东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征.结果表明:东亚地区不同高度的云量之和具有明显的季节变化趋势,夏季最大,春秋次之,冬季最小.海洋上空的单层云量最大值出现在冬季,而在陆地上空则出现在夏季.从云出现概率来看,东亚地区单层云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节依次为52.2%,48.1%,49.2%和51.9%,而多层(2层和2层以上)云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节分别为24.2%,31.0%,19.7%,15.8%.云出现的总概率和多层云出现的概率,在六个区域都呈现出夏季最大,冬季最小;对4个季节都呈现出东亚南部比东亚北部大,海洋上空比陆地上空大的特点,表明云出现的总概率的季节变化主要由多层云出现的概率的变化决定.东亚地区云系统中最高层云云顶的高度,在夏季最高,为15.9 km,在冬季最低,为8.2 km;在东亚南部和海洋上空较高,平均为15.1 km;在东亚北部较低,平均为12.1 km,且呈现东亚南北部之间差异较大的特点.东亚地区云系统的云层厚度基本位于1 km到3 km之间,且夏季大,冬季小;对同一季节,不同区域的云层厚度差别较小;当多层云系统中的云层数目增加时,云层的平均厚度减少,且较高层的云层平均厚度大于较低层的.云层间距的概率分布基本呈单峰分布,出现峰值范围的云层间距在1到3 km之间,各区域之间没有明显差别,季节变化也不大.本文的研究为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了有用的参数化依据.     

全天空图像分析西藏羊八井2009～2010年云量特征

运用西藏羊八井观测站2009～2010年近1年的高时空分辨率全天空图像资料分析了测站上空的日间云量特征。年平均总云量统计结果为5.2;冬夏季节云量分布差别明显,夏季平均云量大,冬季小;无云、少云天气多出现在冬季上午,而夏季午后满云情况较多;1～4月及11、12月(冬半年)云量日变化特征明显,上午逐步增加,至17:00(北京时间)左右到达高值,随后逐步下降,形成白天云量渐多夜间云量消散的"循环"过程。运用该地资料还分析了运用时间概率方法估算的点云量与实际云量的差异,小时平均结果显示无云及满云天气条件下二者云量一致性较高,而对中等云量天气二者相差较大。更长时间尺度(天平均)的统计对比表明,随着统计样本增加二者差距缩小。总体来看少云天气情况下点概率云量估算低于实际天空云量,当天空多云时点概率云量则大于实际天空云量。     

我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用——季节变化

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料研究了我国东部海区的海洋温度锋对局地大气的强迫作用及其季节变化。分析表明, 当春季海洋锋增强时, 海温与海表面风速之间存在明显的正相关关系, 并且在海洋锋的暖 (冷) 侧形成海表风的辐合 (辐散), 表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。海温对表面风场的影响程度与海洋锋的强度成正比, 春季影响程度最大, 夏、秋季最小。海洋锋对其附近的总降水、对流、层云降水均有影响, 尤其在春季海洋锋暖侧的降水强度增大, 对流降水的频次增多, "雨顶" 高度也有明显的抬升。暖流对大气的影响不仅局限在边界层, 其影响可达整个对流层。另外, 分析发现对流降水对海温的响应比层云降水更加敏感。研究还表明, 暖流上空高、低云呈现相反的年循环特点, 冬季多0.5~2 km的边界层云, 夏季多云底在10 km以上的高云。深对流云集中出现在3~6月, 从冬季到初夏, 30%以上的云量中心抬高了接近8 km。春季和初夏在海洋锋的暖侧频繁地出现深对流活动。     

Cloud Variations under Subtropical High Conditions

The cloud variations under subtropical high(STH) conditions during summers over a ten-year period are studied using combined data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.The results reveal that clouds mainly experience an isolated evolution in the STHs,which is designated in this study by the 1540 gpm geopotential lines at 850 hPa.In the STH domain throughout the Northern Hemisphere,the average amount of total clouds exceeds 30%.Low clouds dominate in the STH domain,contributing over 60%of total cloud amount within the Pacific subtropical high and over 40%within the Atlantic subtropical high.The prevalence of low clouds in above regions is determined by the circulation pattern around 150°-180°E and 850 hPa,which suppresses both the upward development of the cloud tops and the water vapor divergences near the surface.Furthermore,clouds present great geographical incoherence within the STH domain.In the eastern STHs,the amount of middle and low clouds increases to peak in the early morning and decreases to a trough in the afternoon,while the amount of high clouds remains stable throughout the day.Conversely,in the western STHs,the diurnal amplitude of low and middle clouds is less than three,while high clouds dramatically reach the maximum in the afternoon and drop to the minimum in the evening.Among the nine cloud categories,stratocumulus clouds with greater optical thickness account for the most under STH conditions,no matter their occurrence or amount,causing more shortwave cloud radiative forcing to cool the local atmosphere and surface as a consequence.     

Seasonal and annual segregation of liquid water and ice clouds in Iran and their relation to geographic components and precipitation

Efficient and proper understanding of the state of the clouds regarding different seasons of the year will have profound effects on different economic and environmental sectors. The purpose of this study is to determine the hourly dissociation of ice and liquid clouds in Iran. To this end, cloud optical thickness (COT) data, as well as optical depth of clouds in two phases of liquid and ice were obtained and processed from 31 synoptic meteorological stations (1960–2015), MODIS data from Terra satellite during the years 2001 to 2011, and they were processed then. Next, using the RegCM4 model, the cloud fraction (clt) was simulated to accurately identify the cloud cover situation in Iran. The results showed that the maximum annual mean abundance of liquid and ice clouds was 18.95 days for the time 15:00 and 3.99 days for the time 06:00, respectively. Climatic zones of the Caspian and Persian Gulf coasts at 15 o’clock had the highest decreasing trend of liquid clouds. Ice clouds in all parts of Iran’s climate, with the exception of the eastern plateau, also declined. From south to north and east to west of Iran, the occurrence of ice and liquid clouds is increasing. Therefore, the spatio-temporal distribution of liquid and ice clouds in the country was also dependent on spatial components and latitude had the greatest impact. From the satellite and modeled data, the RegCM4 model has been able to detect the Monsoon phenomenon in southeastern Iran during the summer. CLT simulation in Iran has also shown that cloud cover in Iran fluctuates between 28 and 65% on average, with 81.5% of Iranian stations having a significant change in the amount of annual cloud cover. Correlation of liquid and ice clouds with precipitation showed that liquid clouds in summer and ice clouds in spring had higher correlation with precipitation in Iran. Northern coasts of Iran due to greater ascent mechanisms such as coastal compressors, north latitude atmospheric circulation systems, and maximum winds in the north and west of Iran due to the location of western systems entry and sufficient thermal gradient, had maximum ice clouds in the last half century. Also, south of Iran, despite having extended and great water-bodies, is less cloudy due to descending air in Hadley’s circulation (Hadley cell) of air.     

西北地区不同类型云的时空分布及其与降水的关系

利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料，对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区，特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区，但这些云的云水路径值低；西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性:沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区，低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带；绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高，秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致；积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系，在降水偏少时，这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近，有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。     

基于模糊纹理光谱的全天空红外图像云分类

为了对全天空红外测云系统获得的红外图像进行云类自动识别, 提出了基于模糊纹理光谱结合云物理属性的全天空云类识别方法。首先根据不同滤波窗口的模糊纹理光谱图像特征, 确定了滤波窗口大小, 然后通过分析不同天空类型下的FUTS谱 (fuzzy uncertainty texture spectrum) 以及同一种天空类型下的FUTS谱, 考察了FUTS进行云类识别的适用性, 最后利用最小距离分类法和云基本物理属性对全天空红外图像进行了分类测试。在200个测试样本中, 层状云、积云、高积云、卷云和晴空的识别率分别为100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100%, 平均识别率达到98%。基于模糊纹理光谱的云分类算法对单一云空具有很好的分类效果, 可进一步应用于全天空红外图像的云分类识别。     

地基红外测云仪探测能力分析

利用地基红外测云仪(WSIRCMS)在2011年11月北京观象台的连续观测数据,从总云量、云底高和天空类型3个方面初步分析其探测能力。结果表明:1该仪器能够不分昼夜同时实现云高、云量(高、中、低和总云量)和天空类型的连续自动探测;2与参考标准云量的差值在±10%以内的样本数占总样本数的72.5%,有霾存在时,对中高云的观测能力较弱,造成云量观测结果差异较大;3与激光云高仪的天顶方向的无云一致率达94.9%;在中低云情况下,云高观测结果一致性较好,高云时存在较大差异,WSIRCMS观测云高偏高;4与人工分类的天空类型一致的样本数占总样本数的82.63%,对波状云、积状云和混合云的识别能力稍低。     

CPR雷达探测北半球夏季多层云系结构统计特征分析

利用2007~2010年北半球夏季（6~8月）CloudSat卫星搭载的云廓线雷达（Cloud Profile Radar,CPR）探测结果对0°~60°N区域单层、双层和三层云系的水平分布、垂直结构特征及各云层云类组成、云水路径等物理量分布进行分析。云量的统计结果表明CPR探测的单层、双层和三层云系的云量分别为36.63%、8.26%和1.40%,云量的水平分布表明其高值区主要位于对流旺盛区域,且高值区的云层云顶高、厚度大,而低值区则多位于副热带高压区域。对不同云类的出现频率统计分析结果表明,单层云系中各云类的出现频率相近;多层云系的上层以卷云为主,下层以层积云为主。对比海陆差异发现洋面卷云和层积云的出现频率显著高于陆面,但高层云和高积云的出现频率低于陆面。云水路径分析表明,单层云系的冰水路径和液水路径均最大,而在多层云系中云层越高、厚度越大、冰水路径越大,液水路径则随着云层的降低增大。     

夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云分布特征及其对近地表气温的影响

本文利用2001～2017年ERA5再分析资料以及CERES卫星资料,探究夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云的云量及其光学厚度的时空变化特征,并利用一维辐射对流模式定量分析不同类型云对近地表气温的影响。观测结果表明:夏季白天中国中东部总云量及其光学厚度整体呈由南向北逐渐减小的分布特征,且中高云量占主导地位。总云量整体呈?0.3% a?1显著减少趋势,其中低云的贡献（?0.27% a?1）最大;总云光学厚度为0～0.1 a?1增加趋势,其中低云光学厚度（0.06 a?1）和中低云光学厚度（0.03 a?1）呈增加趋势,而中高云光学厚度（?0.08 a?1）和高云光学厚度（?0.03 a?1）呈减少趋势。模式结果表明:四种不同类型云的温度效应（Cloud Effect Temperature, CET）均为负值,表现为降温效应。低云、中低云、中高云和高云的年均CET值分别为?2.9°C、?2.7°C、?2.2°C和?1.7°C。其中,低云在华北平原降温可达?5°C;中低云和中高云在四川盆地和云贵高原降温可达?7.8°C。不同类型云温度效应与近地表气温的年际变化具有较好的一致性,具体表现为:2004年前（后）近地表气温呈现下降（上升）趋势,不同类型云的CET在此期间呈下降（上升）趋势,表现为云的降温效应增强（减弱）与近地表气温下降（上升）相对应,体现了夏季白天中国中东部4种不同类型云温度效应与近地表气温都呈正相关关系。特别地,夏季白天中国中东部中高云量占主导地位,其CET与近地表气温的相关系数高达0.63。综上,夏季白天中国中东部不同类型云温度效应对近地表气温的影响不同,但均呈正相关关系。定量分析不同类型云对近地表气温的影响可以为定量研究云反馈对区域增暖的作用以及合理预估未来区域增暖情景提供必要的科学参考。     

利用全天空数字图像对北京上空云况分布特征的试验分析

利用最新获取的近两年北京上空全天空数字图像资料对云况分布做统计分析,以获得云的分布特征。工作中将图像分为9个扇区和16个环区分别进行分析,从结果看,无云(云量<1)与全天空有云天气(云量>9)情况明显占优,平均各占总量的36%,46%。除去系统误差及计算所带来的误差发现,两年中北京上空多以晴好天气(包含薄卷云)和阴天为主。上空西北部云的分布略显偏多,头顶上空云的出现概率较其他位置低,并有随天顶角增大概率增大的趋势。     

Baseline cloudiness trends in Canada 1953–2002

Abstract

Baseline cloudiness trends in Canada for the 1953 to 2002 time period were assessed using raw hourly observations of total cloud cover from eighty‐five airport stations with at least forty years of data. Trends in the count of the number of hours when more than half of the sky dome was observed to be covered by clouds (Mainly Cloudy conditions) increased significantly by several hundreds of hours during the fifty‐year period at numerous stations along the Canada‐U.S border and the few stations located in the Mackenzie Basin.

Trends in average annual overall, daytime, night‐time, and seasonal total cloud cover were also computed. The general spatial pattern was similar as in the case of Mainly Cloudy conditions, however, the exact areal extent and significance of the trends would vary from one case to another. In particular, the area of negative trends in British Columbia and the Prairies, gained in significance and extent in the case of daytime cloudiness, while it reversed to weak, mostly positive, trends in the case of night‐time cloudiness. This could correspond to the unprecedented increases in both daily temperature maximum and minimum in these locations during the second half of twentieth century. Significant positive seasonal trends were seen at some stations in southern Canada during spring (coasts) and summer (centre of the country) and the Mackenzie Basin during summer and fall; while significant negative trends were seen at stations in northern Alberta and British Columbia during winter and north‐eastern Canada during summer.

The quality of the observations was given careful consideration and potential issues that could affect the continuity of the records of observed total cloud amount are discussed at length. The complete monitoring system was examined: training, affiliation and workload of the observers; automation of the observations in the 1990s by the introduction of the Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS); numerous changes in data archiving procedures especially prevalent in the 1990s; underestimation of night‐time cloudiness on nights with insufficient illumination, etc. It was determined that observations, although to a certain degree subjective and not particularly accurate for cloud amounts near 5/10, should be reasonably consistent in the case of human observers (no systematic biases); underestimation of night‐time cloudiness, although relevant if the actual amount is required for certain purposes, probably is not critical in studies concerning cloud trends. Automation, possibly along with the changes in data processing in the 1990s, unequivocally emerged as the least studied subject, however, it is likely to have a considerable impact on the continuity of cloud observations at some stations; in this study about 25% of the stations use AWOS in some way.     

Potential climatic effects of cirrus contrails for the subarctic setting of Fairbanks, Alaska

Summary Continuous all-sky camera images supported by direct visual observations of jet contrails have been carried out in Fairbanks since March 2000. These data together with FAA information of all commercial flights and the twice-daily radiosonde data, give the meteorological conditions at flight level under which contrails are formed. If we correct for daylight and clear sky conditions, which make contrail observations possible, winter has the maximum and summer the minimum in the occurrence of contrails. This is a result to be expected, as the layer in which contrails can form has in winter nearly twice the thickness when compared to summer.In November 2002, a radiation station was added to the observations. For a contrail in the path between the sun and the observation point, we found a strong decrease in the direct beam radiation; this loss was in part compensated by increased diffuse radiation. The combined effect leads to a reduction in global radiation. However, the back radiation of the atmosphere in the infrared region of the spectrum increased somewhat. Altogether, this affects the net radiation negatively in the summer, but positively in the winter.Comparing the observed temperature conditions of clear days with those of high-level cloud cover, we found for 8 months of the year a higher temperature for days with clouds. For the other four months, May through August, clear days were warmer. On the average of the year, days with high-level cloudiness were warmer than clear days as well as days with low-level overcast.High-level cloudiness has increased in Alaska over the last decades. This increase in cloudiness was more pronounced under the much-traveled flight corridor from Anchorage to Europe than for more remote areas of Alaska. Further, we found a temperature increase for the same time period, which was most pronounced in winter, followed by spring, a result consistent of the expectations of increased high-level cloudiness.     

基于星载微波雷达和激光雷达探测的夏季云顶高度及云量差异分析

云是天气与气候变化的重要影响因子,准确估量云顶高度和云量对分析云特性、降水及强天气预报、估算云辐射强迫等都具有重要意义。利用2006-2010年6-8月CloudSat卫星搭载的微波云廓线雷达（CPR,简称微波雷达）和CALIPSO卫星搭载的云-气溶胶偏振激光雷达（CALIOP,简称激光雷达）的探测资料,分析了全球云顶高度及云量的空间分布特征。结果表明,热带地区微波雷达探测云顶高度平均比激光雷达低约4 km,但均超过12 km;副热带洋面云顶高度在4 km以下,且两部雷达探测的云顶高度差异存在地域性。微波雷达对薄云、云砧及云顶高度低于2.5 km的低云存在漏判,对厚云的云顶高度偏低估;微波雷达探测的全球总云量均值为51.1%,比激光雷达少23.3%;两者给出的云量分布也存在显著的海-陆差异,其中洋面云量差异更大,如微波雷达测出局部洋面云量为80%,而激光雷达的探测结果却超过90%。由于激光雷达发射波长短,对云顶微小粒子比较敏感,而微波雷达波长较长,对相对较小粒子的探测存在局限性。因此,激光雷达对云顶高度的探测优于微波雷达。此结果不仅加强了对激光雷达和微波雷达探测原理的认识,而且进一步理解了云的气候特征。