生态补偿:概念框架与应用研究

通过对生态补偿内涵的深入分析,首先把生态补偿的概念区分为人际补偿和人地补偿2个相互联系的方面,并指出其研究意义;其次,利用1986-2005年福建经济与环境统计数据,通过EKC曲线模型分析福建省环境质量的变化趋势,得出现阶段福建省总体环境状况仍处在污染继续加重的结论,并对其原因做了简要分析;最后,基于实证研究所得结论,运用人际补偿和人地补偿的概念框架,参照国际上发达国家的经验,对福建省环保投入的合理数额、生态补偿机制的规范和创新等问题进行了探讨.提出人地补偿必须注重时空合理配置和其效率有赖于人际补偿机制创新等观点.     

人地系统优化调控的理论方法研究

在吴传钧先生倡导的人地关系地域系统（简称“人地系统”）理论体系中,人地系统优化调控占据核心位置。本文以吴先生提出的人地系统优化调控的思路及有关论述为主线,在人地系统结构、人地系统非线性效应、人地关系耦合理论、人地系统演进等理论方法方面加以深化与拓展。在此基础上,聚焦于两方面：① 人地系统优化与区域PRED（即人口、资源、环境和发展）协调发展,着重探讨人地系统优化与PRED协调发展的关系,以及PRED协调发展的目标、重点、理论模式和定量测度;② 新时期中国人地系统综合调控的路径与对策,可归纳为：以创新驱动为引领,推动人地系统持续健康发展;以主体功能区划为导向,优化人地系统空间格局;以供给侧结构性改革为主线,建设现代经济体系;以促进人口长期均衡发展为目标,逐步完善人口政策;遵循市场原则,健全资源环境有偿使用和生态补偿机制。     

我国山区人地系统研究进展

山区人地系统是地理学在山地区域的研究内核,科学认知山区人地系统对解决山区生态安全、灾害防治、经济贫困、人地矛盾等问题具有重要意义。通过梳理山地研究进程,借助CiteSpace软件和文献精读,论述了山区人地系统的研究现状和进展,归纳总结了山区人地系统的研究重点和常用方法。研究发现：山区人地系统研究的学科综合趋势明显,人文地理学研究内核不断凸显,尽管研究领域广泛、成果丰富,但理论基础和系统性仍有待加强;研究重点包括山区承载力、山区要素空间分异、山区人地系统演化规律、山区人地系统作用机制等方面,研究方法从传统的史志挖掘、系统评价、动态模拟转向多维图谱、大数据、云计算等新型手段,未来应进一步突出研究的综合属性、空间属性、应用属性,强化数理模型基础上的人地关系机理研究、环境变化下的人类活动响应研究和研究方法的深化创新。     

我国生态补偿的研究进展与展望

综合分析了不同学者提出的生态补偿概念,认为生态补偿在我国更具有"制度安排"的内涵,具有综合性的概念更适合我国国情。生态补偿标准的核算方法、森林生态效益补偿、流域生态补偿、大型生态建设工程生态补偿和主体功能区生态补偿是我国当前生态补偿研究的五大热点领域。通过对研究发展历程和研究进展的梳理,提出展望,以期为我国生态补偿机制的建立提供理论参考。在研究方面,认为应继续与实践结合,深入研究生态补偿标准的核算方法和机制的运作。在实践方面,可考虑结合主体功能区规划设立日常运作机构,加快确立信息公开渠道。     

生态补偿研究进展

在中国经济迅速发展的同时,资源环境消耗不断加剧,生态环境问题日益突出,生态补偿成为改善环境的重要途径。采用文献回顾法、归纳法对国内外生态补偿的定义和理论依据、补偿原则、补偿主体客体、补偿途径、补偿标准等方面进行了总结分析,得出生态补偿的理论研究重心由宏观讨论转向微观研究,生态补偿标准测算侧重外部效益的定量核算,生态补偿途径由政府主导向市场化转变。并提出中国可借鉴的方面,即对生态补偿的概念进行科学界定,加强对征收标准的研究,建立多种资金收集渠道并有效配置资金,建立完善的生态补偿相关法律制度。同时从生态补偿标准、资金配置、补偿项目等方面做出展望。     

我国山区人地系统结构及其变化趋势

以经济活动为主要依据，结合人群文化和环境生态特质，概括了我国山区人地系统基本结构类型．通过对人地系统结构变化的动力及作用机制分析，预测我国山区人地系统的主要变化趋势．从持续发展角度，提出了我国山区人地系统结构优化的特殊性及要点．     

生态环境恢复目标导向的稻田生态补偿机制框架（英文）

稻田生产对生态环境的影响具有两面性,为使稻田生产提供不同组合或更高水平的环境服务,需要补偿农户因转变操作方式而损失的收益。然而目前稻田生态系统的生态功能尚未得到广泛普遍的重视,造成了稻田生态保护的激励不足和稻田环境问题的普遍发生。因此,必须尽快建立科学的以生态环境恢复为导向的稻田生态补偿机制,以调整相关利益各方生态及其经济利益的分配关系。本文在综述稻田生态补偿研究的基础上,明晰了稻田生态补偿的概念及其必要性,构建了稻田生态补偿的机制框架,分析了补偿的标准和途径。     

额济纳地区历史时期的农牧业变迁与人地关系演进

通过对额济纳地区历史时期的农牧业更替以及绿洲环境演变过程的认识, 综合其水系变迁、绿洲迁移、荒漠化过程和人类活动中心的转移等方面, 将该地区人地关系演进分为以下四个阶段: 汉代以前的生态自然平衡阶段, 人地自然和谐; 两汉至元代的生态失衡阶段, 人地矛盾加剧; 明清生态自然恢复阶段, 人地矛盾缓和; 近代生态环境恶化阶段, 人地矛盾尖锐。随科技水平提高, 人类对自然规律认识程度增强, 必将有利于促进人地矛盾的缓解, 最终达到人地协调发展的状态。     

流域生态补偿研究现状及关键问题剖析

在流域,因竞争性用水导致上下游之间、人类发展与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,急需建立健全流域生态补偿机制.通过对国内外流域生态补偿研究进展进行梳理,发现流域生态补偿研究主要集中在流域尺度的补偿计划实施评价、补偿尺度的选择、补偿标准的测算、生态补偿与减少贫困关系、流域生态补偿的空间差异性等方面,其关键问题在于生态补偿主体和对象的确定以及补偿标准的制定;研究认为通过流域断面水量水质及相关利益分析方法来确定补偿主体和对象;而补偿标准则以流域上下游生态损益、机会成本、居民支付意愿分别作为补偿上限、参考值和下限来综合确定.以此为基础,构建流域多种生态要素、多元主体间的流域生态补偿机制研究框架.最后,就流域生态补偿机制构建过程中有待解决的科学问题进行了讨论.     

国外生态补偿的实践及对我国的借鉴与启示

近年来,作为解决生态与环境问题的经济手段之一,生态补偿日益受到社会各界的重视和认可。国外关于生态补偿理论和实践的研究,大约已有半个多世纪的历史,有许多成功的范例。本文在探讨生态补偿的概念和基本理论的基础上,分析国外不同领域生态补偿的发展特点,总结不同国家生态补偿的实践、经验与不足,从而为构建我国生态补偿机制提供借鉴与参考。     

生态补偿空间选择与分配的重要性及研究动态

指出生态补偿标准的关键或实质是空间选择与分配问题,并根据国内生态补偿项目运行的独特环境,围绕补偿效益这一内在目标,分析生态补偿空间选择与分配的重要性;论述与比较了国际与国内的相关研究动向;结合一个生态公益林补偿配置的研究框架,指出了政府主导型生态补偿空间优化配置的解决方向．     

全球变化研究与人地关系地域系统研究的统一

一方面当今的全球变化给人类社会的发展带来深刻的影响,另一方面人类对地球的自然过程干扰越来越大,现阶段的全球变化研究的重点是人地关系地域表层系统.文中分别从两者的内涵、哲学基础、演化机制、研究的目标和研究维度等方面论述了全球变化研究和地域表层系统研究的统一,即统一于地球系统科学;同时也指出了两者之间的差异,人地关系地域表层系统研究是全球变化研究的一部分,是其研究的重点.     

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the “Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas” has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by (i) adhering to the combination of vertical compensation (oriented) and horizontal compensation (auxiliary) on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale; (ii) defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects; (iii) gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and (iv) cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.     

对生态补偿概念及两个研究层面的反思

对生态补偿的基本语义进行解析,提出了一种以损失性境遇与补偿关系域为基本元素的分析模式。强调生态补偿的研究与实践必须物质与价值层面并举,且以前者为指归。生态补偿在自然科学方面的深层机理与准则还有待深入研究,才能指导生态补偿在经济、法律等其他层面的正确认识与实践。指出生态效益价值计量与生态补偿没有实质性的联系;“生态效益补偿”是一个容易引起误解的观念或概念。补偿标准基本的考量在成本、包括机会成本一面,不在效益一面;既实现生产者剩余又实现消费者剩余,是合珲补偿的基本前撂。     

Comparison on Eco-compensation between the Domestic and International Studies

Because it offers an effective means to alleviate current ecological problems and a way to coordinate sustainable economic and social development with protection of the environment, eco-compensation has become a subject of interest to scholars and governments all over the world. A great many studies have been carried out and eco-compensation schemes have been put into practice; there have been many fruitful results. Based on a review of related research and practices, this paper attempts first to discuss domestic and international eco-compensation research and practices in terms of the meaning of eco-compensation and its components (stakeholders, compensation criteria, compensation modes, compensation approaches, compensation funds, and compensation effects). Next, taking into consideration the above discussion, the paper looks at the differences between Chinese and international eco-compensation measures. Finally, existing problems with eco-compensation research and practices in China are summarized and some suggestions are put forward.     

土地利用的人地关系透视

人地关系的协调是可持续发展战略的基本内容，土地利用是人地关系的核心问题。文章基于对土地综合体属性的把握，分析了土地在人地系统中的基础作用。不同的土地利用类型决定了人地系统的属性特征具有自然和社会两重属性。从土地开发的历史角度探讨了人类系统的发展及其在人地关系构建中的主导作用，最后得出了人地系统的作用机制。     

Factors Affecting the Willingness of Farmers to Accept Eco-compensation in the Qianxi Chestnut Agroforestry System,Hebei

Ecological compensation plays an important role in promoting ecological protection. Identifying factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation has become a focus of ecological economics. The Qianxi traditional chestnut agricultural heritage system is a typical agroforestry system in China and adapts the local environment well. However, local farmers concentrate on chestnut monocultures, driven by short-term profits. The local ecological environment is very fragile. We surveyed 100 local rural households. Based on face-to-face interviews and questionnaires and model assessment, we analyzed factors affecting the willingness of farmers to accept eco-compensation in the Qianxi chestnut agroforestry system of Hebei. We found that many factors influence farmer willingness to accept, including education level, household income, environmental awareness, environmental protection practices and knowledge of ecological compensation. This research provides helps clarify the mechanism of farmer participation in eco-compensation and provides a basis for further development of compensation standards that benefit the local environment.     

Current Status and Future Trends for Eco-compensation in China

Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees. Reasonable compensation to ecological service providers significantly contributes to the protection of ecological assets and effective supply of ecological services by adopting transfer payments or market transactions on the basis of comprehensively considering the costs of ecological protection, costs of development opportunity and ecological service values. It is helpful for implementing a strategy for main functional areas. The building of eco-compensation mechanisms is therefore highly valued as the most important institutional guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization. Existing eco-compensation mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: exchequer based transfer payment, vertical and horizontal, and market based compensation in China. The institutional framework has been primarily established, inclusive of a forest ecological benefit compensation fund system, grassland eco-compensation system and transfer payment system of national key ecological function areas. Under the framework, various areas and departments have actively explored the building of an eco-compensation system and achieved important progress for forests, grassland, wetlands, river basins and water resources, exploitation of mineral resources, oceans and national key ecological functions areas. However, the eco-compensation system dominated by vertical transfer payments is still far from perfect in China. The interest regulation pattern of “developer to protect and beneficiary to compensate” has not been formed. Its role in the protection of the ecological environment has not been brought into full play. China should improve eco-compensation systems by intensifying eco-compensation inputs, strengthening government responsibility, diversifying eco-compensation tools, and establishing institutional systems.     

区际农业生态补偿:区域划分与补偿标准核算——基于虚拟耕地流动视角的考察

从虚拟耕地流动的视角构建区际农业生态补偿框架,并在此框架下开展区际农业生态补偿支付/受偿区域划分和补偿标准测算的研究。结果表明：① 区际农业生态补偿的基本原理是：利用虚拟耕地净流量（输入量与输出量的差额）指标划分区际农业生态补偿的支付/受偿区域。对于净流量为负的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动占用了其他区域的耕地资源,应该支付相应的生态补偿。对于净流量为正的分室,通过虚拟耕地流动被其他区域占用了耕地资源,应得到生态补偿。区际农业生态补偿额度应包含对农业生态环境保护和改善的投资成本以及占用农业资源使其牺牲的发展机会成本等方面,并由管理平台统一收缴和分发。② 2004年以后虚拟耕地流动格局基本上保持稳定,只有个别省市（甘肃和云南）由净流入转变为净流出,在空间上表现为“北耕南流”的格局。③ 受偿区域（15个省市）主要分布在东北地区、华北地区和西北地区;支付区域（16个省市）主要分布在东部沿海地区和西南地区。④ 研究期内年均总受偿额度为1472.58亿元,处于高受偿省份（黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、河南）年均受偿额度都在150亿元以上。研究期内年均总支付额度为543.10亿元,其中,处于高支付区域的省份（浙江、广东、北京、福建）年均支付额度都在40亿元以上。