中国常见贻贝基于28S rDNA序列的系统发育分析

贻贝隶属于软体动物门(Mollusca)、双壳纲(Bivalvia)、翼形亚纲(Pteriomorphia)、贻贝目(Mytilida)、贻贝超科(Mytiloidea),大约有400种贻贝分布在世界各地,可适应淡水、潮间带至深海多种生境。本实验以贻贝科6亚科12属28种中国沿海常见贻贝的28SrDNA为目的片段,构建系统发育进化树,运用最大似然法和贝叶斯推演法分析了贻贝科的系统发生,并追踪贻贝科物种系统演化历史。结果显示:贻贝亚科Mytilinae、偏顶蛤亚科Modiolinae、石蛏亚科Lithophaginae均非单系群。在属阶元,深海偏顶蛤属Bathymodiolus、贻贝属Mytilus和股贻贝属Perna为单系群。本研究发现应接受将原隔贻贝属Septifer分为Septifer属和Mytilisepta属的分类提议;应接受将原石蛏属Lithophaga中的膜石蛏亚属Leiosolenus提升至属的地位的分类提议。此外,短齿蛤属Brachidontes的单系性不被支持,刻缘短齿蛤Brachidontessetiger并未与短齿蛤属其他物种在系统发育树上聚拢,亲缘关系较远,为不同属物种,建议恢复刻缘短齿蛤原属名Volsella (Dunker, 1857)。     

新疆一种琥珀螺线粒体基因组测序分析

本研究利用高通量测序技术获得采自新疆昭苏琥珀螺科一未知种的线粒体全基因组序列。该种琥珀螺线粒体基因组全长14219bp,由13个蛋白质编码基因,22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因及1个控制区组成。基因组中AT含量为76.43%,GC含量为23.57%,表现出明显的AT偏好性。13个PCGs多使用ATG为起始密码子,TAA为终止密码子。tRNA基因中tRNA-Ser1和tRNA-Ser2缺少DHU臂,其中tRNA-Ser1在缺失的DHU臂处有一个小的茎环结构。非编码区位于COX3与tRNA-Ile之间,长度为58bp。琥珀螺科中现有腐败琥珀螺Succineaputris、五家渠尖缘螺Oxylomawujiaquensis和Omalonyxunguis的线粒体基因组被报道。三者的基因排列顺序和结构基本相似。昭苏琥珀螺未知种的基因排列顺序与它们有所不同。昭苏琥珀螺未知种的tRNA-Tyr和tRNA-Trp基因位于COX2和tRNA-Gly之间,上述三种tRNA-Tyr和tRNA-Trp基因位于tRNA-Ser2和tRNA-Ser1之间。系统发育树结果显示,琥珀螺科的四种聚为一支,为单系群,其中腐败琥珀螺和Omalonyxunguis亲缘关系更近。本研究结果支持昭苏琥珀螺未知种为中国一未报道的属种,但要确定其是否为一新属新种尚需更多的分子和形态数据。     

Evidence of hybridisation within the genus Chrysoblephus and conserved nuclear sequences of South African sparids (Teleostei: Sparidae)

Several hybridisation events have been recorded in marine fish, yet there is little information for southern African species. Here we present evidence for hybridisation within the genus Chrysoblephus (Sparidae), by analysing a fish caught off KwaZulu-Natal, off the east coast of South Africa. We utilise three mitochondrial (16S, COI and Cyt b) and four nuclear markers (1st intron of the S7 ribosomal protein gene, Tmo-4C4, Histone 3 and 18S rRNA) to resolve the hybrid parentage. MtDNA analyses support C. anglicus as the maternal lineage. Analyses of the Tmo-4C4 gene and the first intron of the S7 gene show six and four heterozygous positions for the hybrid fish respectively. The heterozygous positions are shared by C. anglicus and C. puniceus, which suggests C. puniceus to be the paternal lineage, with the hybrid being a first generation cross. Morphologically, the hybrid mostly resembles C. puniceus, with some meristic counts overlapping with other sparid species. Interestingly, only two of the four nuclear markers show variation within the sparids sampled in this study; 1 160 bp of 18S rRNA and Histone 3 were invariable even between the genera Chrysoblephus, Gymnocrotaphus, Petrus and Pachymetopon, suggesting conserved nuclear evolution or a rapid speciation within this group of endemic fishes.     

东印度洋冬季印尼贯穿流影响区浮游植物群落结构特征

东印度洋受到印尼贯穿流(Indonesian Throughflow,ITF)等多个大洋流系影响,是太平洋水在低纬度进入印度洋的重要通道,具有显著的生态效应,是金枪鱼的重要渔场之一。为了解上述海域浮游植物群落组成、时空特征及其影响因素,基于2020年1～2月在该海域采集到的浮游植物样品及同步的环境数据,对其种类组成、生态类型、细胞丰度、优势类群等群落组成及其与环境因子关系进行了研究,并与赤道东印度洋浮游植物群落进行了比较。结果表明:研究海域共鉴定浮游植物4门57属268种(含变种、变型),其中,硅藻38属129种,甲藻17属136种,金藻1属2种,蓝藻1属1种;生态类型以热带大洋性种类、大洋暖水种和热带近岸种为主,浮游植物区系属于热带-亚热带生物区系。细胞丰度介于1.28×10³～7.84×10⁴ cells/m³之间,平均值为1.55×10⁴ cells/m³。优势种中硅藻占绝大多数,分别为短叉角毛藻(Chaetoceros messanensis)、伏氏海毛藻(Thalas...     

Muscle myogens in the New Zealand Galaxiidae

The muscle myogen proteins of 10 species of the family Galaxiidae exhibited a high degree of species specificity when separated by starch gel electrophoresis. Non‐diadromous, non‐lacustrine species had some variation in the proteins present, while diadromous and lacustrine species, except for Galaxias maculatus, had remarkably uniform muscle myogen electrophero‐grams. The variation can be explained by polymorphism and mosaic evolution of isolated freshwater populations. It was found that previously erected specific and generic categories, except for G. vulgaris, are clearly defined by differences in muscle protein. The standardised electropherogram types obtained were subjected to cluster analysis using both squared Euclidean distance and the complement of Jacard's coefficient with average sorting strategy. A principal component analysis was also carried out. The first two components of the principal component analysis widely spaced the three genera included in this study (Salmo, Galaxias, and Neochanna), with N. burrowsius occupying an intermediate position between Galaxias and Neochanna. Previous workers have considered this species to be a connecting link between the two genera. The dendrogram produced by using squared Euclidean distance (which included all available information) first clustered the types into Salmoniidae and Galaxiidae. The latter were split into the genus Neochanna and the genus Galaxias which was then subdivided into stout‐bodied species (G. argenleus and G. jasciatus) and slender‐bodied species. G. brevipinnis and G. vulgaris types were further separated from the three alpine Galaxias species and G. maculatus. The substantial agreement of these results with previous taxonomic efforts indicates that electrophoretic data can be a valid taxonomic tool.     

中国南海水螅水母纲(刺胞动物门)分类研究Ⅳ:高手水母科(花水母亚纲)

本文复查了中国南海丝螅水母目高手水母科的所有属，解决了该科和一些属、种存在的分类问题，并给予更新的鉴别。以前，无手单肢水母Nubiella atentaculata Xu and Huang，2004包含在单肢水母属内，现变换为拟单肢水母新属Paranubiella n.gen.，隶属于高手水母科内，原无手单肢水母新组合为无手拟单肢水母Paranubiella atentaculata（Xu and Huang，2004） n.comb.。本文记述了二个新种：南海拟单肢水母，新种Paranubiella nanhaiensis sp.nov.和无突单肢水母，新种N.apapillaris sp.nov.。此外编制了高手水母科已知属和单肢水母属已知种的检索表，总结了中国南海高手水母科已知种名录。模式标本保存于国家海洋局第三海洋研究所。     

Distribution of Scyllarid Phyllosoma Larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) in the Kuroshio Subgyre

Using ichthyoplankton samples collected in the Kuroshio Subgyre during early summer cruises, we examined spatial distributions of scyllarid phyllosoma larvae in the Subgyre, particularly of the genus Scyllarus. The present study has two objectives: (1) to reveal species composition of Scyllarus phyllosoma larvae in the Kuroshio Subgyre, and (2) to examine larval recruitment of Scyllarus species as contrasted with that of Panulirus, particularly P. japonicus, the larval recruitment of which has been examined in detail. A total of 218 phyllosoma larvae collected in the present study belonged to two families (Palinuridae and Scyllaridae) representing 5 genera and 11 species. Phyllosoma larvae of two Scyllarus species (S. cultrifer and Scyllarus sp. c) were abundant among the collected larvae, and were found mainly in the following three regions located within the Kuroshio-Counter Current region south of Kuroshio Current: the water east of Okinawa Is., the water far east of Okinawa Is. (or far south of Shikoku Is.), and the water around Hachijojima Is. Larvae of each of the above two Scyllarus species collected in the three regions may belong to different populations: larvae collected in the water around Hachijojima Is. may come from their benthic populations along the Pacific coast of Honshu and Shikoku Is., central Japan, while larvae collected in the other two regions may come from their benthic populations of the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan. Judging from their shorter larval period and current systems within the Kuroshio Subgyre, these Scyllarus larvae may be destined for death. An erratum to this article is available at .     

中国海洋仙菜科(Ceramiaceae)新记录属——盖氏藻属Gayliella(红藻门)的分类研究

利用生物压片技术,通过形态学和解剖学方法,对采自我国沿岸海洋的仙菜科红藻(Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta)进行了分类学研究,发现了我国仙菜科新记录属——盖氏藻属(新拟名)Gayliella T.O.Cho,L.McIvor et S.M.Boo。该属目前在我国共有5个种,即短毛盖氏藻(新拟名)Gayliella pmbriatum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner). T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo、优美盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella βaccidum (Kützing) T. O. Cho et L. McIvor、泰式盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O.Cho et S. M. Boo、马沙盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella mazoyerae T. O. Cho, Fredericq et Hommersand和横轴盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella transversalis (Collins et Hervey) T. O. Cho et Fredericq,其中前3个种为由仙菜属Ceramium归并的物种,后2个为我国的新记录种。本文对此2个新记录种进行了详细的形态学描述,并讨论了它们与中国已报道的横列仙菜Ceramium gracillimum间的关系。该研究结果丰富了我国海洋仙菜科的物种多样性。     

几种菱形藻及其近缘种分类界定的比较研究

菱形藻是较常见的羽纹硅藻类,其中一些种类的外部形态十分相似,差异细微,很难从经典形态分类的角度准确区分,造成此类微藻在分类地位上的混乱。作者综合利用经典形态分类方法、ITS（Internal transcribed spacer sequences）序列分析方法以及基于脂肪酸甾醇的化学分类多种方法,对4株从形态观察初步...     

Taxonomy and zoogeography of euchaetid copepods (Calanoida,Clausocalanoidea) from Korean waters,with notes on their female genital structure

Euchaetid copepods (Calanoida, Clausocalanoidea) were collected from the southeastern region of Korea and the East/Japan Sea from June 2007 to August 2008. Seven species were found and redescribed in this study: five species from the genus Euchaeta (E. concinna, E. indica, E. longicornis, E. plana and E. rimana) and two species from the genus Paraeuchaeta (P. elongata and P. russelli). Using scanning electron microscopy, we observed detailed taxonomic features with special references to their genital structure. The euchaetid copepods show speciesspecific characteristics on their genital structures, in particular on the shapes of genital operculum and genital flange. Their zoogeographies were also discussed. They can be regarded as an indicator species of the Tsushima Warm Current and East Sea Intermediate Water.     

西北太平洋围线海绵科(海绵动物门:六放海绵纲:双盘海绵目)一新种

本文记录了西太平洋深海围线海绵科1新种——扭形白须海绵。该海绵共含2个标本，其中1个采集于雅浦海山932米处，另1个采集于卡罗琳海山775.3米处。该新种含有椭圆形大双盘骨针、3种类型的双盘骨针、棒状骨针和节杖骨针，使其很容易与该属下的现有8种区分开。该种为西北太平洋报道的第4种白须海绵属的种。     

Integrative taxonomic description of Plakina kanaky,a new polychromatic sponge species from New Caledonia (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha)

Four similar sponges of different colors, all unknown to science, were collected in submarine caves of New Caledonia. We aimed at determining whether the four chromotypes represented different species or phenotypic variations of a unique new species. We used an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphologic, molecular and metabolomic analyses. The main traits that define these specimens are a skeleton made of monolophose, trilophose and tetralophose calthrops only, high chemical diversity and a high abundance and diversity of prokaryotic symbionts. The symbiotic community includes two unique prokaryote morphotypes, which are described for the first time in Homoscleromorpha, and appeared to be vertically transmitted. Although several features slightly differ among chromotypes, the most parsimonious conclusion was to propose a single new species Plakina kanaky sp. nov. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated the paraphyly of the Plakina genus, with P. kanaky sp. nov. belonging to a clade that includes Plakina jani and Plakina trilopha. The present work demonstrates that integrative taxonomy should be used in order to revise the entire Plakinidae family and especially the non‐monophyletic genus Plakina.     

A new pelagic Polyconchoecia Xiang,Chen and Du, 2018(Ostracoda:Myodocopa:Halocyprididae) from the South China Sea

Halocyprid ostracods are appreciable part of ostracods floating through virtually everywhere in marine environment.In this study,we describe a new species of genus Polyconchoecia Xiang,Chen and Du,2018,tribe Conchoeciini Chavtur and Angel,2011,family Halocyprididae Dana,1853 from the middle of the South China Sea.Polyconchoecia chenii sp.nov.is very close to P.commixtus Xiang,Chen and Du,2018.But it differs from P.commixtus by the distinctions of locations of major glands of carapace and the characteristics of appendages:more posteriorly situated left asymmetric gland of carapace,no right asymmetric gland;segmented frontal organ;the endopod 2 of the first antenna with a very small seta;a-and c-setae of the first antenna with long end joint have long end joint,the b-and d-setae have no end joint,spinose e-seta without end joint;the e-seta of the second antenna is present;teeth side is distinctive;the setal counts of the mandible,maxilla,fifth limb,and sixth limb are individual.The locations of the major glands on carapace and the characteristics of the first antenna can be the key of the new species.This work is the second discovery of the genus Polyconchoecia from the world.     

Molecular research on the systematically challenging smoothhound shark genus Mustelus: a synthesis of the past 30 years

The species-rich genus Mustelus (smoothhounds) of the shark family Triakidae is one of the most bio-economically important groups of elasmobranchs in the world’s oceans. Despite the commercial value of Mustelus, the systematics of the group remains largely unresolved and there is no global review or synthesis of knowledge about the conservation status and conservation genetics of smoothhounds across all oceanic regions. Here, we analysed published studies as well as grey literature to gain insight into the biogeographic, ecological and behavioural factors that shape genetic diversity in smoothhounds, and we identify critical knowledge gaps. From a series of molecular phylogenetic studies it can be inferred that the genus Mustelus is paraphyletic and that the aplacental species evolved secondarily from the placental species of the genus. The increasing availability of genetic data aids in disentangling systematic issues, such that more meaningful morphological characters can be chosen for use in practical field-identification keys for co-occurring smoothhounds. An integrative taxonomic approach to the genus Mustelus may offer the best chance of recording and protecting the biodiversity of these sharks. Furthermore, it is evident that different smoothhound species exhibit unique gene-flow patterns, suggesting varying rates within species and hence that species-level conservation approaches would be most appropriate. Molecular studies have advanced our understanding of smoothhound biology (including reproductive traits), ecology and evolution. While many knowledge gaps remain, a crucial lesson from this review is that, when doing assessments on a molecular level, it is important to place genetic results in a broader context, by assimilating biological and ecological data, if definitive conclusions are to be drawn.     

福氏拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia fukuyoi)——中国产毒拟菱形藻的新记录

为了提高对我国海域拟菱形藻属(Pseudo-nitzschia)物种多样性的认识,并明确其是否能够产生多莫酸(domoic acid,DA)。本文从中国沿海分离和建立了拟菱形藻的单克隆培养株系,结合光学显微镜下的群体特征、透射电镜下的超微形态学特征、基于核糖体转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)的分子系统学数据,以及基于ITS2转录RNA的二级结构分析,鉴定到我国拟菱形藻属的1个新记录种:福氏拟菱形藻(P.fukuyoi Lim,Teng,LeawLim)。本文对其形态学特征进行描述,与相似物种进行了对比分析;对其ITS2-RNA序列进行了分析;利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)对培养藻株的产毒特征进行了分析,多个株系中均检测到DA,单细胞产毒水平为0.02—0.23pg,这是我国报道的第二种产毒拟菱形藻。利用卤虫(Artemia salina)和褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)对福氏拟菱形藻的产毒水平进行了诱导,发现浮游动物能够提高福氏拟菱形藻的DA含量,增强幅度在4.7—28.5倍之间。本文提高了对我国拟菱形藻属物种多样性的认识,明确了福氏拟菱形藻的产毒特征和水平,为后续深入研究提供了基础数据。     

中国东海颈栉虫属(多毛纲:双栉虫科)一新记录种

本文报道和描述了中国东海双栉虫科颈栉虫属一新记录种，沃氏颈栉虫。本文标本与沃氏颈栉虫的原始描述非常吻合，包括具有两对鳃，胸齿片刚节具有两对加长的腹疣足和具有12个腹部齿片刚节。本文的标本具有长的须状的鳃，可延伸到胸部第9刚节，这在原始描述中没有提及。本文首次在中国海域记录本种。     

Protoraphis Simonsen,a newly recorded marine epizoic diatom genus for China

Epizoic diatoms on marine copepods are common in nature and may have a special ecological relationship with their hosts.However,this special ecological group is not well known,and it has only rarely been studied in the China seas.To address this knowledge gap,the species diversity and classification of epizoic diatoms on planktonic copepods were studied with samples collected from the East China Sea.In the present study,a marine araphid diatom genus Protoraphis and its type species,Pr.hustedtiana,were observed and identified by light and electron microscopy,thus representing the first record of this genus and its type species in China.This genus is characterized by a median sternum strongly bent to opposite sides and terminate in two transapical grooves at the valve ends.Protoraphis hustedtiana was found to be epizoic on the posterior body appendages and segments of the marine calanoid copepod Candacia bradyi.An internal view shows a complex,ear-shaped process that is close to the apical slit field.The ecological habitats and geographical distributions of Protoraphis were also discussed,and,together with complementary morphological studies,our results have increased the number of records for marine epizoic diatoms to three genera with three species in China,including Pseudohimantidium and Pseudofalcula.     

A deep burrowing sipunculan of ecological and geochemical importance

In late 1980s, a dense network of deep capillary burrows was reported on the Vøring Plateau, Nordic Seas, and associated with a sipunculan belonging to the genus Nephasoma. This sipunculan was responsible for rapid transport of organic matter from the sediment surface down a deep burrow network. Over 460 specimens belonging to the genus Nephasoma were collected from the deep Nordic Seas during four cruises from 2000–2005 and four species identified: Nephasoma abyssorum abyssorum, N. diaphanes diaphanes, N. diaphanes corrugatum and N. lilljeborgi. The species responsible for the deep burrows and rapid subduction of organic matter can now be confirmed as Nephasoma lilljeborgi. Deep burrows associated with N. lilljeborgi were observed on the Vøring Plateau, Bear Island Fan, Svalbard Margin and Yermak Plateau and may be a seabed feature endemic to the Nordic Seas region. N. lilljeborgi could have a significant role in influencing the ecology and geochemistry of the Nordic Seas region. It is recommended that future benthic community studies in the Nordic Seas region confirm the species identity of sipunculan specimens in order to determine the ecological and geochemical importance of the specimens.     

New Zealand recent Foraminifera of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae

Morphology and distribution of nineteen New Zealand Recent species of Foraminifera of the families Islandiellidae and Cassidulinidae are discussed. One new genus, Evolvocassidulina, and four new species, Favocassidulina australis, Globocassidulina canalisuturata, Globocassidulina spherica, and Ehrenbergina carinata, are described and figured. The use of radial and granular wall structure as a fundamental character in classification is supported by its uniformity in individual genera and species.     

Variation and taxonomic changes in the family Retropinnidae (Salmonoidea)

The family Retropinnidae contains one monotypic genus, Stokellia, in New Zealand, and nine nominal species of Retropinna: five in New Zealand, three in Australia, and one on Chatham Island. Four Chatham Island populations contain much of the recorded range of variation for the family for head length in standard length ratios, numbers of dorsal and anal rays, and numbers of scale rows. These characters are analysed for 29 populations incorporating five nominal species from New Zealand and Chatham Island. When interrelated these characters are shown to be linked (loosely) and high values are typical of coastal populations. When related to latitude their values increase to the south. The reverse trend is found with increase in altitude. Decrease in salinity depresses the values. Area of the lake habitat has little effect.

Observations suggest that size of fish and numbers of teeth vary predictably. Thus all observed variation is related to environmental conditions. The four nominal lake species are submerged in Retropinna retropinna (Richardson), the type species of the genus, which is considered to be highly adaptable rather than highly variable. R. osmeroides Hector is recognised as distinct from R. retropinna on one character and on sympatric distribution. Records of Australian and Tasmanian species suggest that R. victoriae Stokell differs fundamentally from all other species but that R. semoni Weber and jR. tasmanica McCulloch do not differ greatly from R. retropinna Similar environmentally correlated variation is suggested to relate some diadromous species of Galaxias and their lacustrine isolates.