从患病黑鲪分离病原菌HV0811的鉴定及其系统发育分析

从症状为溃疡瞎眼的养殖黑鲪(Sebastodes fuscescens)病灶处分离到3株优势菌HV0811、PT0811和JH0811,以肌肉注射人工感染实验证实菌株HV0811为致病菌,其对黑鲪的半致死浓度为7.15×10~5 CFU/尾。通过对致病菌的形态学观察、生理生化分析表明:菌株HV0811为革兰氏阴性菌,极生单鞭毛,短杆状,直径1～3mm,需Na+生长,低于4℃、高于42℃不生长。基于16SrRNA和HSP60基因序列构建的系统发育树表明:HV0811分别与哈维氏弧菌(AY750578和AY332571)相类聚,其中16SrRNA基因序列与哈维氏弧菌(AY750578)聚合置信度较低,仅有10%,不能有效地确定该种;HSP60基因序列与哈维氏弧菌(AY332571)聚合为一个分支的置信度达100%。综合该菌的形态、生理生化及HSP60基因序列比对结果,表明分离到的病原菌HV0811为哈维氏弧菌。药敏试验结果显示病原哈维氏弧菌(HV0811)对庆大霉素、新霉素、氟哌酸等较为敏感。     

养殖石斑鱼溃疡病病原哈维氏弧菌胞外产物的研究

以网箱养殖的患溃疡病青石斑鱼(Epinephlus awoara)和斜带石斑鱼(Epinephlus co-ioides)分离的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)TS-628菌株为研究对象,采用平板玻璃纸覆盖技术,获得该菌株的胞外产物(ECP),并对其成分进行分析。利用杯碟法研究表明,哈维氏弧菌TS-628菌株的胞外产物具有酪蛋白酶、明胶蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、卵磷脂酶等多种酶活性和溶血活性,且溶血性物质具有热不稳定性。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及考马斯亮蓝R-250染色分析表明,ECP蛋白条带主要集中在分子质量范围25.0~66.2 ku之间,经不同时间培养所获得的ECP在凝胶上显示出的蛋白条带几乎一致。采用复性电泳方法(G-PAGE)分析了哈维氏弧菌及其它4种弧菌属细菌的ECP蛋白酶活性,结果发现哈维氏弧菌ECP在酸性条件下,蛋白酶活性较强,在碱性条件下,蛋白酶带明显减少,活性很弱。在相同的pH条件下,5种弧菌中以副溶血弧菌的ECP蛋白酶活性最强,种类多,分子质量范围宽;而哈维氏弧菌的蛋白酶带较少,活性也稍弱。     

养殖浅色黄姑鱼体表溃烂症病原菌的分离与鉴定

浅色黄姑鱼的高密度养殖一直受到病害的困扰,导致成鱼养殖成活率低,直接影响了浅色黄姑鱼养殖业的发展.以汕头南澳岛患皮肤溃烂症的养殖浅色黄姑鱼为材料,从其溃烂头部组织中分离得到优势菌KLg,人工感染实验证实菌株KLg为浅色黄姑鱼的致病菌.药敏试验表明菌株KLg对头孢哌酮、红霉素、头孢曲松、先锋霉素V、复达欣、头孢呋辛和氧哌嗪青霉素等7种抗生素敏感,革兰氏染色、生理生化测定等手段初步确定菌株KLg为哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi),这一结果通过16S rDNA基因序列及进化树分析得到进一步确认.哈维氏弧菌是海水养殖鱼类的常见致病菌,但在浅色黄姑鱼养殖中尚属首次报道.实验结果可为我国沿海地区浅色黄姑鱼养殖中弧菌病害的防治提供重要参考.     

苗期中国对虾幼体异养细菌区系及其变化与病害发生的关系

研究了2个育苗场不同发育期的中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)幼体的异养菌和弧菌种群变化的动态过程。以典型特征法、BIOLOGGN法和数值分类法对菌株进行鉴定。结果表明，对虾幼体样品中所分离的细菌，大多是革兰氏阴性杆菌。鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)和弧菌属(Vibrio)。弧菌属主要为溶藻弧菌(Vibrioal-ginozyticus)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)。在对虾幼体发育早期，假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和气单胞菌(Aeromonas)占优势，随着对虾幼体的发育，弧菌(Vibrio)渐成为优势，其中溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)优势明显。二者的消长与苗期病害的发生相关，溶藻弧菌总是在虾幼体健康时出现或成为优势，而哈维氏弧菌成为优势时，苗期病害容易发生。     

3种海洋细菌脂肪酸组成特性的研究

本文利用气相色谱技术分析海洋细菌的脂肪酸组成,对哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、溶藻胶弧菌(Vibrio algi-nolyticus)和易损气单胞菌(Aeromonas trota)的种间差异进行比较,并以哈维氏弧菌为代表研究了培养条件对菌体脂肪酸组成的影响。3种实验菌株存在脂肪酸成分和含量的种间差异,可以利用C14∶1/C14∶0、C16∶1/C16∶0、C17∶1/C17∶0和C18∶1/C18∶0含量比进行种属区分。哈维氏弧菌在28和36℃条件下培养时,温度升高,饱和脂肪酸含量明显升高,不饱和脂肪酸则明显降低;pH7~9范围内,脂肪酸饱和度与pH值变化的相关性不显著,但相同碳原子数的饱和与不饱和脂肪酸含量的变化趋势基本一致;随着培养时间的延长,不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸含量之比略呈上升趋势。     

4株对虾肠道益生菌的筛选及鉴定

采用体外拮抗试验的方法,先从不同生长阶段的对虾肠道中分离的96株细菌中筛选出4株对病原菌（鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌）有拮抗作用的细菌;进一步通过固体扩散法和液体混合法确定LV060806、LV060808的产物对鳗弧菌有明显抑制作用,Lv060806、LV060815的产物对副溶血弧菌有明显抑制作用,LV060810、LV060815的产物对哈维氏弧菌有明显抑制作用。溶血试验证实这些菌株不产生溶血素,不具有潜在的致病性;动物安全性实验证实菌株浓度在10^6 cfu／ml以下对实验对虾无明显的毒害作用。随后测定了其16S rRNA基因序列,分析了相关细菌相应序列的同源性,构建了系统发生树,结合菌株表型特征和生理生化特性最终鉴定结果为：LV060806、LV060808为Vibrio natriegens;LV060810、LV060815为V.alginolyticus。     

半滑舌鳎源美人鱼发光杆菌的分离鉴定及致病性研究

探究引起半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther)发病死亡的原因及其病原菌的药敏特性,为生产中有效防治该病提供理论依据。于2018年从天津市某养殖场患病半滑舌鳎中分离得到3株优势菌,回归感染实验证实菌株PSC0601对半滑舌鳎具有致病性。通过肉眼观察可见半滑舌鳎腹腔严重肿胀,腹部两侧肌肉出血,解剖后可见半滑舌鳎肠道、肝脏等组织器官亦有大量出血。经API鉴定系统和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株为美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.damselae)。该菌在绵羊血平板上呈现β型溶血,人工回归感染实验结果显示该菌对半滑舌鳎的半数致死量(LD_(50))为1.5×10~(4 )CFU/g。对48种抗菌药物的药敏实验结果表明,菌株PSC0601对氟苯尼考、氯霉素、阿莫西林、阿奇霉素、壮观霉素、头孢哌酮等20种药物具有较高敏感性。研究结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种对半滑舌鳎具有较强致病性,可导致肝脏、肠道等器官发生出血性坏死,引发鱼类死亡。本文通过对该菌的药物敏感性进行研究,以期对鱼类养殖过程中由该菌引起的爆发性疾病提供药物防治理论依据。     

斜带石斑鱼烂尾病病原菌的分离与鉴定

2008年5月从海南省三亚红沙港与陵水新村湾网箱养殖的患"烂尾病"的斜带石斑鱼Epinephelus coioides中分离到3株优势菌株HS08001、HS08002和XC08001.人工感染试验表明,这3株菌株为斜带石斑鱼的致病菌.经菌株形态特征、培养特性和生理生化反应等表型测定以及16S rDNA测序分析,这3株细菌被鉴定为哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi.其中,HS08001对斜带石斑鱼的半致死剂量为1.05×104CFU·g-1 鱼体重.药敏试验表明,该菌具有较强的耐药性,在所检测的25中抗菌药物中,仅对庆大霉素、氯霉素和利福平高度敏感,而对阿莫西林等18种抗菌药物不敏感.     

哈维氏弧菌生物被膜体外模型的建立及成膜特性研究

采用改良微孔板法建立哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi TS-628菌株生物被膜体外模型,并进一步研究环境因子对哈维氏弧菌体外形成生物被膜的影响。结果发现,哈维氏弧菌TS-628菌株可以在聚苯乙烯板中形成生物被膜,并且该菌生物被膜的形成受起始菌液浓度、温度、pH等理化因子的显著影响。温度为30℃、NaCl质量分数为3%—6%、pH为7、孵育时间为36h是哈维氏弧菌形成生物被膜的最佳条件。此外哈维氏弧菌在分别经表皮黏液、鳃黏液、肠道黏液、肝脏提取液、脾脏提取液、肌肉提取液包被的基质上成膜效果显著,其中在经肝脏提取液包被的基质上形成的生物被膜量显著高于在其他生物基质上形成的生物被膜量(p<0.01)。     

乳酸杆菌LH对几种水产养殖病原弧菌的抑制作用

为探明乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus spp．）LH对水产养殖病害的生物防治功能，采用试管稀释法和平板抑菌圈检测法，探讨了乳酸杆菌LH代谢产物对沙蚕弧菌（Vibrio nereis）、哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）、溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginolyicus）、副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、漂浮弧菌（Vibrio natriegen）的抑制能力，并在模拟养殖水体实验中探讨了乳酸杆菌LH对哈维弧菌的抑制效果．结果显示，乳酸杆菌LH培养12h的代谢产物没有抑菌活性，培养24～96h的代谢产物有明显抑菌活性，随着培养时间的延长，其代谢产物的抑菌活性增强；乳酸杆菌LH代谢产物对病原弧菌的最低抑菌浓度为8倍稀释液；在模拟养殖水体中，10^3个／cm^3乳酸杆菌LH即对哈维氏弧菌有明显的抑制作用，抑制作用随哈维氏弧菌菌量（10^3～10^6个／cm^3）的增大而减弱．结果表明乳酸杆菌LH对病原弧菌具有良好的抑制作用．     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...