利用石油包裹体烃组分信息恢复塔中地区油气成藏过程

为恢复塔中地区油气成藏过程,利用改进的石油包裹体烃组分分析方法进行了详细的研究。结果表明塔中地区储层油和包裹体油的组分差异明显。包裹体油和下奥陶统储层油中伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对丰度较高,来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,其他储层油中伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对丰度较低,来源于中-上奥陶统烃源岩。储层油的成熟度高于对应层位的包裹体油,表明高成熟度的石油再次充注。石炭系和志留系包裹体油和储层油中存在25-降藿烷系列,表明石油成藏后遭受了生物降解作用。恢复了塔中地区3期油气成藏过程,第1期和第2期分别为志留纪末期和二叠纪末期来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的油气成藏,第3期为二叠纪末期来源于中-上奥陶统烃源岩的油气成藏。     

塔里木盆地塔中礁滩体大油气田成藏条件与成藏机制研究

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探近年来进展很快,发现了一批大型油气田。塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区和富油气区,奥陶系蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。奥陶系良里塔格组受塔中I号坡折带的控制发育陆棚边缘礁滩体,储层性质为低孔-特低孔、低渗灰岩储层,埋深在4500~6500m。储层的形成和分布受早期高能沉积相带、溶蚀作用和断裂作用等因素的控制,有效储层的空间展布控制了油气的分布与大面积成藏。油源对比认为,塔中良里塔格组礁滩体油气藏的原油主要来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩,并混有寒武系烃源岩成因的原油;天然气主要来自于寒武系油裂解气,沿塔中I号坡折带断裂向内充注。成藏过程分析表明,塔中地区曾存在三期主要成藏期,第一期为加里东晚期成藏,油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,但早海西期的构造运动,对该期油气破坏严重,造成大范围油藏破坏。第二期成藏期是晚海西期,也是塔中地区最重要的油气充成藏期,油气来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩。第三期成藏期是晚喜山期,受库车前陆冲断影响,台盆区快速沉降,埋深急速增大,寒武系原油裂解气形成,沿深部断裂向浅部奥陶系充注,对油藏进行气洗改造,从而形成大面积分布的凝析气藏。     

塔中隆起海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田成藏特征与勘探

多次资评与勘探实践表明塔中隆起成藏条件优越,海相碳酸盐岩油气资源丰富,奥陶系油气藏集中赋存于上奥陶统礁滩体与下奥陶统风化壳储层中,缝洞系统控制了大型凝析气藏纵向多套叠置-横向准层状分布规律。多学科、动静态一体化研究表明,形成塔中海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田主力烃源岩为寒武-奥陶系两套碳酸盐岩,原油具有明显的混源特征,天然气主要来源于中-下寒武统高成熟度原油裂解气。奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩凝析气藏是古油藏在喜山期被寒武系来源的原油裂解气气侵的结果,经历了三期成藏过程,即中晚加里东期、晚海西期原油充注,喜山期注气。两套烃源岩长期供烃是形成塔中奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田的物质基础,构造作用、岩溶作用是形成了塔中奥陶系多套优质碳酸盐岩储集体的主控因素,断裂、不整合面、缝洞发育带构建的网状油气输导体系是塔中海相碳酸盐岩复式聚集混源成藏的重要保障。塔中奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩具备10亿吨当量的油气资源潜力。     

25-降藿烷系列化合物及其在油藏地球化学研究中的应用

通过阐述烃源岩及原油中25-降藿烷系列化合物的结构、鉴定方法、成因（生物降解作用、原生作用）、降解机理,系统介绍了目前国内外25-降藿烷系列化合物的研究现状。认为25-降藿烷系列化合物在油源对比和油气成藏方面的应用和研究,有助于推动油藏地球化学的发展,同时也存在一些局限性。     

南盘江盆地油气成藏过程及天然气勘探前景分析

本文采用多种研究手段探讨了南盘江盆地的多期成藏、破坏过程。根据有机质成油、成气和油成气的化学动力学模型,计算了南盘江盆地主要烃源岩的油气演化过程;并通过对沥青充填期次、包裹体研究和胶结物期次与沥青的关系,研究了古油藏经历的多期次充注、破坏过程,据此初步建立了南盘江盆地古油藏演化模式。从南盘江盆地古油藏演化过程来看,南盘江盆地油气勘探应以原油裂解的天然气为主,但是由于该地区具有聚气早、破坏时间长的特征,尤其是三叠系沉积之后的巨厚剥蚀使原油裂解气保存的可能性变小,因此在该地区形成大中型天然气藏的难度很大,天然气勘探前景需要进一步研究。     

塔里木东北部英南2气藏天然气运移和聚集

基于大量的地质和地球化学证据,本文详细论述了塔里木盆地塔东北地区英吉苏凹陷英南2气藏的天然气运移和聚集.研究指出:英南2气藏天然气主要来源于寒武系烃源岩,为早期聚集的寒武系来源油的裂解气.该气藏的成藏期主要为燕山末期,天然气的运移通道主要为沟通寒武系古油藏与上覆侏罗系圈闭的断裂.英南2气藏的聚集过程导致了其与邻近构造油气聚集的差异,也导致了其天然气地球化学特征上的差异.     

川西南龙王庙组油气成藏控制因素

川西南龙王庙组气藏主要为构造背景下的岩性气藏,经历了早期古油藏发育、晚期裂解及后期调整等多个成藏期次,现今主要发育构造—岩性气藏。结合实钻分析认为:川西南地区溶蚀孔隙型储层分布、油气侧向封堵条件是龙王庙组成藏主控因素;井研—威远、资阳西北部是寻找构造—岩性气藏的突破目标区。     

塔里木盆地和田河田成藏条件及控制因素

和田河气田位于巴楚凸起南侧,晚加里东期以来始终处于构造高部位。主要烃源岩为寒武系、奥陶系及石炭系,天然气主要来源于寒武系古油藏的原油裂解气,凝析油来源于石 炭系烃源岩。主要储集层为石炭生悄灰岩段、奥陶系古砂夺段和砂砾岩段碎悄岩,发育三套区域性盖层和多套区带性盖层,形成良好的储盖组合。成藏控制因素包括六个方面：①发育寒武系优质烃源岩,二叠纪火活动使寒武系油源的古汕藏解为干气,成为气田的主要气源。②构     

塔里木盆地和田河气田成藏条件及控制因素

和田河气田位于巴楚凸起南侧,晚加里东期以来始终处于构造高部位。主要烃源岩为寒武系、奥陶系及石炭系,天然气主要来源于寒武系古油藏的原油裂解气和干酪根裂解气,凝析油来源干石炭系烃源岩。主要储集层为石炭系生屑灰岩段、奥陶系古潜山碳酸盐岩、石炭系砂泥岩段和砂砾岩段碎屑岩,发育三套区域性盖层和多套区带性盖层,形成良好的储盖组合。成藏控制因素包括六个方面:①发育寒武系优质烃源岩,二叠纪火山活动使寒武系油源的古油藏裂解为干气,成为气田的主要气源。②构造运动使该区长期成为油气指向区并造成两侧的断裂发育,有利于形成断背斜圈闭;伴随断裂发育了裂缝系统,改善了储集物性。③断裂构成油气垂向运移的通道;奥陶系潜山不整合面成为油气横向长距离运移的通道。④三套区域性盖层和若干区带性盖层是和田河气田保存的关键因素之一。⑤溶蚀作用使缝洞系统发育,大大改善了碳酸盐岩的储集物性。⑥气田的构造形成期为早—中喜马拉雅期,晚期抬升运动只造成气田内山体出露,对主体构造没有造成影响,使气田得以保存完好。     

川东南丁山构造震旦系—下古生界油气成藏条件及成藏过程

川东南的构造演化可分成5个阶段:①晚震旦世抬升剥蚀阶段;②早古生代沉降阶段;③晚志留世—泥盆、石炭纪抬升剥蚀阶段;④二叠纪—晚白垩世沉降阶段;⑤晚白垩世—现今快速隆升阶段。震旦系灯影组—下古生界储层沥青与下寒武统和下志留统黑色泥岩之间地球化学特征的对比表明二者有着重要的联系,灯影组烃源来自下寒武统牛蹄塘组。丁山构造一直处于高部位,有利于油气聚集,丁山构造在晚白垩世前圈闭、封盖、储层及保存条件均较好,形成了古油藏。随着埋深的增大,古油藏裂解成古气藏。晚白垩世至今受喜马拉雅运动的影响,通天断层发育,保存条件变差,导致天然气的逸散。丁山构造的油气成藏过程可分为古油藏→古油藏裂解形成古气藏→古气藏破坏三大过程。     

Energy Field Adjustment and Hydrocarbon Phase Evolution in Sinian-Lower Paleozoic,Sichuan Basin

The Sinian-Lower Paleozoic (also called the lower association) in Sichuan (四川) basin has undergone geologic evolution for several hundred million years.The subsidence history of the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic can be divided into four stages:the stable subsidence during Cambrian and Silurian; the uplift and denudation during Devonian and Carboniferous; the subsidence (main process)during Permian to Late Cretaceous; and the rapid uplift and denudation since Late Cretaceous.The later two stages could be regarded as critical factors for the development of oil and gas in the lower association.The evolution of energy field such as temperature,pressure,and hydrocarbon phase in the lower association during the deep burial and uplift in the third stage might be induced as follows:(1)super-high pressure was developed during oil-cracking,previous super-high pressure was sustained,or changed as normal pressure during late uplift; (2) temperature increased with deep burial during persistent subsidence and decreased during uplift in late stage; (3) as a response to the change of the energy field,hydrocarbon phase experienced a series of changes such as organic material (solid),oil (liquid),oil-cracking gas (gaseous) + bitumen (solid) + abnormal high pressure,gas cap gas with super-high pressure (gaseous) + bitumen (solid) + water soluble gas (liquid),and gas in pool (gaseous) + water soluble gas (liquid) + bitumen (solid).The restoration of hydrocarbon phase evolution is of important value for the exploration of natural gas in the Sinian-Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan basin.     

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷石炭系原油形成过程及勘探意义

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷牛圈湖构造带马25井石炭系火山岩储层中发现了原油和固体沥青共存,通过储层多级分离抽提和原油地球化学分析,并对这些原油(或固体沥青)的形成过程与其勘探意义进行了研究,结果表明这些原油和沥青可能主要来自下石炭统烃源岩,具有较低姥植比和伽玛蜡烷含量、高丰度三环萜、高Ts/Tm比值和重族组分碳同位素(δ13C-28.0‰)特征;现今油藏原油富含生物降解标志物(25-降藿烷),同时却无明显其它生物降解特征(正构烷烃、甾藿烷等保存完整),反映多期充注特征,即二叠纪中晚期成藏后遭受生物降解,白垩纪后期又再次充注形成;下石炭系有效烃源岩的存在预示着本区具有深部下石炭统源岩贡献的油气藏勘探前景。     

Petroleum Geological Conditions in Qiangtang Basin

PETROLEUM GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN QIANGTANG BASIN     

Formation of Natural Bitumen and its Implication for Oil/gas Prospect in Dabashan Foreland

Natural bitumen is the evolutionary residue of hydrocarbon of sedimentary organic matter. Several kinds of bitumen with different occurrences, including bitumen in source rock, migration bitumen filled in fault, oil-bed bitumen and paleo-reservoir bitumen, are distributed widely in the Dabashan foreland. These kinds of bitumen represent the process of oil/gas formation, migration and accumulation in the region. Bitumen in source rock filled in fractures and stylolite and experienced deformation simultaneously together with source rock themselves. It indicated that oil/gas generation and expelling from source rock occurred under normal buried thermal conditions during prototype basin evolution stages prior to orogeny. Occurrences of bitumen in source rock indicated that paleo-reservoir formation conditions existed in the Dabashan foreland. Migration bitumen being widespread in the fault revealed that the fault was the main channel for oil/gas migration, which occurred synchronously with Jurassic foreland deformation. Oil-bed bitumen was the kind of pyrolysis bitumen that distributed in solution pores of reservoir rock in the Dabashan foreland depression, the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Geochemistry of oil-bed bitumen indicated that natural gas that accumulated in the Dabashan foreland depression formed from liquid hydrocarbon by pyrolysis process. However, paleo-reservior bitumen in the Dabashan forleland was the kind of degradation bitumen that formed from liquid hydrocarbon within the paleo-reservior by oxidation, alteration and other secondary changes due to paleo-reservior damage during tectonics in the Dabashan foreland. In combination with the tectonic evolution of the Dabashan foreland, it is proposed that the oil/gas generated, migrated and accumulated to form the paleo-reservoir during the Triassic Indosinian tectonic movement. Jurassic collision orogeny, the Yanshan tectonic movement, led to intracontinental orogeny of the Dabashan area accompanied by geofluid expelling and paleo-reservoir damage in the Dabashan foreland. The present work proposed that there is liquid hydrocarbon exploration potential in the Dabashan foreland, while there are prospects for the existence of natural gas in the Dabashan foreland depression.     

富有机质的黑色页岩和油页岩的有机岩石学特征与生、排烃意义

用近代有机岩石学与有机地球化学分析相结合的方法，对比研究了我国四川盆地等下古生界富有机质沉积的海相黑色页岩,和渤海湾盆地下第三系湖相油页岩的显微有机组成特征与热演化生烃、排烃作用的关系。观测分析结果表明:黑色页岩热演化程度很高，目前热解烃含量很低，但残余有机碳含量达1％～3％，黑色页岩中保存了早期生油阶段由无定型有机质生油作用转化而形成的微粒体有机质，和未排出的石油演变而来的残余沥青，表明其为原始生烃性能很好的烃源岩。根据黑色页岩中微粒体和残余沥青的含量，可用来了解已生—排烃量和再沉降埋深过程中古油藏储层沥青、微粒体和残余沥青再生气对古生界碳酸盐气藏的贡献。富有机质沉积的下第三系湖相油页岩热演化程度不高，游离烃（S1为0.2～1.4 mg/g）和热解烃（S2为8～44 mg/g），有机碳含量达2.4％～8％，是生油性能很好的烃源岩，油页岩中不仅存在强荧光的藻和无定型有机质，而且油页岩的纹层中广泛存在富有机质的荧光沥青，反映了有利于排烃运移的信息，表明是本区生油贡献最大的烃源岩。富有机质黑色页岩和油页岩的沉积结构构造特征、有机质的赋存形式、热演化中变化过程的对比观察结果表明:其生烃、排烃作用既有很多相似性，又有一定差别。     

Three Episodes of Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation of Marine Carbonate Strata in Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

It is concluded that there are three hydrocarbon generation and accumulation processes in northeastern Sichuan on the basis of the characteristics of solid bitumen, gas-light oils-heavy oils, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and diagenesis for beach- and reef-facies dolomite gas- bearing reservoirs in the Puguang Gas Field, northeastern Sichuan Basin, southern China. The first hydrocarbon generation and accumulation episode occurred in the Indosinian movement （late Middle Triassic）. The sapropelic source rocks of the O3w （Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation）-S1l （Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation） were buried at depths of 2500 m to 3000 m with the paleogeothermal temperature ranging from 70℃ to 95℃, which yielded heavy oil with lower maturity. At the same time, intercrystalline pores, framework pores and corrosion caused by organic acid were formed within the organic reef facies of P2ch （Upper Permian Changxing Formation）. And the first stage of hydrocarbon reservoir occurred, the level of surface porosity of residual solid bitumen {solid bitumen/ （solid bitumen ＋ residual porosity）} was higher than 60%. The second episode occurred during the Middle Yanshanian movement （late Middle Jurassic）. During that period, the mixed organic source rocks were deposited in an intra-platform sag during the Permian and sapropelic source rocks of O3w-S1l experienced a peak stage of crude oil or light oil and gas generation because they were buried at depths of 3500 m to 6800 m with paleogeothermal temperatures of 96-168℃. At that time, the level of surface porosity of residual solid bitumen of the T1f shoal facies reservoirs was between 25% and 35%, and the homogenization temperatures of the first and second stages of fluid inclusions varied from 100℃ to 150℃. The third episode occurred during the Late Yanshanian （Late Cretaceous） to the Himalayan movement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs formed during the T1f and P2ch had the deepest burial of 7700 m to 8700 m and paleogeotemperatu     

泥灰岩的生、排烃模拟实验研究

本文采用加水热模拟实验方法对东濮凹陷卫城地区下第三系低熟泥灰岩进行了生、排烃模拟实验研究，重点分析了液态产物（热解油、沥青Ａ、沥青Ｃ）的特征及演化规律。热解油中轻质烃（Ｃ₆－Ｃ₁₄）占有重要的地位，其相对含量随演化程度的增高变化特征是从大到小然后再增大，轻质烃的准确定量为评价泥灰岩的生油量提供了重要参数；热解油、沥青Ａ、沥表Ｃ三者的产率及组成变化的对比研究反映了泥灰岩（碳酸盐岩）中不同赋存状态有机质对成烃的贡献以及排烃机制。     

原油裂解成气反应机理、介质影响因素与判识评价

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