个旧东区蚀变花岗岩型锡铜多金属矿床成矿特征及找矿意义

云南个旧东矿区西部凹陷带岩体内部蚀变花岗岩型Sn、Cu多金属矿床是近年来新发现的矿床.通过对矿床地质特征、蚀变分带特征、含矿岩体地球化学组成以及深部找矿远景的系统研究,认为该类矿床属于个旧东区花岗岩岩浆热液成矿多样性系统的组成部分,是产于花岗岩岩体边缘相-过渡相的蚀变花岗岩型多金属矿床,它属于岩浆期后中高温热液矿床.钾长石化、黄铁矿化、萤石化、电气石化与富集成矿密切相关;该类型矿床的发现使传统的"两楼一梯"成矿模式更新为"两楼一梯+地下室"的成矿模式,并对云南个旧深部找矿和接替资源补充具有重要的意义.      

重熔斑岩型锡多金属矿床地质特征及成矿模式

对重熔斑岩型锡多金属矿床成矿岩体的岩石类型、岩体形态、规模、岩石化学、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学、矿物包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学特征等方面进行了较系统的研究;并对该类矿床的矿化、蚀变分带特征和矿化与蚀变带的关系作了论述,指出了该类矿床最重要的蚀变带为黄玉云英岩化带, 在详细研究该类矿床的基础上,建立了重熔斑岩型锡多金属矿床的成矿模式.     

个旧卡房蚀变花岗岩地球化学特征及其与成矿的关系

文章通过分析个旧卡房不同蚀变花岗岩地球化学特征,表明花岗岩总体上呈强酸性、富碱性、铝过饱和、贫基性特点;富集轻稀土模式,显强烈的负铕异常。花岗岩富集Sn、W等成矿元素,具有很好的含矿性。不同蚀变类型对常量、微量、稀土元素的地球化学特征影响有差异,钾化使其具有强富钾特征,绿泥石化使稀土元素特征变化较大,并且这些元素的迁入迁出是影响成矿元素富集的直接因素。与成矿最为密切的是钾化、电气石化、萤石化、黄铁矿化,可作为找矿标志。卡房矿田具有与老卡岩体西凹蚀变岩型矿床类似矿体的找矿潜力。     

江西九岭南缘蚀变花岗岩型锂矿床成矿地质特征及找矿方向

近年来,九岭南缘同安-白水洞地区取得了重大找矿突破,发现了多处大型、超大型蚀变花岗岩型锂矿床,系统梳理该地区锂矿成矿地质特征对于总结区域成矿规律,指导下一步找矿勘查具有重要意义。笔者通过详细的野外地质调查和钻孔编录,并结合前人研究成果,将九岭南缘燕山期花岗岩划分为4个阶段,其岩性从老到新依次为中细-中粗粒斑状二云母二长花岗岩→中细粒含斑（少斑）二云母二长花岗岩→细粒二云母二长花岗岩→中细粒白云母二长花岗岩,各岩性之间呈明显的侵入接触关系。其中晚阶段白云母二长花岗岩与锂矿具有成矿专属性,并常超覆于其他燕山期岩体之上,内部见有早期岩体的捕虏体。以w（Li₂O）≥ 0.20%圈定锂矿体,矿体主要分布于白水洞岩体上部的中、强钠长石化白云母二长花岗岩中,同时有少量的伟晶岩和细晶岩矿体,局部花岗岩围岩被矿化,但下部弱钠长石化白云母二长花岗岩及地表局部地段白云母二长花岗岩不含矿。锂主要赋存于锂白云母和锂云母中,脉石矿物主要为钠长石、石英、钾长石、云母等。燕山期花岗岩蚀变普遍且较强烈,蚀变类型主要有钾长石化、钠长石化、白（锂）云母化、云英岩化、黄玉化等。白（锂）云母化表现为围绕原生白云母边缘发育交代的白云母和锂云母,同时与钠长石化紧密伴生。成矿作用主要发生在碱交代阶段,局部叠加云英岩化（酸交代）阶段。上述特征表明九岭南缘蚀变花岗岩型锂矿为热液作用的碱交代阶段富集成矿。结合水系沉积物异常特征,笔者初步总结了该地区锂矿成矿要素,建立了找矿标志,并圈定了陈家里-新庵里、港口-东坑、三角岭-东窝里、张家里-窑场里等地区作为下一步重点找矿靶区,为九岭南缘蚀变花岗岩型锂矿勘查提供参考。     

界牌岭锡矿床蚀变矿化分带及其成因探讨

湖南界牌岭锡矿床蚀变矿化可分为条纹状云母萤石岩化—铍矿化带,细脉状云母萤石化—铅锌矿化带、黄玉—萤石—云英岩化—锡铜锌多金属矿化带和弱—无蚀变矿化带.不同蚀变矿化带物质组分迁移规律有不同的特点.其成矿物质主要来源于花岗斑岩,该矿床是与陆壳重熔型花岗岩类斑岩体有成因联系的斑岩型锡矿床.     

赣东北景德镇四村矿化蚀变带成矿地质条件及找矿潜力

四村矿化蚀变带是在塔前—赋春矿集区新发现的1处铜多金属矿化蚀变带,通过与朱溪钨铜多金属矿床进行地质、矿化蚀变、地球物理-地球化学-遥感异常等对比,认为二者的成矿地质条件相似。根据四村地区浅表闪长玢岩、煌斑岩和辉长辉绿岩脉地质特征,推测其深部可能存在花岗质岩体。结合晚古生代碳酸盐岩、断裂破碎带和层间破碎带地质特征,推测花岗质岩浆上侵并与碳酸盐岩接触交代,可形成矽卡岩型矿床或热液脉型矿床,具有较好的找矿潜力。下一步找矿重点为侵入岩与碳酸盐岩接触带、断裂带和层间破碎带。     

青海五龙沟金矿田两期蚀变作用及其找矿意义

青海五龙沟金矿田是东昆仑造山带中段最重要的金矿集中区,区内金矿床主要受岩金沟、萤石沟-红旗沟、三道梁-苦水泉3条含金构造带控制。研究表明,矿田内存在两期蚀变矿化作用,早期是受线性断裂构造带控制的与金矿化有关的蚀变作用,晚期是受多方向裂隙控制并与富含浸染状黄铁矿杂岩体有关的多金属矿化蚀变作用。晚期与含浸染状黄铁矿高侵位杂岩体有关的蚀变和多金属矿化吞食破坏了稍早形成的金矿床(体)。金矿找矿方向是沿线性断裂构造带,而且没有多方向裂隙穿插,特别是没有富含黄铁矿未变形花岗岩出露的部位,才有可能具有金矿化。     

江西会昌锡坑迳斑岩型锡矿床成矿系统发育特征与找矿模型

锡坑迳矿田位于南岭成矿带东段与武夷山成矿带交会部位,以早白垩世连续的岩浆喷发-侵入活动与多类型锡多金属成矿作用为特色。矿田内围绕似斑状花岗岩和花岗斑岩发育了岩背斑岩型、淘锡坝和矿背隐爆层间裂隙带型、苦竹岽和凤凰岽云英岩-破碎带蚀变岩型等大中型锡矿床。这些矿床的矿化-蚀变特征可与玻利维亚锡矿带、银岩、维拉斯托和洋滨等国内外斑岩型锡矿床类比,又独具特色,是研究斑岩型锡成矿系统发育特征与找矿模型的理想区域。文章在详细的野外地质调查基础上,系统总结了锡坑迳矿田内各类锡多金属矿化组合特征和蚀变结构,并对岩背矿床和淘锡坝矿床锡石开展了电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析。研究结果显示,所有锡石样品均具有La、Pr、Gd和Tb的正异常、Ce与Eu的负异常、明显的Zr/Hf分馏和不规则的稀土元素配分模式,指示成矿热液早期阶段及锡石沉淀阶段经历了流体不相容。岩背锡石较淘锡坝锡石具有高的Ti/Zr和Ti/Sc比值,指示其更为靠近矿化中心。笔者研究认为,锡坑迳斑岩型锡成矿系统矿化类型包括细脉状、浸染状和细网脉状,围岩蚀变由早到晚、由成矿中心向外依次发育黄玉石英带、绿泥石-黄玉石英岩化带、绿泥石-绢云母化带和黏土化-碳酸盐化带。与斑岩型铜钼成矿系统相比,其成矿岩浆岩不仅有花岗斑岩,还有似斑状黑云母花岗岩,矿体在斑岩、花岗岩及上覆火山岩中均有赋存。相较于玻利维亚斑岩型锡成矿带发育的大面积石英-电气石化,锡坑迳斑岩成矿系统更富F,蚀变矿物中出现了大量黄玉、萤石和白云母等。对比国内外典型锡矿床的矿化-蚀变结构和锡石矿物学特征,文章建立了锡坑迳式斑岩型锡成矿系统的找矿模型。     

个旧锡矿阿西寨矿区矽卡岩型硫化矿特征及找矿标志

云南个旧锡矿阿西寨矿区矽卡岩型硫化矿为地下隐伏的铜、锡矿床,其矿体呈似层状、透镜状沿燕山期隐伏花岗岩体与三叠系中统个旧组(T_2g)之接触带分布。属花岗岩接触带的矽卡岩型硫化矿床;花岗岩体的侵入形成大量的矽卡岩,同时为区内多金属矿床的形成提供了热源及矿物质来源。岩体围岩蚀变矽卡岩化、云英岩化、硫化物化是主要的找矿标志。     

紫金山复式岩体两种成因类型的矿化蚀变特征

福建上杭紫金山铜(金)矿床是我省80年代新发现的中低温火山-次火山热液成因大型铜(金)矿床。本文根据地质八队紫金山外围1∶1万地质填图和岩石地球化学测量研究资料,从蚀变及矿化角度论述了紫金山复式岩体的蚀变组合类型及其分布形式以及蚀变与矿化关系等。指出紫金山复式岩体是 Cu、Mo、Au、Ag、Pb、Zn 多种金属成矿有利岩体,主要有两种成因类型蚀变和矿化,即斑岩热液型铜钼矿化和火山-次火山热液型铜金银多金属矿化以及二者叠加类型,表明这些矿化在矿源、成因、空间分布和成矿演化方面有着密切关系,与邻区玉水式矿化、砂岩型铜矿化等构成一个成矿系列,组成一个矿田。文中还对该区各种类型矿化的远景及进一步找矿问题作了探讨。     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

深部矿井水煤共采水文地质数值分析

针对兖州煤田下组煤深部开采受奥灰高承压水威胁以及当地大型煤化工企业生产用水量大的现状,在已进行的水文地质勘探及放水试验基础上,评价奥灰富水性,并采用有限差分法进行奥灰疏水降压数值模拟研究,提出水煤共采观点。研究结果表明:兖州煤田深部奥灰水压高,合理布置水煤共采孔,可以实现奥灰水位的有效疏降,疏降中心区水位最大降深可达110 m,突水系数显著下降,提高了下组煤开采的安全性;同时可提供煤化工43200 m3/d的供水量,能达到可持续的、水资源保护性的供水效果,实现下组煤的水煤共采。     

Distribution of Cu,Co, As,and Fe in mine waste,sediment, soil,and water in and around mineral deposits and mines of the Idaho Cobalt Belt,USA

The distribution of Cu, Co, As and Fe was studied downstream from mines and deposits in the Idaho Cobalt Belt (ICB), the largest Co resource in the USA. To evaluate potential contamination in ecosystems in the ICB, mine waste, stream sediment, soil, and water were collected and analyzed for Cu, Co, As and Fe in this area. Concentrations of Cu in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines in the ICB ranged from 390 to 19,000 μg/g, exceeding the USEPA target clean-up level and the probable effect concentration (PEC) for Cu of 149 μg/g in sediment; PEC is the concentration above which harmful effects are likely in sediment dwelling organisms. In addition concentrations of Cu in mine runoff and stream water collected proximal to mines were highly elevated in the ICB and exceeded the USEPA chronic criterion for aquatic organisms of 6.3 μg/L (at a water hardness of 50 mg/L) and an LC50 concentration for rainbow trout of 14 μg/L for Cu in water. Concentrations of Co in mine waste and stream sediment collected proximal to mines varied from 14 to 7400 μg/g and were highly elevated above regional background concentrations, and generally exceeded the USEPA target clean-up level of 80 μg/g for Co in sediment. Concentrations of Co in water were as high as in 75,000 μg/L in the ICB, exceeding an LC50 of 346 μg/L for rainbow trout for Co in water by as much as two orders of magnitude, likely indicating an adverse effect on trout. Mine waste and stream sediment collected in the ICB also contained highly elevated As concentrations that varied from 26 to 17,000 μg/g, most of which exceeded the PEC of 33 μg/g and the USEPA target clean-up level of 35 μg/g for As in sediment. Conversely, most water samples had As concentrations that were below the 150 μg/L chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms and the USEPA target clean-up level of 14 μg/L. There is abundant Fe oxide in streams in the ICB and several samples of mine runoff and stream water exceeded the chronic criterion for protection of aquatic organisms of 1000 μg/L for Fe. There has been extensive remediation of mined areas in the ICB, but because some mine waste remaining in the area contains highly elevated Cu, Co, As and Fe, inhalation or ingestion of mine waste particulates may lead to human exposure to these elements.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Dielectric constants of apatite,epidote, vesuvianite,and zoisite,and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ _a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ _c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ _a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ _c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ _a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ _b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ _a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ _b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ _c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ ₁₁= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ ₂₂=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ ₃₃= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ _a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ _c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ _a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ _c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α _D (mineral)=∑ α _D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (V_o) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of V_o in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).