衡阳盆地北缘盐田桥铜矿床成矿构造地质地球化学特征

盐田桥铜矿床位于长寿-衡阳-观音阁断裂成矿带中部,属茶恩寺铜铅锌多金属成矿区内,是以铜矿为主,共(伴)生有铅锌矿等高-中温热液充填交代型矿床。以构造地球化学找矿为出发点,在研究区域构造地质背景、矿区构造地质特征及控矿因素的基础上,重点对F_1断裂构造岩主量元素、微量元素特征进行了分析,发现F_1中Cu、Pb、Zn、W等成矿元素有较大变化,说明元素的富集与断裂的活动有着极为密切的成因关系。富含成矿元素热液沿F_1断裂消弱带运移,并充填到构造裂隙中,与围岩发生交代作用而富集成矿。     

湘东北虎形山钨铍多金属矿的控矿规律及找矿方向

湘东北虎形山钨铍多金属矿是近年来发现的特大型钨铍矿床。通过矿区找矿工作及科研专题工作,对矿区的控矿规律及找矿方向有些肤浅认识:虎形山矿区主要矿种为钨矿,钨矿物以白钨矿、黑钨矿为主,铍矿作为伴生矿种,主要矿物为绿柱石。虎形山矿的成因经历了高→中低温→表生淋滤成矿三个阶段,而钨铍成矿属于早期气成高温热液阶段,含矿热液主要来源于深部侵入的酸性岩浆,沿近EW走向的F_1高倾角的逆冲推覆断裂构造侵入上升,在F_1的主构造带内及下盘赋矿。F_1下盘的寒武系牛蹄塘组灰岩段是钨铍成矿极为重要的赋矿层位,原因是层位中富含钙质,与热液交代易形成白钨矿体。以此为成矿模式,圈定了矿区F_1下盘隐伏岩体外接触带以含钙质地层为主的钨铍找矿靶区。     

福建将乐县常口萤石矿矿床成因初步探讨

常口矿区位于将乐常口—明溪瀚仙—清流余朋北东向萤石成矿带东北部将乐高唐—常口成矿远景区内。通过在区内开展钻探、硐探等勘查工作,对矿床成矿地质背景及控矿因素、矿床成因进行研究,综合分析认为,区内成矿在时间、空间上与北东东向断裂构造及燕山早期岩浆活动关系密切,矿床成因为岩浆期后,经古地热水多次循环淋滤、吸取围岩中的成矿元素,在断裂构造中富集、沉淀形成的中-低温热液充填型矿床。     

湖南衡阳清水塘矿区断裂构造控矿特征

清水塘矿田位于断裂带中,矿体的形态、产状、规模及矿化富集除与地层岩性有关外,主要受断裂破碎带控制。通过分析清水塘区域构造控矿特征和矿区断裂构造控矿特征,总结了清水塘矿区断裂构造控矿的特点,认为多组断裂以及背斜和断裂的交汇部位均是铅锌矿体的主要富集部位;在成矿演化过程中,由于构造-岩浆活动及含矿热液的运移,断裂张开,热液充填沉淀结晶形成矿脉;当一部分矿液渗透到围岩中,继续沿微裂隙转移、萃取、活化、重新产生压裂,使裂隙张开,在构造-岩浆活化影响下,形成新的矿体。深大断裂作为导矿构造控制着含矿热液的运移空间,次级断裂作为容矿构造控制着矿化的富集部位。     

赣东北新安地区铀矿控矿因素及找矿方向

新安地区是赣杭火山岩带鹅公山火山盆地重要的铀成矿区。文章通过对新安矿床及外围铀成矿特征、控矿因素及成矿潜力研究,认为该区赋矿围岩早白垩世打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组为富铀层,岩浆期后热液演化促成铀成矿作用;NWW、NNE、NE向3组断裂构造为铀矿控矿构造,F_1断裂凹凸变化部位为铀成矿有利空间;F_1倾向延伸及下盘砂岩破碎带具有较好成矿潜力,指出已知矿床及外围找矿方向,拓展了找矿空间。     

云南普朗斑岩铜矿晚三叠世构造控矿条件

普朗铜矿是义敦岛弧东多金属矿带的超大型斑岩型铜矿床.成矿带内岩浆构造活动频繁,裂隙构造叠加成矿-控矿作用显著,但研究程度薄弱.在对普朗铜矿区巷道进行构造岩相学综合调查研究的基础上,结合区域成矿构造背景,厘定矿区褶皱、断裂宏观特征,对典型中段进行节理（裂隙）测量分析.研究表明：1）古特提斯洋闭合过程斑岩铜矿成矿作用与晚三叠世构造演化、岩浆活动关系密切,普朗铜矿形成于俯冲造山阶段;2）区域深大断裂控制着矿区沉积建造和岩浆岩分布,矿床总体产于普朗背形核部,次级NEE及NE向断裂控制着含矿斑岩体和节理（裂隙）的发育,矿（化）体赋存于两组断裂交汇部位;3）矿区以张节理为主的复合型节理系统,为含矿热液的运移、扩散和富集提供导矿、储矿空间,裂隙发育程度与铜矿化呈正相关.通过对矿区岩浆侵入-构造裂隙系统特征与控矿规律的研究,认为热液脉状矿（化）体严格受控于构造-裂隙系统改造富集作用,裂隙构造发育部位是探寻富"脉状矿"的有利靶区.     

关帝庙花岗岩裂隙充填型铅锌铀矿床简介

邵东县石桥铺矿区为花岗岩热液裂隙充填型铅锌、铀矿床。九条热液脉体均呈脉状、透镜状产出。其矿化严格受断裂构造控制。本文旨在浅析矿床成矿特征及控矿因素。     

贵州省青杠林铅锌矿床主构造特征及找矿远景浅析

根据矿区内大比例尺地质测量及主构造微量元素分析结果,对矿区内主构造特征、含矿性以及矿床的成矿规律、控矿因素进行了解析。青杠林铅锌矿床铅锌元素在多期构造活动时,随热液通道向上迁移,并在导矿构造两侧的层间破碎带、韧性剪切带内富集成矿。矿床成因类型属中低温热液充填交代型铅锌矿床。本文结合区域铅锌矿成矿规律及成矿条件对青杠林铅锌矿床的找矿远景作出了初步的评价。     

灵山岩体西北缘铅锌多金属矿床成矿特征及找矿前景

从大地构造背景、含矿建造、与成矿有关的岩浆及火山活动、容矿构造与控矿构造、围岩蚀变与矿化特点、矿石类型与品级等6个方面论述了灵山岩体西北缘铅锌多金属矿床成矿特征,初步总结了岩浆热液和构造控岩控矿规律,根据研究区特定的构造成矿专属性划分出四种成矿断裂构造,确定了不同构造地段矿床具有不同矿化元素的分带性,从控岩控矿断裂构造、遥感影像、地球化学异常特征及已有的矿床、矿点分布情况等方面综合分析,划分了该地区今后找矿的三个远景区和主攻矿种。     

粤北大尖山铅锌矿床成因及围岩含矿性

贵东-大东山构造带南缘的压扭性断裂是大尖山铅锌矿床最主要的导矿、容矿构造,矿床产于断裂挤压破碎带内靠近上盘与英安斑岩的接触部位,是广东第二大铅锌矿床.通过对成矿时代、控矿构造、矿化特征、成矿温度及成矿物质来源的分析研究,初步证明该矿床成因属中温岩浆热液充填破碎带型;在分析研究了围岩含矿性的基础上,总结出矿区围岩对成矿的贡献:流纹斑岩＞英安斑岩＞中基性岩脉＞变质石英砂岩＞中粒黑云母花岗岩.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.