2007号台风“海高斯”的多尺度能量分布及转化特征分析

2020年第7号台风“海高斯”在广东省造成大风、暴雨灾害,细致研究其多尺度能量分布及转化特征有助于更好地认识和防御类似的台风灾害。运用WRF模式对台风“海高斯”进行了数值模拟,使用Barnes滤波方法将模拟结果分离为大尺度背景场(> 2 000 km)、α中尺度系统(200～2 000 km)、β中小尺度系统(<200 km)等三个尺度分量,分别计算三个尺度动能、有效位能的分布及变化。结果表明：(1)台风“海高斯”活跃期内,大尺度背景场动能先增加后稳定,α中尺度动能先增加后减少,β中小尺度动能变化不明显。动能的主要来源是有效位能的转化及气压梯度力做功,主要去向是水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度动能主要分布于对流层低层。(2)大尺度背景场有效位能有两次先增加后减少的过程,α中尺度和β中小尺度有效位能先增加后减少。有效位能的主要来源是非绝热加热,主要去向是转化为动能和水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度有效位能主要分布于对流层高层。(3)台风“海高斯”能量转化区域主要为距台风中心200 km以内台风眼壁及中心密集云盖区域对流层上层、距台风中心200—700 km台风外围区域对流层上层、...     

登陆台风动能平衡和转换的诊断

对一次登陆台风及其外围暴雨和环境的动能平衡以及天气尺度动能与中尺度扰动动能的转换进行了诊断分析，指出摩擦消耗和动能的水平输出是台风的主要能汇。台风消亡期间，外围暴雨区动能增大，动能制造项Ｇｋ是暴雨区的主要能源。Ｇｋ的增大可能与天气尺度动能转换成中尺度扰动引起暴雨的发展相联系。     

台风异常北上时期的天气和次天气尺度环境场特征

本文利用一个空间滤波器、将台风环境场分解为天气和次天气尺度。在此基础上，对两个异常北上的台风路径（8211号台风（Cecil）和8305号台风（Abby））进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风异常北上时期出现在天气尺度环境场发生环流调查过程中，在500 hPa高度场上，台风异常北上时，表现出向着次天气尺度扰动中心传播方向移动的趋势，在天气尺度环境场作用明显减弱时期，这可能是导致台风路径异常的重要因素；同时，在动能场上，台风则表现出向着正值的次天气尺度动能制造区伸展方向移动。     

初夏南海台风的动能收支

用准拉格朗日坐标系下的总动能和扰动动能收支方程详细分析初夏南海台风发展至消亡阶段,主要结果有:(1)由积云对流作用产生的动能是台风能量的主要来源。当台风能量的内源产生的动能大于外源的消耗时,台风发展:反之则台风趋于消亡;(2)正压能转换的作用非常小,斜压能转换过程产生的能量起重要作用;(3)南海台风与环境场的相互作用明显,表现在向周围系统提供大量能量,这种过程主要由对流层中上层的相互作用来完成;(4)从能量平衡过程出发,可以认为CISK机制是南海台风发生发展的主要过程。     

初夏南海台风的动能收支

用准拉格朗日坐标系下的总动能和扰动动能收支方程详细分析初夏南海台风发展至消亡阶段,主要结果有:(1)由积云对流作用产生的动能是台风能量的主要来源。当台风能量的内源产生的动能大于外源的消耗时,台风发展:反之则台风趋于消亡;(2)正压能转换的作用非常小,斜压能转换过程产生的能量起重要作用;(3)南海台风与环境场的相互作用明显,表现在向周围系统提供大量能量,这种过程主要由对流层中上层的相互作用来完成;(4)从能量平衡过程出发,可以认为CISK机制是南海台风发生发展的主要过程。     

0601号登陆台风及暴雨减弱消亡过程中的动能收支分析

利用高分辨率（10km）数值模拟的结果,以登陆华南并引发特大暴雨的0601号台风为例,对台风中田尺度动能收支平衡进行了诊断分析。结果表明,中-β尺度系统动能收支水平项（水平通量散度项和水平产生项）很小,垂直项（垂直通量散度项和垂直产生项）是动能收支方程的主要部分;动能垂直通量散度在对流层低层是动能的汇,在对流层中高层为动能的源;动能垂直产生项在对流层各层都是动能的汇;浮力产生项在300hPa以下是动能的源,在对流层高层是动能的汇;平均动能的局地变化项,在对流层各层均小于零,暴雨期间对流层动能支大于收,且动能变化在对流层中低层最明显。就整个对流层的垂直总量而言,浮力产生项是主要的动能源,而垂直产生项是主要的动能汇。较强冷空气首先从对流层中层入侵台风环流系统,抑制动能制造和传输,是中田尺度对流系统不能维持、发展的主要原因,也是台风系统及其暴雨不能长久维持的关键。     

辐合带台风形成与对流层中、低空急流的联系

本文的目的,是探讨我国近海辐合带中台风的形成与其两侧对流层中、低空急流的联系。11次实例的分析结果表示,多数(8/11)辐合带台风形成前,在其两侧或一侧有明显的、大尺度的对流层中、低空急流。辐合带扰动,是在这些中、低空急流加强和基本气流气旋性切变增大以后发展成台风的。扰动发展的动能,可能主要来自具有较强气旋性切变的基本气流动能。辐合带两侧明显的中、低空急流的出现和加强,可以作为台风形成的一个预报依据。     

华北盛夏台风低压暴雨的能量分析

利用辐散风和旋转风动能平衡方程,分析了1996年8月3日至5日由浙江沿海登陆北上的台风与西风带系统相互作用产生的暴雨过程．计算并分析了暴雨增幅时台风低压扰动区域内平均的动能收支和转换特征,揭示了台风低压维持的机制及其与外围暴雨增幅之间的关系,得到的结论可供制作北上台风及其暴雨预报时参考。     

东海近海台风发生发展的动能收支

用2.5×2.5经纬距热带网格资料,对东海近海台风(以8211号台风为例)的动能收支进行了分析研究。初步结果表明,台风是一个强大的动能源,其发生发展不同阶段的动能平衡有着较大的差异,平均环流和涡动过程在台风的发生发展各不同阶段的作用不同。我们发现的主要事实有二,(一)在台风发展过程中,其中层有明显的动能制造过剩;(二)动能制造量的变化与台风未来的强度变化有关,具有一定的预报指示意义。      

台风“麦莎”移动路径及其内部热力结构的诊断分析

利用NCEP再分析资料,采用带通滤波处理技术,对0509号台风“麦莎”的活动过程进行研究,将原始场进行尺度分离。分为大尺度场和次天气尺度场,在大尺度场中,分析对此次台风移动路径有直接影响的系统,重点说明“麦莎”路径发生第一次转折中有直接影响的系统,是副热带高压位置及其形状的变化;并利用台风系统内部热力结构特征分析表明：...     

环境场大尺度锋面系统与变性台风结构特征及其暴雨的形成

本文将登陆台风环境大尺度锋面系统动力、热力结构作为台风变性发展的关键影响因子。本文的分析研究揭示了变性台风半冷半暖的热力非对称结构,及其演变过程气压谷型、动能峰型、降水增幅特征形成的环境场影响因子。本文的数值试验表明,台风环境场斜压结构（锋面特征）可以显著地影响台风变性过程,并可导致台风中心气压呈“谷型”、动能“锋型”以及热力非对称结构特征。引起台风变性涡旋加强及其暴雨增幅现象或台风衰减、消亡。本文的数值试验证实了登陆台风变性发展的某些成因,某种程度揭示了中低纬度系统的相互作用的机理问题。     

On the dispersion effects of atmospheric motion

In this paper a set of new Reynolds averaged equations which contain both the dissipation and dispersion effects are derived by using Prandtl's mixing length theory. The dispersion effects. (b) The dispersion effects alone could result in the inverse energy cascade dispersion effects. (b) The dispersion effects alone could result in the inverse energy cascade which represents the eddies giving up kinetic energy to the mean flow in large-scale motion. The dispersion effects are also necessary for the eddies to gain kinetic energy from available potential energy. The necessary and sufficient conditions of an inverse energy cascade are given. (c) The dispersion effects are used to analyse atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral fit to the observed wind hodograph.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用的研究I.理论分析

本文是讨论梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用问题的开始部分。为了分析梅雨锋暴雨过程中的多尺度能量相互作用,从z坐标系中的运动方程和热力学方程出发,把基本物理量分成大尺度背景场（>2000 km）、α中尺度（200~2000 km）和β中小尺度系统（< 200 km）分量,利用滞弹性近似,推导了大尺度背景场、α中尺度和β中小尺度系统三个尺度的动能方程和位能方程。能量方程中包含了各尺度动能之间的转换、位能之间的转换以及动能和位能之间的转换。动能方程主要包括各尺度动能之间转换项、动能输送项、水平气压梯度力做功项、垂直方向扰动气压梯度力做功项、浮力做功项、地转偏向力分量做功项以及摩擦力做功项。位能方程主要包括各尺度位能之间转换项、位能输送项、浮力做功项以及非绝热加热做功项。其中浮力做功项为位能和动能之间的能量转换项,是暴雨发生发展过程中比较关键的能量转换项。关于将能量方程用于梅雨锋暴雨过程中并且诊断能量相互作用影响暴雨发展和消亡过程的物理机制等问题,将在以后的研究中给出。     

Kinetic energy budget of Typhoon Yagi (2006) during its extratropical transition

A diagnostic energetic analysis is conducted to study the kinetic energy budget during the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) Yagi (2006), using high-resolution numerical model output. The results show that the upper-level jet stream makes great contribution to the redevelopment of Yagi. When the Yagi approached to the upper-level jet stream, the horizontal flux of kinetic energy associated with the jet was the major cause of the ET. During the transition of Yagi, the horizontal flux of kinetic energy caused by the change of environmental field related to the TC movement only accounted for about 25?% of the total flux, while the horizontal convergence to Yagi under the action of the jet was the major portion of the total horizontal flux. Moreover, the work of pressure gradient force changed from a source of kinetic energy to a sink in the upper troposphere before and after the ET, however, it acted as a source of kinetic energy in the lower and middle troposphere all the time, and both the vertical and horizontal fluxes of kinetic energy caused by the upper-level jet increased the kinetic energy in the upper troposphere. The sub-grid scale friction and dissipation, which shows their maximum effects in the lower troposphere especially in the atmospheric boundary layer, played major consumption roles against the pressure gradient force. Furthermore, the consumption was almost entirely out-of-phase for the convective transport of kinetic energy in vertical, and inhibited the vertical flux of kinetic energy. In addition, there were significant high-frequency disturbances before and after the ET characterized by out-of-phase kinetic energy changes between upper and lower levels, thus, the vertically integrated kinetic energy budget in the air column could not give a reasonable physical image for TC kinetic energy variation.     

一次北方台风暴雨(9406)能量特征分析

从能量角度分析了9406号台风在我国北方造成大范围暴雨过程,定量讨论了台风变性过程中显热能、潜热能和动能的时空分布特征、北方暴雨区远距离降水突然增幅过程中能量的变化、以及动能的补充来源.发现:(1)虽然潜热能比显热能小1个量级,但潜热能平流大于显热能平流.热带气旋在获得西风带斜压能量之前,其总能量的维持主要来自潜热能的贡献,潜热能的贡献约是显热能的两倍.(2)台风远距离降水的突然增幅是中低纬度系统相互作用的结果.来自热带气旋的显热能平流与西风带显热能平流非线性叠加,导致槽前显热能明显增加,西风带槽迅速加深,降水突然增幅.同时,暴雨区高空动能下传的突然增强对暴雨突然增幅有贡献,而该高空动能下传的增加与6小时之前台风环流区大量潜热能量释放相对应.(3)台风进入影响区之前,在整个对流层有潜热能、显热能和动能直接从台风区输入暴雨区;在台风进入影响区之后,只有低空显热能平流保持继续向暴雨区输送能量.(4)台风进入影响区之后,北方暴雨区动能的补充主要来自对流层上层动能的下传、斜压不稳定能量向动能的转化和北方暴雨区西边界动能的输入.5个类似台风的合成分析支持了以上主要结论.得出的暴雨增幅模型可对预报台风远距离降水有指示作用.     

THE OSCILLATION OF CERTAIN ZONAL MEAN CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION ON A SPHERIC EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE——PART 2:ANISOTROPIC QUASI-EDDY MOTION

This paper is an extension of the auther's works (1980,1982,1987).Simple anisotropic distribution of horizontal kinetic energy is assumed,i.e.,the zonal kinetic energy is twice that of the meridional kinetic energy.The large-scale atmospheric motion is considered as that consisting of quasi-horizontal eddies and regular flow.The techniques of quasi-eddy,quasi-steady,quasi-geostrophic and quasi-adiabatic approximations are used in order to get the analytical solutions of the system of equations governing the variation of the zonal mean characteristics.The results show that the zonal mean characteristics of the atmospheric motion are a combination of different periods ranging from a few days to a few weeks depending on the components of Chebyshev polynomials of the sine of the latitude.When more general anisotropy of horizontal kinetic energy is assumed,Gegenbauer polynomials appear instead of Chebyshev polynomials.When the distribution of horizontal kinetic energy is isotropic,the polynomials retrograde to Legendre polynomials.     

The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone

Summary  A diagnostic energetics analysis is used to study the effects of moisture-related processes on a developing cyclone over the Mediterranean. This is done by using the moist wind component to calculate the energy budget and then the effect due to wind field changes on the kinetic energy budget is illustrated. The horizontal flux convergence serves as a major energy budget source in both cases (actual and moist wind), although the magnitude values of this term are small in the case of the moist wind. Generation of kinetic energy, is generally (in the case of moist wind), a prominent sink during the life cycle of the cyclone, and its values are greater than the corresponding ones for the actual wind field except at the decay period. Subgrid-scale sources of kinetic energy provide a substantial energy gain throughout the life cycle of the cyclone. The values of the dissipation term differ from using the actual or moist components where its values are influenced by the values of the other terms in the budget. The baroclinic generation due to the divergent moist wind component offsets by 80.8% and 12.1% for the barotropic destruction of kinetic energy by the rotational moist wind component. The divergent moist wind component was found to be very important in the synoptic-scale environments of the cyclogenesis. Both demonstrate that the divergent moist wind component is as important as the rotational moist wind component in producing generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent moist wind component seems to be a major factor leading to the creation of upper-level wind maxima north of the storm areas. Thus, these diagnostic findings suggest possible modifications to the wind field by investigating the role of the divergent moist wind component and may also be fruitful in exploring the effects of cyclogensis on the large-scale environment. Received April 27, 1998/Revised April 23, 1999     

Kinetic Energy Budgets during the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Rammasun (2014)

In this study, Typhoon Rammasun(2014) was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model to examine the kinetic energy during rapid intensification(RI). Budget analyses revealed that in the inner area of the typhoon,the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy associated with the collocation of strong cyclonic circulation and inward flow led to an increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the lower troposphere. The increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic e...