人类活动对南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛环境的影响

人类活动对南极环境的影响主要表现为全球性人类活动的影响和南极局地人类活动的影响两方面。本文在对南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛环境进行调查和采样分析的基础上,明确了南极环境中存在源于北半球中高纬地区人类核活动产生的人工放射性同位素１３７Ｃｓ：土壤表层（０～５ｃｍ）、苔藓活体层、枝状地衣、壳状地衣体中１３７Ｃｓ比活度分别为６．０～１４．８、２５．１、２９．０和５８．１Ｂｑ／ｋｇ;而中国北方地区土壤表层（０～１０ｃｍ）、壳状地衣体中１３７Ｃｓ比活度分别为６．４～３７．３和２９４．０～３１２．０Ｂｑ／ｋｇ,可见这类全球陆地表面广泛分布的壳状地衣是监测人工放射性核素长期扩散影响极为敏感的信息载体。南极科学考察活动对局地生态系统和地表冻融过程有一定程度的干扰,南极生物体（特别是地衣体）和水体是对人类活动影响极为敏感的环境信息载体,考察站区周围的生物体和水体中Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ等污染物含量明显偏高。菲尔德斯半岛作为南极科学考察站最为密集的地区之一,其环境与陆地生态系统受人类活动影响较为明显,故加强本区环境和生物保护工作已成为当前南极环境科学研究的重要方面     

南极长城湾夏季浮游植物变化特征

用南极长城湾水域１９９２～１９９５年三个夏季（１２月～３月）网采浮游植物样品,分析了浮游植物种类组成和数量分布。共鉴定浮游植物７２种,其中三个夏季都采到的共有种３３种,占总种数的４５．８３％;各年夏季浮游植物细胞数量平均值分别为６８７３．８２×１０４个／ｍ３、２０８．４８×１０４个／ｍ３和１０２７．３６×１０４个／ｍ３。主要优势种有聚生角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓ）、海链藻属（Ｔｈａｌａｓｉｏｓｉｒａｓｐｐ．）、脆杆藻属（Ｆｒａｇｉｌａｒｉａｓｐｐ）、珍珠异极藻（Ｇｏｍｐｈｏｎｅｍａｍａｒｇａｒｉｔｘ）和扁面角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏ－ｃｅｒｏｓｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｕｓ）等。结果表明,各夏季种类组成基本相似;数量有明显的年际变化;湾内和湾口数量变化趋势一致     

南极菲尔德斯半岛地区地衣和苔藓的生物地球化学特征

利用地衣和苔藓化学分析资料对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区地衣和苔藓中化学元素的分配、相关性及其元素比值关系进行了分析。研究表明，地衣和苔藓促进了土壤与风化壳的发育，但受南极地区恶劣环境条件的限制，生物地球化学过程极其微弱。地衣和苔藓植株体中Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ等元素丰度主要依赖于土壤与风化壳元素丰度的高背景值。Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｃｒ等元素是地衣选择性吸收较强的元素，苔藓对Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｚｎ等元素则具有较强的选择性吸收能力。     

南极乔治王岛环境质量现状调查

本文以１９９２／１９９３年度中国第九次南极考察期间对南极乔治王岛的表土、地衣、苔藓等样品的分析资料为基础，研究探讨了８种无机重金属元素、５种有机污染物的浓度水平。其结果表明，重金属在三种环境样品中的含量分布存在着明显的差异；地衣、苔藓两种植物呈现对不同重金属元素的不同富集能力；∑６６６、∑ＤＤＴ和ＰＣＢｓ及油的沾污亦很明显。本文还对污染物质的来源、南极环境样品历次调查分析的结果以及世界部分地区的背景水平进行了讨论和比较     

南极普里兹湾晚第四纪以来硅藻组合及气候变化的研究

对南极普里兹湾ＮＰ９３－２和ＮＰ９５－１两柱样沉积硅藻进行了定量分析。两柱样分别可划分出３个和７个硅藻组合带。前者的优势种是Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｃｕｒｔａ和Ｔｈａｌａｓｉｏｓｉｒａａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ，次优势种是Ｎ．ｋｅｒｇｕｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ和Ｎ．ｒｉｔｓｃｈｅｒｉ；后者常见的优势种有Ｎ．ｋｅｒｇｕｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ，Ｎ．ｃｕｒｔａ，Ｄｅｎｔｉｃｕｌｏｐｓｉｓｓｐｐ．和Ｔ．ｌｅｎｔｉｇｉｎｏｓａ，常见的次优势种有Ｅｕｃａｍｐｉａｂａｂｌａｕｓｔｉｕｍ，Ｔ．ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａ和Ｔ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ。利用Ｎ．ｃｕｒｔａ／Ｎ．ｋｅｒｇｕｅｌｅｎｓｉｓ比值并结合１４Ｃ测年数据，可将１５０００年以来南极气候的变化划分出８个古气候带，其中完好地记录了Ｈｅｉｎｒｉｃｈ１事件、波令－阿德罗暖期、新仙女木冰期、全新世低温期等重大的气候变化事件，而南极的全新世低温期是首次报道。     

南极乔治王岛三种藓类的染色体观察

本文报道了南极乔治王岛３种藓类植物染色体的研究结果：１．钩枝镰刀藓［Ｄｒｅｐａｎｏｃｌａｄｕｓｕｎｃｉｎａｔｕｓ（Ｈｅｄｗ）Ｗａｖｒｓｔ．］的染色体数为１４；２．［Ｃｈｏｒｉｓｏｄｏｎｔｉｕｍａｃｉｐｈｙｌｕｍｇ（Ｈｏｏｋ．）ｅｔＷｉｌｓＢｒｏｔｈ．］的染色体数为１０；３．高山拟金发藓［Ｐｏｌｙｔｒｉｃｈａｓｔｒｕｍａｌｐｉｎｕｍ（Ｈｅｄｗ．）Ｇ．Ｓｍ．］的染色体数为７。     

《中国沙漠植物志》厚壁荠属,四棱荠属,菘蓝属和独行菜属订正

通过对中国沙区厚壁荠属ＰａｃｈｙｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍＢｕｎｇｅ、四棱荠属ＧｏｌｄｂａｃｈｉａＤＣ．、菘蓝属ＩｓａｔｉｓＬ．和独行菜属ＬｅｐｉｄｉｕｍＬ．植物的研究,认为《中国沙漠植物志》收录的密花厚壁荠ＰａｃｈｙｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒｕｍＢｕｎｇｅ和多茎厚壁荠Ｐ．ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｕｌｅ（Ｋａｒ．ｅｔＫｉｒ．）Ｂｕｎｇｅ实为一种植物;短梗四棱荠Ｇｏｌｄｂａｃｈｉａｌａｅｖｉｇａｔａ（Ｍ．Ｂ．）ＤＣ．ｖａｒ．ｉｋｏｎｎｉｋｏｖｉ（Ｖａｓｓ．）ＫｕａｎｅｔＹ．Ｃ．Ｍａ应合并到正种四棱荠Ｇ．ｌａｅｖｉｇａｔａ（Ｍ．Ｂ．）ＤＣ．中;毛三肋菘蓝ＩｓａｔｉｓｃｏｓｔａｔａＣ．Ａ．Ｍｅｙｖａｒ．ｌａｓｉｏｃａｒｐａ（Ｌｅｄｅｂ．）Ｎ．Ｂｕｓｃｈ应改为毛果菘蓝Ｉ．ｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉａＬ．ｖａｒ．Ｐｒａｅｃｏｘ（Ｋｉｔ．）Ｋｏｃｈ．;头花独行菜ＬｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃａｐｉｔａｔｕｍＨｏｏｋ．ｆ．ｅｔＴｈｏｍｓ．中国沙区无分布。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛六种藻类和地衣植物的X荧光分析

为了研究南极的植物与环境间的关系 ,探讨植物在南极环境监测中的作用 ,在无标样条件下 ,利用微束 X荧光分析法对南极菲尔德斯半岛的 6种藻类和地衣植物进行了元素分析。其中藻类植物有孔石莼 (Ulva pertusa)、海膜 (H alymenia sp.)和大型鞘丝藻 (Lyngbya major) ,地衣植物有筛石蕊 (Cladonia borealis)、喇叭石蕊 (C.fimbriata)和松萝 (Usnea sp.)。研究结果发现 ,不同的藻类植物对各种元素的吸收能力不同 ,在 XRF(X射线荧光 )谱中 ,孔石莼比海膜含有更多的元素 ,象 As、Br和 Rb,Cu和 Zn的含量也较高。在大型鞘丝藻中 ,K比 Ca少 ,Zn的含量较高。在 3种地衣植物中 ,其 XRF谱中的元素种类组成非常相似 ,只是 Mn、Fe、Cu和 Zn等元素的相对含量有些差异     

《中国沙漠植物志》柳属（SalixL．）增订

通过对中国沙漠地区植物标本鉴定和文献考证，认为中国沙漠地区柳属植物有２５个种、２个变种和３个变型。乌柳（ＳａｌｉｘｃｈｅｉｌｏｐｈｉｌａＳｃｈｎｅｉｄ．）、黄线柳（Ｓ．ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｆｏｌｉａＥ．Ｗｏｌｆ）和二色柳（Ｓ．ａｌｂｅｒｔｉＲｇｌ．）沙区有分布。锯齿柳（Ｓ．ｓｅｒｒｕｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａＥ．Ｗｏｌｆ）和细穗柳（Ｓ．ｔｅｎｕｉｊｕｌｉｓＬｅｄｅｂ．）为不同的２个种。对小穗柳（Ｓ．ｍｉｃｒｏｓｔａｃｈｙａＴｕｒｃｚ．ａｐｕｄＴｒａｕｔｖ．）、布尔津柳（Ｓ．ｂｕｒｑｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＣｈ．Ｙ．Ｙａｎｇ）、疏齿柳（Ｓ．ｓｅｒｒｕｌａｔｉｆｏｌｉａＥ．Ｗｏｌｆｖａｒ．ｓｕｂｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｆｏｌｉａＣｈ．Ｙ．Ｙａｎｇ）和龙爪柳（Ｓ．ｍａｔｓｕｄａｎａＫｏｉｄｚ．ｆ．ｔｏｒｔｕｏｓａ（ｖｉｌｍ．）Ｒｅｈｄ．）的名称做了订正。     

南极乔治王岛环境质量现状调查

本文以１９９２／１９９３年度中国第九次南极考察期间对南极乔治王岛的表土、地衣、苔藓等榈的分析资料为基础，研究探讨了８种无机重金属元素、５种有机污染物的浓度水平。其结果表明，重金属在三种环境样品中的含量分布存在着明显的差异；地衣、苔藓两种植物呈现对不同重金属元素的不同富集能力。     

Determination of element composition of three lichens and their distribution in King George Island, Antarctica

Cross-section slices of Usnea antarctica Du Rietz, Usnea aurantiaco-atra (Jacq.) Bory. and Cladonia sp. at upper, middle and basal positions were prepared, respectively. The element composition and relative content were determined by SEM and EDS at the surface, intermediate and inner layers in each slice, respectively. The result indicated that the composition of element is mostly same in these lichens. The relative content of Al, Si, K and Ca elements is high,and P is close at each position. The result is of benefit to study the structure and physiological characteristics of lichens, and to analyze geological environment in Antarctica.     

Soil physico-chemical properties affecting the distribution of biological soil crusts along an environmental transect at Zapotitlán drylands, Mexico

The composition of cyanobacteria, mosses, and lichens of biological soil crusts were correlated with soil characteristics and sun exposure along an environmental transect. The study was conducted in Zapotitlán drylands, a locality within the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley, central Mexico, where a great variety of environments for crust development exist due to landscape fragmentation. Data were analyzed with redundancy and Sorensen analysis. Soil crusts consisted of different combinations of cyanobacteria (7 species), mosses (19 species), and lichens (8 species). The relative frequencies of these groups were positively correlated with soil apparent density and lichens were also positively correlated with soil pH. However, there were no significant correlations with sun exposure.     

地衣形态量计在同震滑坡研究中的应用

阐述了地衣形态量计法的基本原理和各种不同的具体量计方法及其在同震滑坡研究中的应用方法,指出将该方法应用于同震滑坡研究中,可以帮助提供地震时间、震中、地震频度、地震影响范围和地震断层的一些信息．     

A REVIEW OF LICHEN GROWTH AND APPLIED LICHENOMETRY IN SOUTHWEST AND SOUTHEAST GREENLAND

This paper presents a critical review of previous lichenometric and lichen growth studies in southern parts of West and East Greenland. These studies include classic work from around Søndre Strømfjord, Sukkertoppen, Sermilik and Angmagssalik. Particular emphasis is placed on those studies examining the role played by climatic continentality on the growth rate of crustose lichens in Greenland. The latter part of the paper presents new data on lichen growth rates from Sermilik, between 2001 and 2006, in 22 different lichen species. Measurements show that different species grow at different rates and growth rates vary from site to site. In this study Rhizocarpon geographicum generally grows slowly (<0.2 mm a⁻¹) while other species such as Pseudephebe minuscula grow more rapidly (1.0 mm a⁻¹) in the same environment. Comparison with other studies shows that taxa-specific growth rates are slightly greater in West than in East Greenland – probably as a result of the slightly more favourable climate and higher precipitation levels. It is suggested that recent climate change, most marked in southern Greenland, will probably result in changed growth curves (over time) for species such as Rhizocarpon geographicum . However, only more precise growth curves and lichenometric dating curves can demonstrate such a phenomenon.     

和田河与克里雅河流域不同类型沙物质的地球化学探讨

本文通过对和田河和克里雅河流域不同类型沙物质的矿物和化学成分研究,揭示了河流沙、沙丘沙和地层沙的矿物成分和化学成分存在的差异,指出这种差异是有关元素及化合物(或矿物)在不同环境下具有不同地球化学行为的结果。     

分层施肥对小麦植株含N量的影响

对平作表层(1～2cm)土层施肥与垄作表层(1～2cm)、中层(25cm)、底层(45cm)土层施肥时的小麦不同生育时期各器官含N量的研究结果表明:无论是垄作还是平作表层施肥,小麦从三叶期到拔节期根、叶的含N量由高到低;而垄作中层和底层施肥却由低到高。三叶期时根、叶含N量以表层施肥>中层施肥>底层施肥。而表层施肥的垄作与平作间对比,则根叶的含N量无显著差异,三叶期以后小麦根、茎、叶、粒、壳的含N量影响不大。另外,垄作底层,中层施肥比表层施肥显著增加了小麦产量。     

阿德雷企鹅卵壳的扫描电子显微分析

本文利用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ－能谱仪观测南极阿德雷企鹅的卵壳以了解阿德雷企鹅卵壳的微结构和各壳层的主要成分，结果表明：阿德雷企鹅卵壳的外表面和内表面分别为板块状结构的外皮层和致密的纤维网状结构的内膜层，中间为结构不同、成分组成不同和含量不同的三层结构，其中外层和中层的主要成分为钙，含量分别为９５．８１％、９７．８１％，同时含有少量的磷，含量分别为４．１９％、１．８７％，外层显示与其他鸟类或爬行类卵壳基本相似的碳酸钙方解石片层结构，而内层的主要成分是硫酸钙，呈现与其他鸟类或爬行动物的卵壳较大的差别，硫含量高达８４．２６％。     

USE OF BOMB-14C TO INVESTIGATE THE GROWTH AND CARBON TURNOVER RATES OF A CRUSTOSE LICHEN

The reliability of lichenometric dating is dependent on a good understanding of lichen growth rates. The growth rate of lichens can be determined from direct measurement of growing lichens or indirect methods by measuring lichens growing on surfaces of known age, although there are limitations to both approaches. Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) analysis has previously been used in only a handful of studies to determine lichen growth rates of two species from a small area of North America. These studies have produced mixed results; a small amount of carbon turnover appears to occur in one of the species ( Caloplaca spp.) previously investigated introducing uncertainty in the growth rate, while much higher carbon cycling occurred in another ( Rhizocarpon geographicum ), making the ¹⁴C approach unsuitable for estimating growth rates in the species most commonly used in lichenometric dating. We investigated the use of bomb-¹⁴C analysis to determine the growth rate of a different crustose species ( Pertusaria pseudocorallina ) common to Northern Europe. ¹⁴C-based growth rates were considerably higher than growth rates of morphologically similar species based on direct measurement made at locations nearby and elsewhere in the UK. This observation strongly suggests that a degree of carbon turnover probably occurs in Pertusaria pseudocorallina , and that bomb-¹⁴C analysis alone cannot be used to determine lichen age or absolute growth rates in this lichen species.     

穆珠朗玛峰地区土壤中稀土元素的含量和分布

本文论述了珠穆朗玛峯地区土壤中稀土元素的含量,以及它们在土壤中的分布模式,并发现土壤中稀土元素的含量水平在很大程度上受土壤母质的制约。