变化涡动沾性系数的Ekman动量近似模式风场结构

在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。     

边界层抽吸引起的旋转减弱

本文在边界层顶垂直速度正比于地转涡度和地转风速,并与下垫面粗糙度有关的前提下,研究了边界层抽吸引起的涡度变化,在圆对称气压系统内得到了不同粗糙度情况下的涡度场和气压场的变化速率,修正了经典理论的结果。在湍流交换系数是地转风速及高度的函数的前提下,推导了地形存在时边界层顶垂直速度的公式,并用来讨论地形存在时的旋转减弱问题。     

大地形上边界层流场的动力学研究

本文应用边界层气象学中Estoque数值模式关于湍流交换系数及分层的处理方法,求得了大地形存在时定常边界展方程的零、一级解析解,并用来得到大地形存在时边界层的散度场、垂直速度场,改进了前人的结果。     

层结性对大气边界层风场的影响

本文在地转动量[1]近似下，采用与Agee[2]公式相近的分段常数来描述湍流粘性系数K及其一阶导数（湍流摩擦力所包含的两项和均得到考虑），求得了层结大气中的边界层风场分布和边界层顶垂直速度的解析表达式。计算结果表明；不稳定层结的K比稳定层结的大，且Ekman抽吸作用强；在边界层低层，不稳定层结的全风速比稳定层结的大，而在中层以上则相反。还有，摩擦力中的一阶导数项和二阶导数项量级相同，以往忽略一阶导数项的做法会导致在边界层低层，不稳定层结的全风速反而较小，这与事实不符。因而考虑一阶导数项将进一步完善边界层动力学的理论和应用。     

三维非静力E—ε闭合模式对山体流场及浓度分布的模拟

本文采用三维非静力E-ε闭合模式,在对流层边界层方程组中,加入湍能和耗散率方程描述边界层中的湍流运动。求解孤立三维山地地形上的流场、湍流场和浓度场,并分析地形对气流的影响及对污染物浓度分布的影响。同时做了不同坡度和不同风速下的孤立三维山体的流场、湍流场和浓度场比较。数值计算结果表明,地形能改变气流运动,气流过山时将出现分支现象,山后背坡有反向回流出现,并且回流区大小随着山体坡度的增大而增大。山体对气流的阻挡作用随山体高度的增加而更明显,随风速的增加而减弱。湍能及耗散率随高度衰减较快。随着山体坡度增加,山前气流的垂直速度也增加,湍流运动更强。风速大时湍流运动越显著。污染物在山前出现辐散,迎风坡是浓度高值区,山后背风坡也是相对高值区。山坡度越大,山前迎风坡污物浓度越高。     

2001年成都双流机场“7．15”强雷暴的物理量诊断分析

本文采用距离平均法，用中国气象局的Micaps环境下网格点上的物理量，求得成都双流机场所在纬度的东西向的垂直剖面图，用它对2001年7月15日的强雷暴天气过程诊断分析。结果表明：散度场，涡度场，垂直速度场和水汽通量散度场的垂直剖面图对雷暴的发生有很好的指示意义。作者建议在Micaps环境下，增加本地的垂直剖面图的物理量分析图。     

2001年成都双流机场“7.15”强雷暴的物理量诊断分析

本文采用距离平均法,用中国气象局的Micaps环境下网格点上的物理量,求得成都双流机场所在纬度的东西向的垂直剖面图,用它对2001年7月15日的强雷暴天气过程进行诊断分析.结果表明:散度场、涡度场、垂直速度场和水汽通量散度场的垂直剖面图对雷暴的发生有很好的指示意义.作者建议在Micaps环境下,增加本地的垂直剖面图的物理量分析图.     

寒潮暴风雪天气过程中数值预报产品的检验分析

采用1984－1994年3－5月的B模式物理量预告资料、ECMWF的500hPa高度场、地面气压场预告资料，逐个考察它们对寒潮暴风雪天气的预报能力，结果表明高度场、气压场、涡度、垂直速度、水汽通量、水汽通量散度、温度、全风速、温度露点差等预报量对阿勒泰区域性的寒潮暴风雪天气有较强的预报能力。     

低层风场在暴雨发生中的动力作用

通过对两次中尺度暴雨过程的计算,分析研究了风的散度与涡度的变化以及与暴雨的关系。指出散度场比涡度场的变化快、尺度小。辐合增加的地区与暴雨区配合最好。对于中尺度系统、完全的散度方程中风速平流的散度项是一个重要的项,它的正值分布区与暴雨区的位置比其他各项有较好的对应。低层流场中大风速中心或低空急流的出现直接导致了散度方程中A项及带有风速垂直切变项的增大,构成了暴雨发生的不可忽视的动力因素。     

边界层参数化方案对暴雨数值模拟的影响

选取2003年7月4-5日南京暴雨个例，采用非静力中尺度模式MM5进行模拟，着重研究了不同边界层参数化方案对雨量中心强度、雨区分布的影响。结果表明：对于不同的边界层参数化方案，垂直速度场、水汽通量散度场、涡度场、水平风场的散度以及θse场都表现出不同的特征；合理边界层方案的引入对预报效果有明显的改进；结合边界层和自由大气的动力、热力结构进行了综合分析，给出了边界层作用与自由大气动力、热力结构的配置情况。说明这种配置对暴雨的形成是至关重要的。     

The wind field in the nonlinear multilayer planetary boundary layer

By use of the small parameter expansion method, the nonlinear planetary boundary layer (PBL) is studied in this paper. The PBL is divided into the surface layer and the Ekman layer, which is divided into several sublayers. In the surface-layer, the eddy coefficient K is taken as a linear function of height; in the Ekman layer, different constant K values are taken within different sublayers: these values are determined from O'Brien's formula (O'Brien, 1970) approximately. Under the upper and lower boundary conditions and the continuity conditions of the wind velocities and turbulent stresses at each boundary between sublayers, analytical expressions for wind velocity in all sublayers and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained. A specific example of steady axisymmetrical circular high and low pressure areas is analysed, and some new conclusions are obtained. The results are in better agreement with reality than previous results. This example also shows that the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL caused by friction approaches zero near the center of a high or low pressure system for this model, but attains its maximum absolute values near the center of the high or low pressure area for Wu's (1984) model. This is due to the fact that in our model, the geostrophic wind speed near the center of this specific vortex approaches zero, which causes the wind shear and the friction effect to be very weak. Therefore the wind distribution in the PBL is very sensitive to the type of eddy coefficient.     

The wind in the baroclinic boundary layer with three sublayers incorporating the weak non-linear effect

In considering the weak non-linear effect, and using the small parameter expansion method, the analyt-ical expressions of the wind distribution within PBL (planetary boundary layer) and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained when the PBL is divided into three layers and different eddy transfer coefficients K are adopted for the three layers. The conditions of barotropy and neutrality for the PBL are extended to that of baroclinity and non-neutral stratification. An example of a steady circular vortex is used to display the characteristics of the horizontal wind within the PBL and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL. Some new results have been obtained, indicating that the magnitude of the speed in the lower height calculated by the present model is larger than that by the model in which k is a constant within the whole boundary layer, for example, in the classical Ekman boundary layer model and the model by Wu (1984). The angle between the wind at the top of the PBL and the wind near the surface calculated by the present model is less than that calculated by the single K model. These results are in agreement with the observations.     

Dynamics of the planetary boundary layer with fine structure in the large scale background field

Summary On the basis of Wu and Blumen's work (1982) on the geostrophic momentum approximation (GMA) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Tan and Wu (1992, 1994) on the Ekman momentum approximation (EMA) in the PBL, some improvements about the eddy exchange coefficientK, the advective inertial force and the lower boundary condition of the PBL are developed in this paper: (1) apply theK which is a gradually varying function of height instead of a constant value in the Ekamn layer, and introduce a surface layer; (2) take the effect of the vertical advective inertial force into account; (3) the solution technique is extended from level terrain to orographically formed terrain. Under the condition of the equilibrium among four forces (the pressure — gradient force, Coriolis force, eddy viscous force and inertial force including horizontal and vertical advective inertial forces), we have obtained the analytical solutions of the distributions of the wind and the vertical velocity. The computation of an individual example shows that: (1) both the wind velocity near surface and the angle between which and the non-viscous wind are more consistent with usual observations than that of Wu and Blumen (1982); (2) comparing with the horizontal advective inertial force, the vertical advective inertial force can not be neglected, when the orography is considered, the effect of the latter is even more important than the former.With 3 Figures     

一次暴雨过程大气边界层结构的数值分析

1979年7月28日河北唐山地区的强暴雨,10小时总降水量达430mm,降水强度大,从时间和空间上都非常集中。这次太平洋副热带高压北侧暖区发生的强暴雨引起国内气象界的普遍重视。游景炎,陆一强等对这次暴雨过程的大尺度环境、中尺度结构进行了详细分析并分别讨论了边界层急流、强对流性云团以及地形等的作用。游景炎根据地面天气图的分析,发现明显的雷暴高压和中尺度低压。这种中尺度系统在大气边界层内如何表现呢?这次暴雨系统延伸多高呢?各种物理量输送和分布的特性     

地转动量近似下边界层中风场的调整

本文利用地转动量近似,并假设气压场为定常的圆形涡旋和初始风场不满足四力平衡(气压梯度力、科里奥利力、湍流粘性力和半地转惯性力)的条件下,求解了正压边界层中风场向气压场调整的初边值问题,得到了一些初步结论。本工作为利用四力平衡下的风速分布来诊断预报边界层风场提供了理论依据。     

Vorticity,divergence, and vertical velocity in a baroclinic boundary layer with a linear variation of the geostrophic wind

The Ekman-Taylor problem for the planetary boundary layer is solved in the case of a thermal wind which varies linearly with height. The upper boundary condition is a vanishing ageostrophic wind, while the lower boundary condition is continuity of the stress vector across the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the surface layer. The latter condition is used to determine the magnitude and the direction of the wind at the bottom of the Ekman layer.Theoretical hodographs are compared with observed hodographs based on five years of ohservations from Ship N in the Pacific, giving fair agreement.The divergence, the vorticity, and the vertical velocity are calculated through the Ekman layer with emphasis on differences between the classical barotropic and the baroclinic cases; these differences are significant, especially in the vertical velocities as compared to the standard approximation.An extension of the present study to include thermal stratification is desirable.     

Analysis of a Group of Weak Small-Scale Vortexes in the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Mei-yu Front

A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5） with FDDA （Four Dimension Data Assimilation）. The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer （PBL） in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents： one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet （LLJ） in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.     

On the parameterization of the vertical velocity at the top of planetary boundary layer

In this paper, an equation of the vertical velocity at the top of PBL is derived by use of a PBL model which is based on an analytic and actual form of K. Results show that the vertical velocity is a function of geostrophic vorticity, geostrophic wind speed, Coriolis parameter and the roughness of the ground, thus improving Charney-Eliassen’s formula. The order of magnitude of the vertical velocity computed from our equation is in agreement with that from the latter, but more factors affecting the vertical velocity are included.     

地形与Ekman边界层中的气流

利用σ坐标讨论地形与边界层气流是有很多方便的地方,因为,在此坐标中,下边界条件较为简单。在本工作中,首先将混合长理论加以推广并将它用于σ坐标,于是导得了用以描述地形上空边界层气流的控制方程,对边界层气流的特征,特别是对于Ekman抽吸作用进行了详细分析。指出有三种因子影响边界层顶部的垂直运动,第一种因子是边界层内涡度分布,这是与边界层中由于摩擦作用所引起的辐合辐散有直接联系;第二种因子是由于边界层顶部的气流爬坡运动所引起的;第三种是由于边界层中跨越等压线的分量爬坡所引起的,它出现于当等压线与地形等高线相平行时,或地转风呈现绕流情况时,这一作用最为明显。