塔里木盆地大宛齐油田康村组储层特征及评价

在地层对比的基础上,深入研究了大宛齐油田康村组储层的岩石学特征、储集砂体成因类型及其特征、储层孔隙类型、孔隙结构特征及储层分布规律.大宛齐油田康村组属于低弯度河进入极浅水湖泊形成的三角洲沉积体系,决定了它主要的储集砂体成因类型为三角洲砂体,其中又可细分为三角洲平原分流河道砂体、三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体和河口砂坝砂体,主要储集空间类型是剩余原生粒间孔隙,其次是粒间溶孔和微孔隙.分流河道砂体以粒度较粗的中粗砂岩、含砾砂岩和细砂岩为主,发育大孔隙,粗喉道,孔隙度大,渗透率高,储集性能好;河口砂坝砂体,粒度相对较细,以细-粉砂岩为主,孔隙度相对较低,孔径也相对较小.纵向上,康村组中下部砂体较发育,上部次之,以砂泥互层形式叠置,但总体上砂岩含量不高,一般在15%~30%之间;康村组储层横向分布受物源等因素影响,呈现出东北部厚、西北部薄的特点.储层物性总的分布规律是由北东往南西方向,孔隙度减小,由南东往北西方向渗透率变差.      

松辽盆地十屋油田营城组储层沉积微相特征及其对储层物性的影响

对营城组岩石样品进行微观特征及粒度特征研究,识别出储层沉积微相类型有扇三角洲前缘亚相的水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝和浅湖--半深湖亚相的水下扇与浊流等5 种微相。结合储层物性测试资料,发现砂体成因类型对储层的物性有明显的控制作用。扇三角洲前缘河口坝和水下分流河道砂体储集物性最好,水下扇砂体储层孔渗条件较河口坝和水下河道稍差,远砂坝和浊流储层物性均较差。同时,该区储层物性还受成岩作用的控制。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区延长组沉积特征及物性分析

从沉积相、成岩作用角度研究了三叠系延长组储层的物性特征和主控因素, 认为延长组主要发育有水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂及分流间湾等沉积微相, 三角洲前缘水下分流河道是最佳储层, 平均孔隙度10.85% , 平均渗透率0.613 ×10-3μm2。储层所经历的成岩作用中, 压实作用对砂岩物性的影响较大, 水下分流河道砂体压实后, 其原始孔隙度损失13.6%; 胶结作用对储层物性有一定的破坏性, 但早期胶结物可使剩余原生粒间孔隙得以保存, 其中的易溶组分又为次生粒间孔隙的形成奠定了物质基础; 溶蚀作用可大大改善储层的物性; 构造微裂缝仅在局部起沟通喉道的作用。整体属于低孔、低渗型储层, 并以粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔为主要孔隙类型。沉积相在宏观上控制了砂体的类型、规模、原始物性条件及空间分布, 成岩作用在微观上影响了储层孔隙演化与储层物性的变化, 而构造裂缝可以在局部改善储层的物性。     

海拉尔盆地贝西斜坡北部地区储层特征及影响因素分析

通过测井曲线的标准化处理及信息提取、岩心及录井岩屑观察、铸体薄片、物性分析、扫描电镜、压汞分析等技术手段,研究了海拉尔盆地贝西斜坡北部地区南屯组储层的主要岩性特征、物性特征、储集空间类型和影响因素.研究结果表明.海拉尔盆地南屯组以内陆湖相碎屑岩为主,主要包括角砾岩、砾岩、砂砾岩、粗砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质砂岩及泥岩等.南一段储层孔隙度平均值为6.15%,渗透率平均值为0.31 × 10-3μm2,为低孔特低渗型孔隙特征;南二段储层孔隙度平均值为12.18%,渗透率平均值为2.79× 10-3μm2,属于中孔低渗型孔隙特征.储集空间类型以粒间孔隙为主,发育一定的次生孔隙.喉道分为4种类型(Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类).扇三角洲前缘分支水道砂体、扇三角洲平原辫状河道砂体和滨浅湖砂坝微相砂体为该区有利的储层砂体类型.储层性质主要受沉积相和成岩作用影响.     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统长8砂岩储层物性的主要控制因素

研究认为富县地区上三叠统长8期三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩储层物性主要受沉积微相、砂岩成分和粒度以及成岩作用的控制。特别指出沉积微相对储层的控制,实际上是沉积(微)相带对砂体类型和物性特征的控制,不同沉积微相的砂岩在储集性能上存在明显的差异。表现为三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体的孔隙度及渗透率均高于其它沉积微相内砂体的孔隙度和渗透率,而分流间湾的沉积物粒度相对较细,杂基含量高,压实作用强,不利于后期溶蚀流体的流动,储层物性较差。强烈的机械压实、压溶作用、碳酸盐自生矿物的胶结作用使孔隙结构变差,进一步降低砂岩的储集性能;由淡水淋滤及有机物质产生的溶蚀作用,对储层改善具有重要意义。     

东营凹陷博兴油田沙四段滩坝砂岩储层特征研究

东营凹陷南斜坡发育滩坝、水下扇和重力流水道等多类型的储集体,为一个多油层、多油气藏类型的复式油气聚集带．沙四段储集层为滨浅湖相滩坝砂体,油藏类型以岩性和构造岩性油气藏为主。博兴油田沙四段滩坝砂岩储毯以长石粗粉砂岩、岩屑粉砂岩为主,砂体中发育有利余粒间孔、粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔等储集空间类型,孔隙结构以低渗小孔喉为主,为中低孔隙度、低渗透率的储层。沉积微相和成岩作用是控制本区滩坝砂体储层物性的主要因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地A油田低渗透储层物性特征及其主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地A油田长2储层岩性主要为细粒长石砂岩。储层类型为低孔低渗型,平均孔隙度为12.6%,平均渗透率为10.7×10-3μm2。长2储层物性主要受沉积微相、成岩作用、裂缝发育程度与规模控制:辫状河河道砂坝中-细砂岩具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率,天然堤粉细砂岩和细砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率较低;压实作用是导致长2储层砂岩孔隙度降低的主要原因;胶结作用进一步破坏孔隙度,碳酸盐岩是砂岩孔隙度降低的主要胶结物;溶解作用一定程度上改善了长2储层物性,裂缝对砂岩渗透率的提高有重要贡献。     

百色盆地东部古近系那读组湖相灰岩储层特征

湖相碳酸盐岩储层是一个新的油气勘探领域,其研究程度还比较低。本文以百色盆地那坤地区那读组三段下部的湖相灰岩为研究对象,在实测剖面和详细观察岩心的基础上,从岩石学特征、沉积相特征及储集空间类型、孔隙结构类型、储集物性特征等方面详细研究了湖相灰岩的储层特征。指出储集岩主要为各种类型的颗粒灰岩,沉积相以颗粒滩相为主,储集空间类型主要为粒间溶孔和铸模孔,以单一介质的中、细喉(即中小孔结构组合)为主,储层孔隙度主要介于5%～25%之间,渗透率基本上小于1×10-3μm2,滩核微相储集岩的孔隙度和渗透率最高。并从储层孔隙度和渗透率的分布特征及二者间的相关性研究了储层物性的下限值和储层类型划分的界线值,将研究区储集岩划分为4种基本类型。     

莫索湾地区清水河组储层特征及优质储层控制因素分析

莫索湾地区清水河组油气资源丰富,但埋深较大,储层非均质性较强,优质储层分布规律较复杂。本次研究以岩心、镜下薄片、压汞、物性及地层测试资料为基础,结合储集砂体沉积条件,深入分析储层特征及优质储层发育的控制因素,结果表明,储层整体储集条件较为优越,孔隙类型以原生孔隙为主,且孔隙结构多为中孔粗喉型;储层平均孔隙度为15.26%,平均渗透率为35.99×10~(-3)μm~2,属中孔中渗型。其中优质储层发育主要受控于沉积微相、成岩作用和异常高压3方面。沉积微相控制砂体的宏观分布、成分成熟度和结构成熟度,决定储层原始物性的好坏。沟槽带的水下分流河道砂体和低凸带的滩坝砂体物性最优越。成岩作用决定着对储层物性的后期改造及次生孔隙的发育程度。普遍存在的地层超压对于深部储层物性的保存具关键作用。     

河南双河油田Ⅳ1—3层系沉积微相特征研究

对双河油田Ⅳ１－３层系储层河控扇三角洲沉积微相进行了细分研究。研究区可分为水下分流河道、河口砂坝、前缘席状砂、远砂有扇三角洲泥共五种沉积微相,不同的微相见于不同钻井中的不同流动单元中。研究区可作为储层的砂体主要为水下分流河道砂体、河口坝砂体、前缘席状砂砂体及远砂坝砂体。不同类型的砂体由于其形成环境不同,其物性和分布有较大差异。沉积微相明显地控制着储层的物性和平面展布。从整个层系看前缘席 状砂微相台     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.