河北平原区域蒸发蒸腾量遥感估算

地表能量平衡系统(SEBS)是一种基于遥感影像的区域地表通量估算模型,能够对区域蒸发蒸腾进行精确估算.在SEBS模型的基础上,以河北平原为例,采取中分辨率成像光谱辐射仪(MODIS)产品影像,根据研究区下垫面的实际情况进行了参数估算,区域实际蒸发蒸腾量计算及模型精确度评价,并在此基础上,结合研究区的地面覆盖,对河北平原区域蒸发蒸腾分布进行了分析.     

ETWatch中的参数标定方法

使用遥感手段估算区域范围的蒸散量一直是热红外定量遥感的研究热点。ETWatch是用于流域蒸散遥感监测、针对遥感应用而设计的集成框架。方法集成了具有不同应用优势的遥感蒸散模型,并以Penman-Monteith方法为基础建立时间扩展方法,利用气象数据与晴好日的通量遥感估算结果,获得逐日连续的蒸散分布图。所生成的从流域级到地块级的数据产品能动态反映区域蒸散发的时空变化规律。为深入了解遥感蒸散量估算中的不确定因素,本文将其通量计算过程分为地表参数获取(以地表温度为主)、日净辐射、蒸发比等环节与地面数据进行对比和逐项的标定。并分别采用地表阻抗扩展法和蒸发比不变法进行了时间插补的对比研究。利用站点地面观测资料对蒸散遥感监测产品的验证表明,在全年内模型蒸发比结果与实测的时段平均蒸发比的相关系数可达到0.7左右,在更长的时间尺度上(月、季、年)平均百分比误差可以减小到10％以下。     

非均匀地表蒸散遥感研究综述

本文评述了目前常用的遥感估算地表蒸散方法,包括地表能量平衡模型、Penman-Monteith类模型、温度—植被指数特征空间方法、Priestley-Taylor类模型和其他方法。然而使用这些方法估算地表蒸散时会面临严重的尺度效应,而产生尺度效应的根本原因之一是地表异质性,在分析了非均匀下垫面对水热通量遥感反演造成的影响后,介绍了面积加权、校正因子补偿与温度降尺度3种尺度误差纠正方法;并从地面观测实验的角度简述了非均匀下垫面水热通量真实性检验的研究;最后探讨了将来建立更具时空代表性的非均匀下垫面地表蒸散遥感估算模型可能会面临的一些挑战。     

北京地区地表反照率TM数据反演与分析

反照率是一个广泛应用于地表能量平衡、中长期天气预测和全球变化研究的重要参数。本文利用2010年的TM影像反演北京地区地表反照率,首先利用6S模型对影像进行大气校正,得到地表反射率,进而,利用TM的5个波段的反射率,根据经验公式,计算了北京地区的地表反照率;对北京市地表反照率的分布情况、不同下垫面的反照率、以及反照率与LST和NDVI的关系进行了分析,得出了结论。     

遥感土壤水分对蒸散发估算的影响

地表实际蒸散发是联系陆表水循环、能量平衡和碳收支等物理过程的重要生态水文变量,同时也是目前水循环研究中的薄弱点,定量化土壤水分对蒸散发的胁迫作用是估算地表蒸散发的一个关键过程和难点。本研究基于2018年9月闪电河流域水循环与能量平衡遥感综合试验星—机—地联合观测数据,采用机载观测和卫星遥感反演土壤水分输入到ETMonitor模型估算地表实际蒸散发,在时间和空间两个维度上评估不同土壤水分产品对蒸散发估算的影响。从时间变化上来说,与地面观测蒸散发时间序列相比,基于ESA CCI (European SpaceAgency Climate Change Initiative)融合土壤水分产品、SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive)土壤水分产品和国产风云三号气象卫星(FY-3C)土壤水分产品估算的蒸散发最接近地面站点观测蒸散发,而基于ASCAT (TheAdvanced Scatterometer)和SMOS (Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity)土壤水分估算蒸散发分别明显的高于和低于地面观测蒸散发。从空间分布上来说,利用卫星反演土壤水分估算的蒸散发与基于机载观测土壤水分估算蒸散发具有一致的空间分布,能较好地反映该区域地表蒸散的空间分布格局,其中基于SMAP和SMOS土壤水分估算蒸散发与基于机载观测土壤水分估算蒸散发空间一致性最好。本研究评估遥感反演土壤水分对蒸散发影响,对区域及全球遥感蒸散发估算和土壤水分产品评估具有一定的指导意义。     

区域蒸散发量的遥感模型方法研究

蒸散是水资源管理的一个重要参数。与传统的蒸散计算方法相比,利用遥感进行蒸散研究具有快速、准确、大区域尺度及地图可视化显示等特点。本文通过研究,提出了基于能量平衡方法遥感反演蒸散发的计算模型,指出了模型参数的求解方法,建立了基于MOD IS遥感数据的大区域蒸散发遥感反演技术方法。通过对石羊河流域进行试验,反演误差基本小于10%,并且具有进一步推广的技术前景。     

青藏高原非均匀地表区域能量通量的研究

卫星遥感在研究青藏高原非均匀地表区域能量通量和蒸发（蒸散）量时有其独到的作用。本文介绍了基于NOAA-14 AVHRR和Landsat TM资料推算藏北高原地区区域地表特征参数、植被参数及区域地表热通量的方案，并把其用于GAME／Tibet（全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究）和CAMP／Tibet（“全球协调加强观测计划（CEOP）亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”）试验区。并指出了此方法估算青藏高原非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发（蒸散）量时存在的难点问题和解决问题的可能途径。     

基于遥感技术的区域地表蒸散研究进展

遥感技术的发展为大面积的区域地表蒸散(evapotranspiration,ET)反演和估算提供了一种新的手段,国内外学者围绕该领域在理论和技术方法上开展了大量研究。能量平衡原理是遥感估算地表ET的理论基础,由此发展出多种遥感ET模型与算法。在分析几种常见ET模型算法的基本原理及优缺点的基础上,阐述了不同方法的适应性及相关研究进展情况,提出了目前遥感ET研究所存在的问题,展望了遥感ET的发展趋势。     

基于植被指数-反照率特征空间的沙漠化信息遥感提取——以张掖绿洲及其附近区域为例

利用Landsat TM遥感卫星影像反演植被指数和地表反照率,并由此构建了植被指数和地表反照率组成的特征空间,最后利用该特征空间对张掖绿洲及其附近区域的沙漠化现状和程度进行了定量评价。利用野外调查的定位数据对结果进行检验,总体精度达到82%。该方法可以在遥感图像处理软件下实现沙漠化现状与程度的自动识别,而且指标简单、易于获取。与单纯使用遥感光谱信息进行分类相比,对于沙漠化现状与程度的分类和分级具有更好的效果。     

HJ-1卫星数据估算地表能量平衡

利用遥感数据估算和监测地表能量平衡的研究和应用一直以来都是学术探索的前沿和焦点,目前针对国际主流卫星数据(如MODIS,Landsat TM等)的算法研究有很多,且在不同的尺度上发展了一系列遥感技术和应用方法。本文以环境一号卫星(HJ-1)数据为主要数据源,研究和分析了地表能量平衡遥感估算方法。在下行短波和长波辐射,以及地表净辐射估算的基础上,重点研究了地表显热和潜热通量(蒸散)的估算方法,针对辐射温度代替空气动力学温度所引起的误差校正,对比分析了基于KB-1系数的热力学粗糙度长度,以及附加阻抗两种方法。使用2010年HJ-1B数据反演得到海河流域地表能量平衡各分量瞬时值,利用3个地面站点的测量数据对反演结果进行验证和误差分析。结果表明下行短波辐射的反演误差是地表净辐射反演误差的主要来源,地表温度的反演精度以及地表粗糙度的模拟精度是影响显热通量反演精度的主要因素。利用两种方法估算的显热通量趋势基本一致,但KB-1系数法的反演结果一般低于附加阻抗法。在下垫面较为复杂的区域,模型结果误差较大,需要更加精细的模型以刻画地表非均匀性的影响。     

利用天宫一号高光谱红外谱段估算青藏高原地表通量与蒸散量

利用天宫一号高光谱红外谱段,结合准同步的Aqua MODIS (MYD021KM) 资料,在对地表特征参数估算的基础上,利用地表能量平衡系统模式计算藏北高原地区的地表通量与蒸散量.结果表明基于天宫一号高分辨率高光谱红外谱段的地表通量与蒸散量估算结果和地表实际状况吻合,具有很大的应用潜力.     

Evaluating five remote sensing based single-source surface energy balance models for estimating daily evapotranspiration in a humid subtropical climate

In the last two decades, a number of single-source surface energy balance (SEB) models have been proposed for mapping evapotranspiration (ET); however, there is no clear guidance on which models are preferable under different conditions. In this paper, we tested five models-Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), Mapping ET at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC), Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI), Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS), and operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop)—to identify the single-source SEB models most appropriate for use in the humid southeastern United States. ET predictions from these models were compared with measured ET at four sites (marsh, grass, and citrus surfaces) for 149 cloud-free Landsat image acquisition days between 2000 and 2010. The overall model evaluation statistics showed that SEBS generally outperformed the other models in terms of estimating daily ET from different land covers (e.g., the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 0.74 mm day⁻¹). SSEBop was consistently the worst performing model and overestimated ET at all sites (RMSE = 1.67 mm day⁻¹), while the other models typically fell in between SSEBop and SEBS. However, for short grass conditions, SEBAL, METRIC, and S-SEBI appear to work much better than SEBS. Overall, our study suggests that SEBS may be the best SEB model in humid regions, although it may require modifications to work better over short vegetation.     

MODIS数据估算区域蒸散量的空间尺度误差纠正方法研究

探讨了使用中高分辨率卫星数据提供的地表分类以及植被指数信息与中低分辨率卫星数据相结合,在混合像元内部进行亚像元处理,以纠正混合像元造成的通量估算误差的方法。其意义在于利用中低分辨率卫星数据进行长期大面积蒸散监测时,只需要少量的中高分辨率数据支持,就可以在一定程度上改善监测结果,具有很好的可操作性。     

Basin scale rainfall-evapotranspiration dynamics in a tropical semiarid environment during dry and wet years

In semiarid regions the occurrence of alternating long drought and heavy rainfall periods directly impacts water availability, affecting human water supply, agriculture development and the provision of ecosystem services. Because of that, research on the water input and output fluxes at the basin scale is of paramount importance. In this sense, rainfall-evapotranspiration (ET) dynamics play a critical role in water, soil and vegetation interactions, in hydrometeorological modelling and in the energy fluxes dynamics of semiarid regions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify daily ET during a wet year and a dry year in a watershed located in the Brazilian Semiarid, by using remote sensing data and formulations based on the Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index (S-SEBI) and the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) algorithms. Land surface temperature, albedo and NDVI data from MODIS sensor and solar radiation data from weather stations located in the basin were used. Rainfall analysis indicated 2009 and 2012 as being representatives of anomalously wet and dry years respectively, which were selected for the quantification of ET. The proposed algorithm was adjusted and verified with data from a flux tower equipped with eddy covariance system. Daily remote sensing ET estimates showed good agreement with observed values (RMSE = 0.79 mm.d⁻¹) and the annual ET relative error was of 7.7% (35.4 mm.year⁻¹). Results showed that the native vegetation can delay its dormant state for five months during wet years. During the wet year, ET differences between land cover classes were less noticeable due to soil saturation and the urgency of vegetated surfaces to meet their physiological needs. In dry year, however, differences were more evident, with bare soil presenting lower ET rates and vegetation classes showing higher ET values.     

Assessing the performance of a large-scale irrigation system by estimations of actual evapotranspiration obtained by Landsat satellite images resampled with cubic convolution

Remote sensing techniques allow monitoring the Earth surface and acquiring worthwhile information that can be used efficiently in agro-hydrological systems. Satellite images associated to computational models represent reliable resources to estimate actual evapotranspiration fluxes, ET_a, based on surface energy balance. The knowledge of ET_a and its spatial distribution is crucial for a broad range of applications at different scales, from fields to large irrigation districts. In single plots and/or in irrigation districts, linking water volumes delivered to the plots with the estimations of remote sensed ET_a can have a great potential to develop new cost-effective indicators of irrigation performance, as well as to increase water use efficiency. With the aim to assess the irrigation system performance and the opportunities to save irrigation water resources at the “SAT Llano Verde” district in Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied on cloud-free Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, processed by cubic convolution resampling method, for three irrigation seasons (May to September 2006, 2007 and 2008). The model allowed quantifying instantaneous, daily, monthly and seasonal ET_a over the irrigation district. The comparison between monthly irrigation volumes distributed by each hydrant and the corresponding spatially averaged ET_a, obtained by assuming an overall efficiency of irrigation network equal to 85%, allowed the assessment of the irrigation system performance for the area served by each hydrant, as well as for the whole irrigation district. It was observed that in all the investigated years, irrigation volumes applied monthly by farmers resulted generally higher than the corresponding evapotranspiration fluxes retrieved by SEBAL, with the exception of May, in which abundant rainfall occurred. When considering the entire irrigation seasons, it was demonstrated that a considerable amount of water could have been saved in the district, respectively equal to 26.2, 28.0 and 16.4% of the total water consumption evaluated in the three years.     

A simple procedure for estimating distributed daily evapotranspiration using landsat-TM data

A procedure to estimate distributed daily evapotranspiration (ET) using remotely sensed data is presented. Landsat-TM data for a part of the Western Yamuna Canal command (Haryana) has been used for model application. The model utilizes the surface reflectance in visible, infrared and thermal bands to generate surface albedo, surface temperature and leaf area index and thus surface energy fluxes to determine distributed daily ET. Result reveals a reasonable estimate of distributed daily ET. For well-watered crop, average ET by the proposed model is estimated as 1.8 mm/d, whereas using Penmen-Monteith equation it is calculated as 1.9 mm/d. The error involved in estimating ET by the proposed model is calculated about 5%, which is quite acceptable for most applications. The proposed procedure is also found computationally simple and can also be applied on current Landsat ETM+ data.