原行星盘的研究进展

原行星盘是环绕在年轻星天体(如T Tauri型星,HAe/Be星)周围的气体尘埃盘,是具有初始角动量的分子云核在塌缩形成恒星过程中的自然结果,是行星系统的起源地。原行星盘研究不仅是恒星形成理论的重要组成部分,而且是行星形成理论的基础。首先介绍了盘的形成与演化规律;然后介绍了年轻星天体的能谱分布,盘的模型和参数(质量吸积率、质量、尺度、温度、寿命);随后讨论了尘埃颗粒在盘中生长的观测证据以及行星在盘中形成的大致过程;最后对原行星盘研究的现状和未来做了总结与展望。     

大质量恒星形成:外向流和绿色延展天体

恒星作为宇宙的基础组成元素,其形成过程一直是天文学中的重要研究对象。人们已基本了解中小质量恒星(质量小于8M_⊙)的形成和演化过程;受到数量少、嵌埋深、演化快和反馈剧烈等因素的影响,大质量恒星(质量大于8M_⊙)的形成过程依然谜团重重。介绍了小质量恒星形成的基本理论,以及吸积盘、竞争吸积、并合三种主流的大质量恒星形成模型;回顾了以往使用红外或射电望远镜对大质量恒星形成区的观测和分析,以及现阶段使用多波段巡天观测手段对大质量恒星形成区的研究成果;着重介绍了目前公认的大质量恒星形成的示踪物——分子外向流的理论和观测现状,以及大质量外向流的优秀候选体——绿色延展天体的发现、理论及观测研究情况。最后,对大质量恒星形成的理论和观测研究进行了总结和展望。     

近红外偏振观测在恒星形成研究中的应用

近红外偏振是研究恒星形成的有效工具.该文介绍了近红外偏振器的工作原理,然后分几个方面介绍了近红外偏振在恒星形成研究中的应用.红外反射云能很好地示踪年轻星天体及分子外流,通过分析偏振矢量的方法确定红外反射云的偏振对称中心,从而确定它的照亮源;偏振波长相关曲线包含了年轻星天体的星周物质的很多信息;年轻星的分子外流导致了红外反射云的形成,因此红外反射云的照亮源通常与年轻星天体成协,并是分子外流的驱动源;一些年轻星天体埋藏得很深,一般在近红外波段无法直接探测到,人们称之为深埋源,通过分析偏振矢量的方法可以找到深埋源;一般认为比较年轻的年轻星天体都是有尘埃盘的,尘埃盘的存在会导致它的偏振形态出现偏振盘,偏振盘町以用来研究尘埃盘;恒星形成区里成员星的偏振主要是由尘埃的二色性消光产生的,这样偏振方向会平行于致使尘埃排列的磁场的方向,从而能够揭示磁场的结构.最后进行了总结,并论述了中远红外偏振研究的优势和意义.     

恒星形成过程中的天体物理现象

恒星形成于分子云环境中。近30多年的观测研究使得天文学家对小质量恒星的形成有了相对明确的认识：小质量恒星通过坍缩、吸积和外向流的路标而形成。至于大质量恒星，其形成过程还存在着许多不确定因素，现有的观测证据表明：大质量恒星也可能通过坍缩、吸积和外向流的路标来形成，但也不排除在星团中通过中小质量恒星聚合而成的因素。大质量恒星形成与致密电离氢区(UCHII)成协较好，而与大质量恒星形成区成协的分子云环境中，既有大质量恒星也有小质量恒星形成。综述了恒星形成各个阶段的观测结果和研究现状以及成协的天体物理环境情况。未来的观测和研究重点在于，大质量恒星形成以及星团环境中的恒星形成。     

天体运动的轨道偏心率研究概述---从恒星系统到行星系统

偏心率是描述天体运动轨道的重要参数之一, 能够为揭示天体的动力学演化提供重要线索, 进而帮助理解天体形成与演化的过程及背后的物理机制. 随着天文观测技术的不断发展, 人们对于天体运动轨道的研究已经走出太阳系, 包含的系统也从大质量端的恒星系统延伸到了低质量端的行星系统. 聚焦天体轨道偏心率研究, 回顾了目前在恒星系统(包括主序恒星、褐矮星以及致密星)和行星系统(包括太阳系外巨行星以及``超级地球''、``亚海王星''等小质量系外行星)方面取得的进展, 总结了不同尺度结构下偏心率研究的一些共同之处和待解决的问题. 并结合当下和未来的相关天文观测设备和项目, 对未来天体轨道偏心率方面的研究工作进行了展望.     

对OH/IR星演化的模型研究

渐近巨星分支恒星 (AGB星 )是一种晚期演化恒星 ,它是恒星作为以核反应释能为发光能源的天体的最后演化阶段。AGB星阶段的恒星具有许多有趣的性质 ,如很大的质量损失率 (因此形成很厚的拱星尘埃气体包层 ) ,光变 ,热脉动 (或He闪耀 ) ,强的红外超量发射 ,分子脉泽发射等 ,弄清AGB星的演化规律是研究恒星演化理论的重要任务。目前人们所知道的AGB星的演化图景是 ,恒星经过漫长的主序演化之后 ,将经过红巨星 (RGB)阶段 ,然后才进入AGB阶段 ,在其演化过程中AGB星的光度和质量损失率要逐渐增大 ,它的光变周期也逐渐变长 ,在其中心星经历了一系列的由He核反应不稳定性引起的热脉动之后 ,它的质量损失很快停止 ,恒星开始向行星状星云 (PN)演化 ,最后行星状星云将会变成一个白矮星 ,这将是许多初始质量不很大的恒星的最终结局。OH/IR星阶段是AGB星演化的一个阶段 ,OH/IR星是那些质量稍大的恒星在AGB阶段后期演化而成的天体。现阶段人们对OH/IR星的具体演化过程还知道得很少。我们利用了球对称包层中的尘埃辐射转移模型来研究OH/IR星的演化性质 ,并且收集了尽量多的具有可靠距离的OH/IR星来研究他们的光度和质量损失率的演化性质。在本文的研究工作中 ,我们主要讨论了OH/IR星在远红外双色图中的分布规律 ,还发现     

X射线双星的形成与演化

<正>X射线双星是包含一颗吸积致密星(黑洞、中子星或者白矮星)的双星系统,是宇宙中的重要天体.对它们的研究不仅可以帮助人们理解双星演化、吸积盘和致密星物理,而且也有助于对星系的形成和演化历史甚至宇宙学模型的认识.本文的目的是讨论X射线双星的形成和演化过程,涉及到Be/X射线双星、低质量X射线双星、极亮X射线源和激变变星.第1章我们简要介绍了双星演化的相关知识.     

致密双星的演化和X射线源的研究

<正>X射线是高能天体物理的重要研究波段,研究天体的X射线辐射对认识它们的形成和演化、限制宇宙中的恒星形成历史、研究星系的形成和演化等等具有重要意义.在本文中,作者以X射线双星、特别是含有白矮星为致密吸积星的X射线点源为对象,通过数值计算和观测两种手段,研究这类源形成和演化中的一些重要过程、演化产物、和Ia型超新星可能的前     

NGC 3603星团中的大质量逃逸双星

非团环境中的大质量恒星以及大质量双星的起源是理解大质量恒星形成和演化的关键问题之一. 年轻大质量星团内的动力学交会过程是产生大质量逃逸星的重要途径之一. 选取了银河系内年轻大质量星团NGC 3603外围的两个碰撞星风系统候选体MTT68A和MTT71作为研究对象, 通过分析\emphChandra X射线观测以及\emphGaia第2批数据发布(DR2)中的天体测量结果, 研究它们作为相互作用的大质量双星系统的起源. X射线数据的分析表明, 它们的X射线能谱中存在Fe XXV发射线成分; 相较于普通O型星, 以双温等离子体模型拟合得到偏高的高温成分温度($\gtrsim$2.0keV), 并且X射线光度与热光度的比值也较高($\gtrsim10^{-5.8     

CO分子转动谱线的天体物理研究方法和近期进展

ＣＯ的射电转动谱线揭示了光学不可见的冷宇宙、银河系最大天体－巨分子云和恒星形成过程中的一个普遍存在的重要的相－双极外流。ＣＯ在６７～１８６ｕｍ波段的转动谱线是探测动能温度数百度以上的热天体（诸如富碳、富氧演化星包层,行星状星云、年轻星和恒星形成区复合体）物理条件的重要探针。对ＣＯ分子转动谱线的天体物理研究方法和在该领域的近期进展作了简单的评述。     

Magnetospheric accretion and pre-main-sequence stellar masses

We present a method of determining lower limits on the masses of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars and so constraining the PMS evolutionary tracks. This method uses the redshifted absorption feature observed in some emission-line profiles of T Tauri stars, indicative of infall. The maximum velocity of the accreting material measures the potential energy at the stellar surface, which, combined with an observational determination of the stellar radius, yields the stellar mass. This estimate is a lower limit owing to uncertainties in the geometry and projection effects. Using available data, we show that the computed lower limits can be larger than the masses derived from PMS evolutionary tracks for M   0.5 M. Our analysis also supports the notion that accretion streams do not impact near the stellar poles but probably hit the stellar surface at moderate latitudes.     

A far-infrared H-R diagram of young stellar objects

The observed spectral energy distributions from far-infrared (FIR) to millimeter wavelengths of young stellar objects (YSOs) fit a modified blackbody radiation with a peak around 100 m for both high-and low-mass YSOs. The spectra are nearly represented by the FIR colors made byIRAS flux densities at 60 and 100 m. UsingIRAS data, we make a FIR H-R diagram of cold YSOs, the parameters of which are the FIR color and the luminosity at 60 m. In each FIR H-R diagram of YSOs of three nearby star-forming regions, YSOs in early evolutionary phase form a fundamental sequence, along which they move with increasing of the luminosity while keeping the mass of FIR emitting envelope. We can predict the stellar masses of YSOs by using the H-R diagram.     

An X‐shooter survey of star forming regions: Low‐mass stars and sub‐stellar objects

We present preliminary results of our X‐shooter survey in star forming regions. In this contribution we focus on subsamples of young stellar and sub‐stellar objects (YSOs) in the Lupus star forming region and in the TW Hya association. We show that the X‐shooter spectra are suitable for conducting several parallel studies such as YSO + disk fundamental parameters, accretion and outflow activity in the very low‐mass (VLM) and sub‐stellar regimes, as well as magnetic activity in young VLM YSOs, and Li abundance determinations. The capabilities of X‐shooter in terms of wide spectral coverage, resolution and limiting magnitudes, allow us to assess simultaneously the accretion/outflow, magnetic activity, and disk diagnostics, from the UV and optical to the near‐IR, avoiding ambiguities due to possible YSO variability (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the effect of overshooting as predicted by the modelling of the pre-main-sequence evolution of a 2 M⊙ star

We discuss the effects of convective overshooting in the pre-main-sequence (PMS) evolution of intermediate-mass stars, by analysing in detail the early evolution towards the main sequence of a  2 M_⊙  stellar model. These effects can be extremely important in the end of the PMS, when the abundances in CNO elements approach the equilibrium in the centre. We provide a possible physical explanation on why a moderate amount of overshooting produces, as the star approaches the zero-age main-sequence, an extra loop in the evolutionary tracks on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.
An interesting feature is that there is a very well defined amount of overshooting (for a given stellar mass and chemical composition) beyond which a loop is produced. For smaller amounts of overshooting such a loop does not take place and the evolutionary tracks are similar to those found in the literature. The amount of overshooting needed to produce the loop decreases with stellar mass.
We discuss the underlining physical reasons for the behaviour predicted by the evolution models and argue that it provides a crucial observational test for convective overshooting in the core of intermediate-mass stars.     

Current problems in star formation and infrared surveys

Star forming regions and young stellar objects are well known to be strong sources of infrared radiation. Such objects will be among the conspicous targets in the upcoming NIR surveys. Therefore, these surveys promise important new information on various unsolved questions concerning the star formation process. Among the problems where significant progress can be expected are the environmental effects on star formation, the derivation of star formation efficiencies and star formation rates, and all questions related to the fragmentation process and the initial mass function. Moreover, the NIR surveys may also help identifying new examples of protostars and PMS objects for follow-up investigations of their physical structure.     

Stellar parameters of young brown dwarfs

We present X‐shooter observations of two brown dwarf candidates. We focus on the determination of stellar parameters and their errors. The targets, an accreting class II and a non‐accreting class III objects, are members of the σ Orionis star‐forming region. We derive the spectroscopic spectral types from the VIS spectrum and the stellar parameters. We find that the uncertainties on the stellar parameters have a minor effect on the determination of the mass accretion rate for the accreting star, thus confirming that the discrepancies between the mass accretion rate estimates found with different (simultaneous) tracers are probably due to different physical conditions where the accretion/wind indicators are produced (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The stellar populations of spiral galaxies

We have used a large sample of low-inclination spiral galaxies with radially resolved optical and near-infrared photometry to investigate trends in star formation history with radius as a function of galaxy structural parameters. A maximum-likelihood method was used to match all the available photometry of our sample to the colours predicted by stellar population synthesis models. The use of simplistic star formation histories, uncertainties in the stellar population models and considering the importance of dust all compromise the absolute ages and metallicities derived in this work; however, our conclusions are robust in a relative sense. We find that most spiral galaxies have stellar population gradients, in the sense that their inner regions are older and more metal rich than their outer regions. Our main conclusion is that the surface density of a galaxy drives its star formation history, perhaps through a local density dependence in the star formation law. The mass of a galaxy is a less important parameter; the age of a galaxy is relatively unaffected by its mass; however, the metallicity of galaxies depends on both surface density and mass. This suggests that galaxy‐mass-dependent feedback is an important process in the chemical evolution of galaxies. In addition, there is significant cosmic scatter suggesting that mass and density may not be the only parameters affecting the star formation history of a galaxy.     

The Ogle-Tr-56 Star–Planet System

We simultaneously fitted light and velocity data for the star–planet system OGLE-TR-56 with the Wilson–Devinney (WD) binary star program. We solved for orbital and planet parameters, along with the ephemeris using all currently available observational data. Parameters for the star (OGLE-TR-56a) were kept fixed at values derived from spectral characteristics and stellar evolutionary tracks. Our results are in good agreement with parameters obtained by other authors and have slightly smaller errors. We found no significant change in orbital period that may be due to orbital decay.     

年轻星天体喷流的近红外成像观测进展

分子氢的红外振动发射线是显现年轻星质量外流的重要谱线之一。自Gautier等人1976年在猎户座发现年轻星质量外流的分子氢发射开始,人们在银河系内几乎所有的恒星形成区都发现了这种线发射。研究表明,分子氢发射与年轻星周围的其它活动现象（如分子外流和光学喷流）之间有着非常密切的联系。红外和光学喷流代表了年轻星剧烈活动的两个侧面,是喷流与周围介质相互作用强弱不同的表现,这种作用还拖带周围介质,产生分子外流,光学、红外喷流和分子外流组成了恒星形成区壮观的景象,它们是恒星形成活动的重要标志。随着红外探测技术的飞速发展,对年轻星外流活动现象的观测越来越丰富的详细,使人们对这种现象的本质越来越了解。在20世纪90年代NICMOS等大阵列红外探测器投入使用后,红外成像观测有了长足的进步。目前已在70个左右的区域里发现了H2发射,这一数字还在迅速增加,今后的研究主要可能向两个方向发展。其一是高分辨观测,进一步了解H2发射的结构以及与光学喷流和分子外流之间的关系;其二是天观测,了解银河系内的恒星形成H2区发射的大尺度结构和恒星形成的统计分布规律。