基于多源遥感数据的水体信息提取研究

卫星遥感技术已被广泛应用到水体信息提取中,但目前基于遥感技术的水体信息提取多采用单一的遥感数据源,而没有充分利用多源数据的信息复合优势,因此,提取结果经常受天气气候或空间分辨率限制。本文研究了不同尺度、不同平台的多种遥感数据源的水体信息提取方法。首先,基于波谱间关系决策树分类算法对Landsat ETM+图像进行水体提取,利用其分辨率优势较准确地提取出水体范围;其次,在Radarsat SAR图像上利用阈值法粗提取水体信息后,结合DEM剔除阴影得到水体信息;最后,利用灾前Landsat ETM+图像水体信息提取结果和灾中Radarsat SAR图像水体信息提取结果,进行差值处理,得到洪水淹没范围。研究结果可以为洪水灾害监测与评估提供信息依据。     

利用景观格局指数的空间分辨率对水域面积提取影响的分析

对8个不同地区对应的同一时间的ETM+数据和MODIS数据,利用谱间关系法得到30 m和250 m分辨率具有不同景观格局分布的水体专题图,研究分辨率对不同景观格局分布的水体提取的影响。通过比较发现,区域内水体边缘密度很小时,ETM+和MODIS提取结果的误差很小;当区域内水体边缘密度很大时,ETM+和MODIS提取结果的误差相应就变大。通过引入景观格局指数与两种分辨率的提取结果进行回归分析发现,对于不破碎区域的水体,MODIS和ETM+可以得到相近的精度;而对于中度破碎的水体,引入景观格局指数信息能显著地提高中度破碎水体的精度;但对于高度破碎的水体,通过引入景观格局指数信息的多元回归几乎不能提高精度。     

基于ETM~+和ASTER数据的矿化蚀变信息提取

选用ETM+和ASTER影像作为数据源,以西藏某矿区为例,在分析影像波谱特征的基础上,运用比值法、主成分分析等方法进行了矿化蚀变信息提取研究;对不同数据源提取的蚀变信息结果进行空间叠加分析,定量化地分析叠加蚀变信息,从而确定基于不同数据源、不同蚀变信息提取方法的综合蚀变异常信息,提高了矿化蚀变信息提取的准确性与可靠性。     

基于归一化指数分析的居民地遥感信息提取

以无锡市作为研究区域,采用2000年Landsat ETM+影像数据,通过对居民地的遥感机理分析,利用植被指数、水体指数、城镇指数相结合的方法提取居民地信息。分析遥感影像的谱间结构特征,通过试验,建立二值逻辑运算式,得到居民地遥感信息提取结果。并用该方法在不同时相不同地区的Landsat TM/ETM+影像上进行了进一步的验证。研究结果表明:该方法可以将居民地信息提取出来,并且效果较好。     

一种基于Landsat 8的多波段组合水体指数模型

本文通过分析水体在Landsat 8数据中可见光波段和近红外波段的波谱差异,将Landsat 8数据中可见光波段作为一组,近红外波段和中红外波段作为另一组,构建了多波段组合水体指数(MBCWI)模型。基于Landsat 8数据在合肥、安康和康定地区共3景数据5种不同场景进行水体提取试验。结果表明,该模型不仅能够抑制云层、阴影、裸土、亮色地物和建筑物等对水体提取的影响,还能较好地提取出含有大量蓝藻的水体,且阈值稳定,Kappa系数优于0.968 5,总体精度高达99.69%,总体误差小于8.92%。相较于其他水体指数而言,提取精度显著提高。     

ASTER数据的煤矿区水体信息提取

为实现多光谱数据对煤矿区水体信息提取，以萍乡市芦新岭及周边煤矿为试验区，在国内外学者对水体指数法提取水体信息和应用的启发下，对试验区不同地物的波谱特征进行分析。本文首先利用数学统计方法建立一种ASTER数据综合归一化差异水体指数模型SWI ASTER_xy，然后利用这一模型对试验区进行水体信息提取。试验表明，该模型能够有效地提取矿区各类水体，还可以运用在ASTER数据（或其他多光谱数据）对不同区域不同地物的提取，在遥感地物定量提取上具有很好的效果和潜力，具有一定的推广价值。     

不同传感器线性光谱分解反演不透水面的对比——以Landsat ETM+和EO-1 ALI为例

利用线性光谱分解模型,对同日过境的Landsat ETM+和EO-1ALI影像的不透水面信息反演结果进行对比研究,从提取精度、盖度精度两方面对两种传感器影像的不透水面反演能力进行对比。结果表明,ALI反演不透水面的能力优于ETM+,其提取总精度和Kappa系数均高于ETM+高;其均方根误差和系统误差的绝对值都小于ETM+。两者产生差异的原因在于ALI的光谱分辨率和辐射分辨率均高于ETM+。     

顾及时点特征的水体提取成果空间修正方法

水体提取具有时点效应的特点,针对陆地水体季节性变化明显的客观现状,提出一种水体成果地理空间修正方法。利用高时间分辨率遥感影像开展水体信息提取,保证水体现势性满足标准时点要求;然后,将此结果作为先验知识,基于精细格网数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据,利用水体种子点区域生长,提取精细化的水体结果,即将成果优化至高空间分辨率水平,保证水体成果满足精度要求,从而实现水体成果的地理空间修正。以第一次全国地理国情普查地表覆盖水体成果为研究实例,获取了研究区满足标准时点要求的15 m空间分辨率的Landsat8影像,基于归一化差异水体指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)提取水体分布状况,采用2 m格网DEM数据实现了精度优化。结果显示,研究区水体成果地理空间范围相对于影像源时相修正了17. 97%,空间分辨率转换带来的水体成果地理空间范围优化率为1. 51%。研究表明该方法能够在影像接边各方时相不满足标准时点要求的情况下,为基于遥感技术的水体信息提取提供一种顾及时点特征的成果地理空间修正方法,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于波谱角分类法的沙化信息提取研究——以毛乌素沙地典型地区为例

以毛乌素沙地典型地区为例,以CBERS2、Landsat5 TM、SPOT5及 TM与SPOT5融合影像作为基本数据源,使用波谱角分类法对 该区流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和沙化耕地进行信息提取,探索和比较该方法针对不同传感器遥感影像的沙化信息提取精度 。对本研究区,不同传感器影像的沙化信息提取精度均在80%以上,其中融合影像的沙化信息提取精度最高为90.13%,SPOT5次之, 而CBERS2和TM对不同类型的沙化信息提取各有优势,但CBERS-2信息提取的精度要高于TM。这说明使用波谱角分类法提取的结果精 度与影像空间分辨率有正相关关系,即空间分辨率越高,沙化信息的提取精度也越高。     

HJ-1CCD与Landsat ETM+在土地利用中的应用比较

为研究环境一号(HJ-1)CCD影像在土地利用中的应用能力,选取HJ-1 A/B CCD和Landsat ETM+作为数据源,在遥感影像土地利用要素识别、土地利用计算机分类精度、土地利用信息提取二级分类精度和土地利用分类等方面,对HJ-1A/B CCD数据和Landsat ETM+数据在土地利用分类中的应用能力进行对比研究,结果表明土地利用分类应用中,HJ-1 A/B CCD基本可以替代Landsat ETM+,且HJ-1 A/B CCD数据光谱敏感性更强,反映地物细节的能力更强,比Landsat ETM+数据更有优势的结论。     

基于新型水体指数(NWI)进行水体信息提取的实验研究

基于遥感数据构建的水体指数模型可用于水体信息的提取。本文在对水体及其背景地物进行光谱特征分析的基础上,结合水体在近红外和中红外波段(相当于Landsat TM/ETM+影像的Band 4,Band 5和Band 7)同时具有强吸收这一典型特征,提出了一种新型的水体指数NW I(New W ater Index)。将该指数在含不同水体类型的遥感影像上进行实验,均获得了较好的提取效果。利用文献样本数据所作的实验表明,NW I具有很强的普适性,可用于水体信息的快速提取,且具有较高的精度。     

基于TM/ETM和DEM数据的BRDF特征提取

巴丹吉林沙漠地区地物类型单一,地形起伏,形成了天然的二向反射数据集;因此,本研究利用巴丹吉林沙漠地区的ASTER GDEM产品提供的地面高程数据,计算出每个坡元所对应的太阳-观测几何信息(包括太阳天顶角与方位角和观测天顶角与方位角),假设沙丘上每个坡元的表面结构不随其坡度和坡向变化,加上Landsat-TM/ETM+对地观测的信息,就形成了对同一地物的多角度观测数据集,从而可以提取该地区的BRDF特征。为了检验该方法,利用该方法获取的BRDF特征信息模拟了25景Landsat-TM/ETM+数据,并与实际的Landsat-TM/ETM+图像进行对比分析。结果表明, Landsat-TM/ETM+前4个波段的模拟图像与真实图像地表平均反射率相比,平均误差分别为2.80%、1.92%、2.68%和2.32%,高于一般辐射定标中5%—7%的误差要求,因此本研究方法可为高分辨率数据的交叉辐射定标等应用提供参考。     

Spectral Analysis of Multispectral Landsat 7 ETM + and ASTER Data for Mapping Land Cover at Qurayah Sabkha, Northern Saudi Arabia

The Qurayyah Sabkha is located on the western coast of the Arabian Gulf in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The current study aims to determine the number of land cover endmembers that can be detected and mapped using Landsat 7 ETM + and ASTER. Furthermore, the study also aims to determine the spatial distribution of fractional abundances of these endmembers. Clastic sediments, calcite dominate sediments, gypsum, vegetation, water, and quartz sand were identified at the surface the Qurayyah Sabkha using Minimum Noise fraction (MNF), Pixel Purity Index (PPI), and n-D Visualization. Results from Matched Filtering (MF) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) methods showed good match and revealed that the spatial distributions of gypsum, clastic sediments, and quartz sand have nearly similar pattern as determined from Landsat 7 ETM + and ASTER data. These results also show good correspondence between spectra of sample and image. The present results also revealed good matching between the results obtained from MF, LSU, spectral analyses, and X-ray diffraction (XRD).     

Pan-European forest/non-forest mapping with Landsat ETM+ and CORINE Land Cover 2000 data

This paper describes a simple and adaptive methodology for large area forest/non-forest mapping using Landsat ETM+ imagery and CORINE Land Cover 2000. The methodology is based on scene-by-scene analysis and supervised classification. The fully automated processing chain consists of several phases, including image segmentation, clustering, adaptive spectral representativity analysis, training data extraction and nearest-neighbour classification. This method was used to produce a European forest/non-forest map through the processing of 415 Landsat ETM+ scenes. The resulting forest/non-forest map was validated with three independent data sets. The results show that the map’s overall point-level agreement with our validation data generally exceeds 80%, and approaches 90% in central European conditions. Comparison with country-level forest area statistics shows that in most cases the difference between the forest proportion of the derived map and that computed from the published forest area statistics is below 5%.     

ASTER与Landsat ETM~+热红外传感器数据的比较研究

利用3对同日过空的ASTER和ETM+影像对,开展了ETM+和ASTER热红外影像的定量比较,求出了二者的关系转换方程。定量研究结果表明,ASTER和ETM+热红外数据具有极显著的正相关关系,所求出的转换关系方程有很高的精度。但二者仍有一定的差异,表现在ASTER数据反演的传感器处温度要比ETM+平均高0.66℃~0.82℃,其所表现的热信息量也要比ETM+丰富且连续。     

Spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies using Landsat time-series data from 1999 to 2011

Detailed information on the spatiotemporal dynamic in surface water bodies is important for quantifying the effects of a drying climate, increased water abstraction and rapid urbanization on wetlands. The Swan Coastal Plain (SCP) with over 1500 wetlands is a global biodiversity hotspot located in the southwest of Western Australia, where more than 70% of the wetlands have been lost since European settlement. SCP is located in an area affected by recent climate change that also experiences rapid urban development and ground water abstraction. Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery from 1999 to 2011 has been used to automatically derive a spatially and temporally explicit time-series of surface water body extent on the SCP. A mapping method based on the Landsat data and a decision tree classification algorithm is described. Two generic classifiers were derived for the Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 data. Several landscape metrics were computed to summarize the intra and interannual patterns of surface water dynamic. Top of the atmosphere (TOA) reflectance of band 5 followed by TOA reflectance of bands 4 and 3 were the explanatory variables most important for mapping surface water bodies. Accuracy assessment yielded an overall classification accuracy of 96%, with 89% producer’s accuracy and 93% user’s accuracy of surface water bodies. The number, mean size, and total area of water bodies showed high seasonal variability with highest numbers in winter and lowest numbers in summer. The number of water bodies in winter increased until 2005 after which a decline can be noted. The lowest numbers occurred in 2010 which coincided with one of the years with the lowest rainfall in the area. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamic of surface water bodies on the SCP constitutes the basis for understanding the effect of rainfall, water abstraction and urban development on water bodies in a spatially explicit way.     

Relative suitability of indices derived from Landsat ETM+ and SPOT 5 for detecting fire severity in sagebrush steppe

Remote sensing indices of burn area and fire severity have been developed and tested for forest ecosystems, but not sparsely vegetated, desert shrub-steppe in which large wildfires are a common occurrence and a major issue for land management. We compared the performance of remote sensing indices for detecting burn area and fire severity with extensive ground-based cover assessments made before and after the prescribed burning of a 3 km² shrub-steppe area. The remote sensing indices were based on either Landsat 7 ETM+ or SPOT 5 data, using either single or multiple dates of imagery. The indices delineating burned versus unburned areas had better overall, User, and Producer's accuracies than indices delineating levels of fire severity. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) calculated from SPOT had the greatest overall accuracy (100%) in delineating burned versus unburned areas. The relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (RdNBR) using Landsat ETM+ provided the highest accuracies (73% overall accuracy) for delineating fire severity. Though SPOT's spatial resolution likely conferred advantages for determining burn boundaries, the higher spectral resolution (particularly band 7, 2.21 μm) of Landsat ETM+ may be necessary for detecting differences in fire severity in sparsely vegetated shrub-steppe.     

Land cover mapping at Alkali Flat and Lake Lucero,White Sands,New Mexico,USA using multi-temporal and multi-spectral remote sensing data

The goal of this research is to map land cover patterns and to detect changes that occurred at Alkali Flat and Lake Lucero, White Sands using multispectral Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Advanced Land Imager (ALI), and hyperspectral Hyperion and Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. The other objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the information dimensionality limits of Landsat 7 ETM+, ASTER, ALI, Hyperion, and AVIRIS data with respect to signal-to-noise and spectral resolution, (2) to determine the spatial distribution and fractional abundances of land cover endmembers, and (3) to check ground correspondence with satellite data. A better understanding of the spatial and spectral resolution of these sensors, optimum spectral bands and their information contents, appropriate image processing methods, spectral signatures of land cover classes, and atmospheric effects are needed to our ability to detect and map minerals from space. Image spectra were validated using samples collected from various localities across Alkali Flat and Lake Lucero. These samples were measured in the laboratory using VNIR–SWIR (0.4–2.5 μm) spectra and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) method. Dry gypsum deposits, wet gypsum deposits, standing water, green vegetation, and clastic alluvial sediments dominated by mixtures of ferric iron (ferricrete) and calcite were identified in the study area using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), Pixel Purity Index (PPI), and n-D Visualization. The results of MNF confirm that AVIRIS and Hyperion data have higher information dimensionality thresholds exceeding the number of available bands of Landsat 7 ETM+, ASTER, and ALI data. ASTER and ALI data can be a reasonable alternative to AVIRIS and Hyperion data for the purpose of monitoring land cover, hydrology and sedimentation in the basin. The spectral unmixing analysis and dimensionality eigen analysis between the various datasets helped to uncover the most optimum spatial–spectral–temporal and radiometric-resolution sensor characteristics for remote sensing based on monitoring of seasonal land cover, surface water, groundwater, and alluvial sediment input changes within the basin. The results demonstrated good agreement between ground truth data and XRD analysis of samples, and the results of Matched Filtering (MF) mapping method.     

Calibration of ASTER and ETM + imagery using empirical line method—A case study of north-east of Hajjah, Yemen

This study is aimed at using the Empirical Line Method (ELM) to eliminate atmospheric effects with respect to visible and near infrared bands of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data. Two targets (Amran limestone as light target and quartz-biotite-sericite-graphite schists as dark target), which were widely exposed and easy to identify in the imagery were selected. The accuracy of the atmospheric correction method was evaluated from three targets (vegetation cover, Amran limestone and Akbra shale) of the surface reflectance. Analytical spectral devices (ASD) FieldSpec3 was used to measure the spectra of target samples. ETM+ data were less influenced by the atmospheric effect when compared to ASTER data. Normalized differences vegetation indices (NDVI) displayed good results with reflectance data when compared with digital number (DN) data because it is highly sensitive to ground truth reflectance (GTR). Most of the differences observed before and after calibration of satellite images (ASTER and ETM+) were absorbed in the SWIR region.      

Fusion of TerraSAR-x and Landsat ETM+ data for protected area mapping in Uganda

TerraSAR-X satellite acquires very high spatial resolution data with potential for detailed land cover mapping. A known problem with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is the lack of spectral information. Fusion of SAR and multispectral data provides opportunities for better image interpretation and information extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the fusion between TerraSAR-X and Landsat ETM+ for protected area mapping using high pass filtering (HPF), principal component analysis with band substitution (PCA) and principal component with wavelet transform (WPCA). A total of thirteen land cover classes were identified for classification using a non-parametric C 4.5 decision tree classifier. Overall classification accuracies of 74.99%, 83.12% and 85.38% and kappa indices of 0.7220, 0.8100 and 0.8369 were obtained for HPF, PCA and WPCA fusion approaches respectively. These results indicate a high potential for a combined use of TerraSAR-X and Landsat ETM+ data for protected area mapping in Uganda.