大巴山国家地质公园岩溶景观空间分层结构及受新构造运动的影响

大巴山国家地质公园岩溶景观种类齐全、组成系统完整,其发育和分布受构造控制作用显著。文章探讨大巴山国家地质公园岩溶景观特征及其空间分层结构受构造控制的作用机制,发现岩溶空间形态总体呈现掀斜式强烈抬升、河流深切的亚热带中低山峡谷岩溶特点,新构造运动间歇性隆升对岩溶景观垂向发育影响较为显著。岩溶发育的空间层位划分为三个高程层级,从下至上连续分段为440～700 m,700～1 200 m,1 200～1 890 m。空间分层结构反映某一阶段地壳总体处于相对稳定的时期,发育水平岩溶系统（溶洞）,后期地壳发生快速抬升,出现少量竖向岩溶系统（落水洞）,溶洞的分布与相应的侵蚀基准面（现代河床、各级阶地）相适应。根据发育层级推测,研究区至少经历过四次规模较大的间歇性快速抬升构造活动,各级夷平面先后受喜马拉雅运动第Ⅱ幕和第Ⅲ幕影响。喜马拉雅运动多次间歇性快速抬升过程中,丰沛的地下水和地表水下切并快速溶蚀形成多层剥蚀台地。在新构造运动相对稳定期,有充分的条件循环交替溶蚀导致垂向、水平岩溶均出现较大规模发育。      

华熊地块金矿集区成矿机理探讨

华熊地块区金、铅、银矿床矿集区与中生代隆起带、断陷盆地、燕山期花岗岩基及小花岗斑岩体空间关系密切。隆起带抬升、为陷盆地下降、岩浆作用和成矿作用在白垩纪同时发生。区内金矿早期成矿热液以岩浆水为主，晚期有大气降水参与成矿。成矿物质及介质来源于太华群及下部地层、花岗岩浆和中生代湖盆。成矿机理是：区域板块运动使本区在侏罗纪末下地壳形成花岗岩浆熔融层。白垩纪始，区内以断块差异升降为主，形成掀斜式断陷盆地和掀     

塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体形成演化

塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体是阿克库勒鼻状凸起长期抬升暴露并经过长达118 Ma风化剥蚀而成。塔河地区的抬升是与周边天山、塔里木地块的多期古构造运动密切相关,该区曾经历加里东中晚期、海西期运动等8次(幕)运动。地壳的不断抬升变化,使塔河地区经过多种溶蚀作用,包括地表径流溶蚀作用、渗流溶蚀作用、潜流溶蚀作用、海岸带的混合水溶蚀和局部深处热水的溶蚀作用,从而形成多期叠加的混沌网络溶洞系统。溶洞发育程度受控于基岩颗粒灰岩的溶蚀程度、古构造运动的抬升作用、各种方式的溶蚀作用以及受溶蚀时期长短等。     

嵩山地区新构造运行研究

根据几年来对嵩山地区的考察和研究，通过对夷平面，河流阶地，串珠状洪积扇等诸多地貌现象的分析，论述了嵩山地区新构造运动以间竭性抬升运动和掀斜运行为主的特征。     

临清坳陷东部中,新生代构造演化特征

临清坳陷东部是一个中，新生代断陷。早三叠世该区为一台坳，晚三叠世褶皱抬升，侏罗纪一早白垩世为ＮＷ走向的拉分盆地，晚白垩世的左旋挤压其再次褶皱，抬升。早第三纪的裂陷作用使其拉张伸展，断块通过水平伸展。差异升降和掀斜运动形成了伸展构造系统，使坳陷最终形成两凹一凸的构造格局和５种结构形式，晚第三纪以后，该区则以整体拗陷为特征。该区中，新生代的构造演化可划分为４个旋回或阶段，即三叠纪的台拗旋回，侏罗－白垩     

伸展型缓倾断裂的构造模型与成因机制—以豫西石炭、二叠系大型缓倾断层为例

豫西石炭二叠系中发育的大型缓倾断层具张性断裂性质,构造模型是由滚卷背斜及反向断层、犁式断层面、掀斜断块组成的多层次构造体系.它形成在中、新生代地壳拉伸背景下,由基底断块斜掀引起表层重力滑动的层间断裂构造。      

区域挤压体制下盆-山耦合关系探讨——以河西走廊和北祁连山为例

笔者在盆-山构造及构造地貌发育的基础上，对研究区构造和沉积记录进行了分析。进而探讨了新生代以来河西走廊与北祁连山的耦合关系。区内盆地和山脉是于38Ma前在准平原基础上发育起来的：38-17Ma，研究区处于挤压凹陷状态，随着Ⅰ级夷平面解体而盆地范围扩大，17Ma以来，盆地南缘不断抬升，沉积中心向北迁移，于4.96-3.66Ma,0.93-0.84Ha和中更新世末-晚更新世初形成向北推进的Ⅱ级，Ⅲ级，Ⅳ级夷平面，盆山构造的运动方式有前展式，掀斜式和对冲式3种，前展式是盆山演化的主要方式且发生时代相对较早，后两者明显活动于0.93-0.84Ma。其中掀斜式运动是盆地内横向隆起形成的主要原因。而对冲式运动的标志是盆地北缘龙首山，合黎山的隆起。     

中天山卡瓦布拉克一带古地壳层圈结构特征

中天山卡瓦布拉克一带，受长期掀斜隆升剥蚀，显示古地壳具层圈结构，盖层为火山岩，由于剥蚀局部残留，上地壳由劈理带和结晶片岩带组成；中地壳为塑性流变层，由板状韧流带和环状重熔岩带构成；下地壳仅见呈热隆上升的环状中基性杂岩性。板状韧流带具大型韧性剪切变形特征，中基性杂岩为下地壳热隆岩浆上升，并使中地壳岩石形成重熔型花岗岩，共同构成环状杂岩体。该地壳层圈结构形成于新疆古大陆震旦－寒武纪裂解及准噶尔洋盆发育过程中。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百地区不整合面及其动力学条件

不整合及其性质和强度的确定对理解克拉玛依至百口泉地区构造变形历史和油气聚集规律具有重要意义。根据地震资料研究显示,该区二叠纪至中生代地层中存在多个不整合面,且多为构造运动的反映。其中对克-百地区构造形成具有重要影响的有四期,其一发生在中二叠统下乌尔禾组沉积后,主要表现为冲断掀斜运动,使其前的二叠纪沉积向南东方向掀斜抬升,遭受剥蚀;其二发生在三叠纪末期,对克百断裂上盘大侏罗沟断层至百口泉段的构造有重要影响;其三发生在中侏罗世末,该期构造运动在克百断裂带及其上盘表现最为清楚,以冲断为主,局部地区有褶皱现象;其四发生在早白垩世末期,表现为掀斜运动,褶皱和断裂作用相对较弱。克-百地区不同时期、不同构造部位变形的差异性与构造动力条件密切相关。     

“中国山水画原本”—祝张家界国家地质公园诞生

座落在张家界市的国家地质公园,面积约3600km^2,迷人的奇特石英砂岩峰林地貌景观为其精萃,已成为闻名遐迩的风景名胜区和旅游胜地,一代宗师吴冠中先生赞誉张家界为“中国山水画原本”。经过亿万年地质历史的发展演化,距今3亿多年的上泥盆统云台观组石英砂岩在流水侵蚀、风化剥蚀、地壳的掀斜抬升等内外地质营力作用下,最终形成现代迷人的砂岩峰林景观,被誉为“国之瑰宝,世界明珠”。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏储集空间发育特征及地质模式探讨

碳酸盐岩表生岩溶作用控制着塔河油田奥陶系油藏缝洞系统的发育及分布。塔河油田奥陶系油藏经历了加里东期和海西早期两次岩溶作用,造成了储层极强的非均质性。通过塔河油田岩溶作用演化及发育期次的研究,将塔河油田奥陶系垂向岩溶带划分为地表岩溶带、纵向渗滤岩溶带和水平潜流岩溶带,平面上发育岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶洼地3个地貌单元。通过对野外露头、岩心、钻井、测井、地震及生产动态资料的综合研究,认为溶洞、溶蚀裂缝及蜂窝状孔洞等连续孔隙是该区有效储集空间,基质作为不渗透（低渗）层对缝洞系统有一定的隔挡作用。结合表生岩溶洞穴的原理及对孔隙状态的控制作用,将塔河油田溶洞储集体根据不同成因分为落水洞、潜流洞和小溶洞,按溶洞充填物类型分为垮塌充填洞、机械充填洞和化学充填洞,同时建立了不同类型孔洞系统的识别特征及地质模式。结合塔河油田洞穴储层发育特征及生产实际,最终建立了塔河油田岩溶储集空间展布模式。     

辽宁省大窑湾某建筑场地岩溶发育特征及工程地质条件评价

辽宁省大窑湾地区某建筑场地内基岩为可溶性中等~强的碳酸盐岩,岩体裂隙发育,在海水入侵、潜水与岩溶裂隙水等共同作用下,岩溶发育较强烈。本场地勘察揭露溶洞的见洞率70.27%。溶洞多发育于地表下20～3m之间,其次为30～40m。本文根据揭露溶洞的大小将溶洞分成大型溶洞（洞高≥4m）、中偏大型溶洞（2m≤洞高＜4m）、中型溶洞（0.5m≤洞高＜2m）和小型溶洞（洞高＜0.5m）等四类,分析表明本场地内溶洞以中型溶洞为主,其次为小型溶洞和中偏大型溶洞,岩溶的发育和分布对场地工程地质条件影响较大。本文围绕场地岩溶发育这一主要工程地质问题,从岩溶发育的地质背景、形成条件、分布特点等方面对场地内的岩溶发育特征进行了分析研究,认为本场地属于岩溶中等～强发育的复杂的岩溶红粘土地基,需采取CFG桩、振冲碎石桩复合地基或采用桩基等措施对地基进行处理,以保证工程安全。      

Radar spectral analysis and evaluation of the effect of grouting treatment in karst caves and soil caves

This paper studies karst cave and soil cavity development in the process of karst collapse as a means of disaster prevention and control. Using the karst area of the Shandong section of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway as a test area, a numerical simulation method is presented as well as the model test to study the characteristics of typical radar images of different types of karst caves and soil cavities. By combining theoretical analysis with field test results, the method and characteristic standards for nondestructive testing using ground-penetrating radar to determine the grouting effect on a karst roadbed are given. The radar spectrum characteristics are analyzed for a cave, water-filled cave, clay-filled cave, karst cave with dense grouting and karst cave with grouting that is not dense. Comprehensive analysis of the results of indoor model testing and numerical analysis, combined with the engineering practice of evaluating the effect of grouting treatment in the selected section of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, clarifies the basic characteristics of map recognition of radar detection of karst grouting. The morphological characteristics of the karst caves in the geological radar images are usually composed of many hyperbolic strong reflection waves. Multiple-reflection wave groups of high amplitude, low frequency, and equal distance indicate the side wall of the cave. The bottom interface of the cave is not obvious, although when the bottom part of the cave is filled with water or clay, silt, sand and gravel material. The bottom of the reflection wave will be enhanced. When the cave is filled with material, the electromagnetic wave energy decays rapidly, the high-frequency part is absorbed, and the reflection is mostly low frequency wave. The characteristics of radar images of the slurry distribution area are obvious in the grouting zone. A horizontal direction results in arc-shaped distribution, and a vertical direction has more regular distribution. The results of the study are helpful in the exploration of karst caves and soil caves, and the evaluation of the effect of grouting treatment in mitigating karst collapse.     

阻水盖层分布区岩溶塌陷的物质基础及成因研究

本文对阻不盖层分布区岩溶塌陷的物质基础和成因机制进行了新的思考,提出“溶洞充填物潜蚀流动－压差场－盖层失托增荷效应”为阻水盖层分布区岩溶塌陷更普遍的成因机制,给出了理想情况下描述阻水盖层中岩溶 塌的数学模型。     

喀斯特洼地石灰岩水平溶蚀凹槽研究

以云南石林喀斯特洼地灰岩水平凹槽为模拟对象,用氧化钙粉柱（CaO)和岩盐柱（NaCl为主）进行水平凹槽发育实验。实验结果表明,在流动湖水、水渠、静水湖泊和湿地中形成了半环形颈状水平凹槽、环形颈状水平凹槽、倾斜凹槽、双层水平凹槽,湖岸高坡土层中不发育凹槽。岩盐柱溶蚀水平凹槽深度发育速度（1.2~4.56 cm/h）大于钙粉柱水平溶蚀凹槽发育速度（0.000 4~ 0.008 9 cm/h）。相同成分岩石的水平凹槽发育速度在流水和静水中的差值为3~22倍,水中发育速度是土层中的2倍。石林地区喀斯特洼地石灰岩凹槽类型多样。实验和调查结果对比,发现能指示湖泊湿地水位变动凹槽类型主要有半环形颈状水平凹槽、环形颈状水平凹槽、环形半曲面凹槽,分别对应湖泊岸坡、湖泊、湿地中心。实测水平凹槽平均深度63.95±33.40 cm。用碳酸盐岩综合侵蚀率（化学溶蚀率的1.5倍,135 mm·ka-1）与气岩界面溶蚀率（5.2 mm·ka-1）的差值（129.8 mm·ka-1）为水平溶蚀凹槽发育速率,算得到石林喀斯特洼地石灰岩水平凹槽持续发育时间为4.92±2.573 ka。据此推断,约5 000年前,石林喀斯特洼地石灰岩底部开始发育水平凹槽,湖泊湿地密度16%(0.15km2/km2),属高原喀斯特湖泊湿地区,现今湖泊湿地密度不到0.5%。这有可能表明研究区从5 000年前的湿润降雨丰沛期转向了现代干湿季气候与人类强烈活动干扰,湖泊湿地面积发生深刻变化。      

峰丛洼地区地下地表联合成库地下水开发模式--贵州普定马官水洞地下河开发利用

岩溶峰丛洼地区地表和地下岩溶均极为发育,并相互连通,成为统一的、有密切水力联系的岩溶空间系统。在查清岩溶系统的基础上,充分利用地下地表岩溶洼地与地下洞穴空间联合成库,是岩溶地下水开发利用的重要方式之一。本文以贵州省普定县马官水洞地下河为例,对该类型地下河的开发利用经验进行了总结,为岩溶地区同类岩溶水系统的开发利用统供参考例证。     

桩前溶洞对抗滑桩嵌固端稳定性影响物理模型试验研究

随着抗滑桩在工程中的大量运用,岩溶区抗滑桩嵌固端稳定性问题日益突出。当抗滑桩桩前存在溶洞时,溶洞在水平荷载下可能会发生变形,导致抗滑桩嵌固端失去稳定性。本文基于相似模型理论,建立了抗滑桩嵌岩段桩前存在两种不同形状溶洞（长轴方向水平和长轴方向竖直）试验模型。利用水平加载试验,针对椭圆形桩前溶洞对抗滑桩嵌固端的稳定性影响进行了研究,获得以下相关结论:溶洞长轴方向为竖直的试验模型嵌岩体变形分为弹性变形、裂纹稳定扩展及加速扩展三个阶段,加载到破坏荷载时溶洞顶板产生隆起破坏,最终形成的顶板处破坏断面与水平方向成45°左右;桩前溶洞长轴方向为水平的试验模型在达到溶洞长轴方向为竖直的模型破坏荷载增大一级荷载时,嵌固端保持整体稳定;相比于横长轴溶洞,纵长轴溶洞的存在更显著的降低了抗滑桩嵌固端的承载力,且溶洞顶板厚度越小,对抗滑桩嵌固端承载力影响越大,破坏形式为溶洞顶板受压破坏;基于极限平衡法,提出了桩前存在溶洞时嵌固端承载力验算方法,并对验算方法进行了验证。      

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴发育特征及其与油气的关系

溶蚀孔、洞是塔河油田奥陶系油气的主要储集场所。为深入了解奥陶系的油气分布,研究了该区奥陶系岩溶洞穴的发育特征,介绍岩溶洞穴在钻井录井、岩心、测井、地震等资料上的识别标志,并识别了本区14口井的岩溶洞穴;恢复了本区海西早期的岩溶古地貌。研究发现：岩溶斜坡靠近岩溶高地和岩溶谷地一侧是岩溶洞穴发育且保存最好的所在地,岩溶洞穴主要分布在“双峰灰岩”顶面下40~80 m、110~130 m、150~190 m、230~260 m的深度范围内,多数井在岩溶洞穴发育段表现出了极好的油气生产能力。     

A new quantitative interpretation of the long-tail and plateau-like breakthrough curves from tracer tests in the artesian karst aquifer of Stuttgart, Germany

In 1998 and 1999, two multi-tracer experiments were conducted in the artesian karst aquifer of the mineral springs of Stuttgart, Germany. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) monitored at the springs showed very long tails or developed plateau-like concentration levels for more than 200 days. Initially, this observation was qualitatively explained by exchange between cavities with stagnant water and the active conduits. Since then, a new analytical solution for tracer transport in karst aquifers has become available, the “two-region non-equilibrium model” (2RNE), which assumes the presence of mobile and immobile fluid regions, and mass transfer between these two regions. The experiments were thus revisited, and it was possible to provide a more quantitative explanation of the observed behaviour. The new model simulated all BTCs very well, thus confirming the earlier qualitative explanation. The prolonged BTCs can be attributed to intermediate storage in cavities containing quasi-immobile groundwater, and slow release into active fractures and conduits. The results also demonstrate that karst aquifers are not always fast-flushing systems, but contaminants can sometimes remain in immobile fluid regions for long periods.     

Surface and subsurface environmental degradation in the karst of Apulia (southern Italy)

Karst environments are highly vulnerable to a variety of degradation and pollution problems. Geology (fractured carbonate rocks), morphology (presence of a network of cavities produced by karst processes), and hydrogeology (rapid concentrated flow through fractures and conduits) of karst carbonates strongly favour the movement of contaminants towards the water table. In particular, poor quality of subsurface water can derive from polluting substances flowing at the surface, and/or by direct immission of liquid and solid waste into the water table through the systems of conduits and joints in the rock mass. As a consequence, water quality can deteriorate severely, which implies very high economic and social costs in order to clean the polluted sites and restore the original situation. In some cases, such as when the original karst morphology is changed because of anthropogenic interventions, the variations created in the landscape are not recoverable, and a loss of sites of naturalistic interest has to be registered. High vulnerability of a typical karst region of the Mediterranean area is illustrated in this paper by describing some case studies from Apulia, southern Italy. The Apulia region, where karst processes have had a prominent role in the development of the present landscape, is mostly underlain by intensely karstified limestone. Two cases of pollution due to solid waste into karst cavities (Grave di S. Leonardo in the Gargano Promontory and Grave Pelosello in the Murge plateau), landscape transformation in the Minervino Murge area, and degradation of Gravina Monsignore, a typical karst valley in southeastern Murge, are described in the paper. In two out of four cases, degradation of the sites was discovered thanks to activity from local speleologists, who also acted as promoters for cleaning and safeguarding the polluted sites. These examples underline well the mismanagement of karst territories (in particular, the common practice to dump refuse into sinkholes and caves), the pollution of limestone aquifers, and the effects that such pollution in karst areas might have in terms of the risk to public health.