Historic changes in flux of matter and nutrient budgets in the Bohai Sea

Over the past four periods （ 1959--1960, 1982--1983, 1992--1993, and 1998--1999）, the ecosystem of the Bohai Sea changed due to both a significant decrease of river water discharge from the Huanghe River and a reduction of precipitation. The shifts in nutrient chemistry could result in changes in the phytoplankton composition with an increased potential for non-diatom algal blooms. Simple box model was used to estimate the water - mass balance and nutrient budgets for the Bohai Sea. Water budgets indicate that the residual flow changed from out of the Bohai Sea before 1993, but became inflow to the Bohai Sea after then. The nutrient budgets developed indicate that the Bohai Sea was a sink for nutrients except for phosphate in 1959--1960 and 1982-- 1983 and for silicate in 1982--1983. Net water flow transports nutrients out of the Bohai Sea in 1959--1960, 1982--1983 and 1992--1993, but into the sea in 1998--1999 due to climate changes, such as precipitation and subsequent freshwater discharge. The residual fluxes of nutrients are minor relative to atmospheric deposition and riverine inputs. Conversions of phosphate values to carbon by stoichiometric ratios were used to predict that the system was net heterotrophic before 1982--1983 and net autotrophic after then. Nutrient budgets can explain the change of nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea except nitrates, which should include the surface runoff.     

Exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water in the Bohai Sea

IrocrIowThere is a linkage in shallow marine systerns between sea-noor biOgaxhemical pmeessesand water column pnductivity (Bereson et al., l998). Benthic fluxes provide a significantsource of nutrients to the overlying water tO supPOrt primary pnduction and play a role in de-.creasing oxygen concentrations (van et al., l999; Cowan and Boynton, l996; Berelson etal., 1998; Friedl et al., l998; Zabel et al., l998). TherefOre, it is imPOrtant to define theediment di8genetic pathways for the …     

用成岩模型计算沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量--以渤海为例

根据沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的收支循环动力学的作用.利用1998年秋季和1999年春季沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分析结果,建立了沉积物中营养盐的成岩模型,并由此计算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量.结果表明,硝化速率、反硝化速率、有机氮含量、硅质成分的溶解速率、生物扰动作用、孔隙率明显影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分布和沉积物-水界面的交换通量.对比了实验室培养法和扩散通量计算法测得沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,表明2种方法所得NO3通量较一致,但NH4 ,PO43-,SiO32- 2种方法所得通量有一定差异,文中讨论了可能的原因.以渤海为例阐明了在用扩散通量法研究沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量时,表层沉积物分割厚度对界面交换通量影响显著,为了得到合理的与现场接近的结果表层沉积物的分割厚度以不超过1em为宜.     

Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China

We conducted studies of nutrients and water mass movements in a semi-enclosed bay in northern China to understand nutrient dynamics under varying tidal regimes. Four cruises were conducted under varying tidal regimes in Jiaozhou Bay, two at neap tide and one at spring tide in August and one at spring tide in October 2001. In addition to transect surveys, drift experiments and an anchor station were employed to show current and tidal effects. Samples for nutrient evaluation were taken from the five major tributary rivers in March (dry season) and August (flood season) of 2002 to estimate nutrient transport by rivers, and wastewater samples were collected to evaluate nutrients in wastewater discharge. Benthic nutrient fluxes were determined by (1) incubation of sediments with overlying seawater on board the boat and (2) calculated by Fick’s First Law from nutrient pore water profiles. Nutrient concentrations were high in the north, especially the northeast and northwest sectors, reflecting human activities. Jiaozhou Bay was characterized by high nitrogen, but low phosphorus and silica concentrations compared to Chinese coastal seas. Based on nutrient atomic ratios, the limiting elements for phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay were silica and phosphorus. The fluxes of nutrients between sediment and overlying water varied depending on the specific nutrient, the site and redox conditions. Benthic nutrient fluxes based on sediment incubations were all lower than the estimated diffusive fluxes, implying that the nutrients released from sediment pore waters were probably utilized by benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. A preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets demonstrated that riverine and wastewater inputs were greater than atmospheric deposition into Jiaozhou Bay, except that nitrate from wastewater inputs was less than atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus increased while silica decreased in the last four decades, similar to other eutrophicated estuaries. The resulting shift in nutrient composition in Jiaozhou Bay affects phytoplankton composition, trophic interactions, and sustainability of living resources.     

Pore-water distribution and quantification of diffusive benthic fluxes of nutrients in the Huanghai and East China Seas sediments

1 Indroduction The coastal zone and continental shelf area is an important region in the global biogeochemical cycle of nutrients in the ocean. This portion of the global ocean interacts closely with the continents, atmosphere and the open ocean in a comp…     

Benthic Nutrient Recycling in Port Phillip Bay, Australia

Benthic chamber measurements of the reactants and products involved with biogenic matter remineralization (oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, TCO₂and alkalinity) were used to define solute exchange rates between the sediment and overlying water column of Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Measurements at various sites throughout the bay, conducted during the summers of 1994 and 1995, indicate that the variability in flux values within a site is comparable to year-to-year variability (±50%). Four regions of the bay were distinguished by sediment properties and the northern region was identified as having 3–30 times greater nutrient regeneration rates than the other regions. Benthic recycling accounted for 63 and 72% of the annualized N and P input, respectively, to the entire bay as determined by summing benthic, dissolved riverine, atmospheric and dissolved effluent sources. However, bay-wide sedimentary denitrification accounted for a loss of 63% of the potentially recyclable N. This fraction is higher than many other coastal regions with comparable carbon loading. Denitrification efficiency is apparently not enhanced by benthic productivity nor by bio-irrigation. The rate of bio-irrigation is negatively correlated with denitrification efficiency. Bio-irrigation was studied using radon-222 and CsCl spike injection chamber measurements. Radon fluxes from sediments in Port Phillip Bay were enhanced over the diffusive flux by 3–16 times. The modelled rate of loss of Cs from chamber water was positively correlated with radon flux enhancement results. Both methods identify regions within Port Phillip Bay that have particularly high rates of non-diffusive pore-water overlying water solute exchange.     

西北太平洋楚科奇海沉积物-水界面营养盐输送通量估算

陆架区沉积物间隙水的营养盐再生是水体营养盐补充的重要途径之一。楚科奇海陆架区中部沉积物间隙水中的营养盐分布,是物理和生物扰动较弱状态下的沉积物-水界面的典型分布。本文对中国第4次北极科学考察采集的4个多管短柱沉积物样品及多管样站位的上层水样进行分析,得到沉积物间隙水、上覆水以及水柱中营养盐数据。结果表明,沉积物间隙水各营养盐浓度均先随沉积深度增加而呈指数快速升高,记为Ⅰ层;然后进入沉积物再矿化作用与营养盐移出速率相互抵消的稳定变化层,营养盐浓度在该阶段基本不变,记为Ⅱ层;最后是营养盐缓慢递减层,记为Ⅲ层,由于该层有机质降解作用耗尽氧气,NO-3和PO3-4被还原细菌利用而失去氧离子。通过双层模式和Fick第一扩散定律,计算得出楚科奇海沉积物-水界面硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐的扩散通量分别为1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量)、0.008mmol/(m2·d)(以P计量)、0.117mmol/(m2·d)(以N计量)(以R06站为例)。四个调查站位沉积物中硅酸盐的扩散通量分别为3.101mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,CC1站)、1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,R06站)、1.307mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,C07站)、0.243mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,S23站),含量呈现明显的纬度分布特征。沉积物间隙水N*的分布表明,楚科奇海沉积环境具有很强的反硝化过程,沉积物脱氮作用是硝酸盐一个重要的汇。     

黄、渤海无机氮的收支模式初探

根据黄、渤海无机氮的收支状况，首次提出了黄、渤海无机氮的稳态收支模式。模式研究结果表明，大气沉降、陆源输入和海底输入的无机氮通量分别占黄、渤海无机氮浮游植物总需求量的3%、4%和12%。无机氮的外部输入约占总需求量的1/5，其他部分则由水柱中的内部再循环（再生）供给。     

Advective pore water input of nutrients to the Satilla River Estuary,Georgia, USA

In situ benthic flux measurements, pore water nutrient profiles, water column nutrient distributions, sediment grain size distributions and side-scan sonar observations suggest that advective transport of pore waters may be a major input pathway of nutrients into the Satilla River Estuary (coastal Georgia, USA). In situ benthic chamber incubations demonstrate the occurrence of highly variable, but occasionally very large sea floor fluxes of silicate, phosphate, and ammonium. Locally occurring benthic microbial mineralization of organic matter, as estimated by S³⁵-sulphate reduction rate measurements, is insufficient to support these large fluxes. We hypothesize that the observed interlayering of permeable, sandy sediments with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments in the estuary provides conduits for advective transport of pore water constituents out of the sediments. Because permeable layers may extend significant distances beneath the salt marsh, the large fluxes observed may be supported by remineralization occurring over large areas adjacent to the estuary. Advective transport may be induced by pressure gradients generated by a variety of processes, including landward recharge by meteoric or rain waters if sand layers extend far enough into the maritime coastal lands. Alternatively, tidal variations across the salt marsh sediment surface may hydraulically pump water through the sediment system. Because these fluxes appear to be concentrated into small layers, this source may be a significant input of nutrients to the estuary even if permeable, sandy layers comprise a very small proportion of the seabed.     

Benthic trophic status and nutrient fluxes in shallow-water sediments

Proliferation of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae in shallow-water embayments constitutes a large-scale environmental change of coastal marine ecosystems. Since inorganic nutrients essential for the initiation and maintenance of macroalgal growth may be supplied from the underlying sediment, we investigated the coupling between benthic inorganic nutrient (mainly N and P) fluxes and sediment properties in 6 bays representing a wide gradient of sediment characteristics (grain size, organic matter content, solid phase C and N). The initial characterization of bays was made in June and also included measurements of oxygen flux and microphytobenthic and macrofaunal biomass. In September, still within the growth season of the macroalgae, complementary experiments with sediment-water incubations for benthic flux measurements of oxygen and nutrients focused on trophic status (balance between auto- and heterotrophy) as a controlling factor for rates of measured benthic nutrient fluxes. Generally, sediments rendered autotrophic by microphytobenthic photosynthesis removed nutrients from the overlying water, while heterotrophic sediments supplied nutrients to the overlying bottom water. Estimations of the green-algal nutrient demand suggested that late in the growth season, net heterotrophic sediments could cover 20% of the N-demand and 70% of the P demand. As the benthic trophic status is a functional variable more closely coupled to nutrient fluxes than the comparably conservative structural parameter organic matter content, we suggest that the trophic status is a more viable parameter to classify sediments and predict benthic nutrient fluxes in shallow-water environments.     

东、黄海沉积物-水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

2000年10月和2001年5月随“东方红2号”考察船在东、黄海进行考察,在A2、E2、E4、E5、E65个站位作了培养实验,研究沉积物-水界面在氧化和还原条件下的交换通量。在东海海域,NO3-、PO43-、总磷(TDP)由水向沉积物中扩散,NH4 、SiO32-由沉积物向水中扩散,NO3-、TDP、NH4 在还原条件下的交换通量大于氧化条件下的交换通量,PO43-、SiO32-在氧化还原条件下的交换通量基本一致。在黄海海域,两站位各溶解态营养盐的迁移方向有较大差异。在距离陆地较近的海域,各溶解态营养盐多由水中向沉积物中扩散,且距离陆地越近,交换通量越大。在东、黄海海域,沉积物释放的SiO32-对初级生产力的贡献分别为13%、10%~18%,与河流输送和大气沉降相比,沉积物对黄海、东海SiO32-的贡献分别占90%、86%,说明沉积物是SiO32-的源。而在整个东、黄海海域,对于溶解无机氮(DIN)和PO43-来说,它们的交换通量为负值,即沉积物从水体中吸附溶解无机氮和磷,说明沉积物是DIN和PO43-的汇。     

Nutrient exchange across the sediment-water interface in the Potomac River estuary

The flux of ammonia, phosphate, silica and radon-222 from Potomac tidal river and estuary sediments is controlled by processes occurring at the sediment-water interface and within surficial sediment. Calculated diffusive fluxes range between 0·6 and 6·5 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for ammonia, 0·020 and 0·30 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for phosphate, and 1·3 and 3·8 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for silica. Measured in situ fluxes range between 1 and 21 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for ammonia, 0·1 and 2·0 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for phosphate, and 2 and 19 mmol m^?2 day^?1 for silica. The ratio of in situ fluxes to diffusive fluxes (flux enhancement) varied between 1·6 and 5·2 in the tidal river, between 2·0 and 20 in the transition zone, and from 1·3 to 5·1 in the lower estuary. The large flux enhancements from transition zone sediments are attributed to macrofaunal irrigation. Nutrient flux enhancements are correlated with radon flux enhancements, suggesting that fluxes may originate from a common region and that nutrients are regenerated within the upper 10–20 cm of the sediment column.The low fluxes of phosphate from tidal viver sediments reflect the control benthic sediment exerts on phosphorus through sorption by sedimentary iron oxyhydroxides. In the tidal river, benthic fluxes of ammonia and phosphate equal one-half and one-third of the nutrient input of the Blue Plains sewage treatment plant. In the tidal Potomac River, benthic sediment regeneration supplies a significant fraction of the nutrients utilized by primary producers in the water column during the summer months.     

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate,we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season.The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer.Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition,while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition.Moreover,compared with the riverine inputs,the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.     

大亚湾营养物质变异特征

利用大亚湾现场调查和室内模拟数据,以及大亚湾生态网络17～18年8个航次的现场调查资料,采用营养状态质量指数(NQI)的方法评价大亚湾海域富营养化水平,结果表明,大亚湾海域除部分养殖海区为中营养状态外,大部分为贫营养状态;溶解态的无机磷和硅在过去10a多有较大幅度的下降,而溶解态的无机氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a则上升;浮游植物生长由过去认为由氮控制转变为现在由磷控制.分析了养殖海区底层海水、上覆水、沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及其化学形态.估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量,NH₄+,NO₂-,NO₃-,HPO₄2-,H₄SiO₄平均通量分别为302.0,-0.06,-1.82,2.53,47.6μmol/(m2·d).室内模拟了天然海水体系表层沉积物营养盐的吸附-解吸及其磷酸盐在沉积物上的吸附等温线.论述了大亚湾海域营养盐与赤潮的关系.     

Phosphorus regeneration vs. burial in sediments of the Arabian Sea

Solid-phase phosphorus (P) speciation and benthic phosphate fluxes have been determined in Arabian Sea sediments. Benthic phosphate fluxes are highest in the continental slope sediments, underlying bottom waters with low oxygen concentrations. Organic matter degradation and phosphate desorption from iron oxides do not produce sufficient phosphate to explain these high phosphate fluxes. The potentially high deposition of P associated with fish debris (P_fish) in the Arabian Sea, and a good correlation between benthic phosphate fluxes and P_fish accumulation rates suggest that benthic phosphate fluxes in these sediments are to a large extent governed by dissolution of biogenic apatite. Factors controlling dissolution and preservation of fish debris, therefore, may play an important role in the burial and regeneration of P in continental margin sediments. A sharp decrease of the reactive P accumulation rate with increasing water depth, in combination with rather constant primary productivity rates throughout the northern Arabian Sea, indicates that P burial in continental margin sediments located within the OMZ is more efficient than in deep basin sediments. The effectiveness of P burial is to a large extent regulated by P regeneration occurring in the water column and redeposition processes. Sedimentary phosphorus burial efficiencies, thus, should be interpreted with caution in terms of the environmental conditions.     

象山港大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea网箱养殖区沉积物-水界面营养盐通量研究

2013年5月、8月和11月调查了象山港大黄鱼网箱养殖区及附近沉积物中总有机氮(TON)、总有机碳(TOC)和总磷(TP)含量,并采用实验室模拟法研究了底泥耗氧率(SOCs)和沉积物-水界面营养盐(NH⁺₄、NO^-₂+NO^-₃和PO^3-₄)通量。结果表明:养殖区(YZ)沉积物中的TON和TP含量显著高于距离养殖区50 m(F1)和100 m(F2)的区域(P<0.05)。底泥释放NH⁺₄到上覆水中,但是从上覆水中吸收NO^-₂+NO^-₃和PO^3-₄。沉积物-水界面营养盐通量表现出明显的季节性变化,在8月,NH⁺₄及PO^3-₄的释放量达到最大值。上覆水中NH⁺₄、NO^-₂+NO^-₃和PO^3-₄的质量浓度随着沉积物-水界面营养盐通量的变化而变化。研究表明,象山港大黄鱼养殖活动对养殖区底泥造成了一定污染,且通过影响沉积物-水界面营养盐通量影响上覆水中营养盐分布,最终给整个养殖系统造成生态负担。     

南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐分布及扩散通量研究

利用中国第18次南极考察获得的沉积物样品,对南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及分布特征进行了研究,估算了营养盐的底部通量.结果表明,南大洋沉积物间隙水中的营养盐以高含量的硅酸盐、铵盐为主.在垂向分布上,硅酸盐在沉积物-水界面呈现出明显的浓度梯度,这种分布特征表明,在硅的早期成岩过程中溶出是主要过程.沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行.硅酸盐与铵盐存在明显的向上释放的通量.     

2012年春季渤海中部及邻近海域叶绿素a与环境因子的分布特征

分析了2012年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域32个站点叶绿素a和环境因子的空间分布特征及其相互关系。结果发现:渤海中部靠近黄河口邻近水域相对于其他水域,呈现出相对较高的水温和较低的盐度,这与黄河淡水输入以及近岸水深相对较浅有密切关系。营养盐浓度在空间分布上表现为黄河口附近海域较高,在垂直分布上表现为中、底层高于表层,显示出黄河水输入与沉积物营养盐再释放的影响;此外,营养盐浓度与结构显示,渤海海域存在明显的磷和硅限制,磷限制尤其严重。叶绿素a浓度的空间分布显示,表层叶绿素a浓度的高值区出现在渤海湾湾口处,而中层与底层的叶绿素a浓度高值区出现在渤海中部。主成分分析结果表明,磷酸盐和温度是影响表层叶绿素a浓度的重要因素,而中、底层叶绿素a浓度主要受磷酸盐的影响。     

黄河下游调水调沙与暴雨事件对营养盐输出通量的影响

2012年2月至2014年3月在黄河下游采集水样,分析黄河下游营养盐浓度与通量的月际、季节性以及在调水调沙期和暴雨期的变化情况,并估算了调水调沙期和洪水期输水量和营养盐入海通量对黄河年入海通量的贡献。结果表明NO₃- 是TDN的主要存在形式,各形态氮营养盐枯水期高于丰水期;DIP是TDP的主要存在形式,PIP是TPP的主要存在形态,颗粒态磷和DSi丰水期高于枯水期。黄河水体中具有高DIN/DIP和DSi/DIP,低DSi/DIN,严重偏离Redfield比值。营养盐输送通量具有很强的月际变化,在径流量及输沙量最大月份也存在营养盐入海通量峰值。2002-2012年10年间调水调沙和暴雨在营养盐输送通量上占黄河下游营养盐输送通量的23%~68%和5%~59%,对营养盐年入海通量的平均贡献分别为 38%和24%,二者均在短期内导致水、沙和营养盐的大量输送,将对黄河口及其邻近海域的生态环境产生重要的影响。     

Study of the N, P and Si fluxes between fish farm sediment and seawater. Results of simulation experiments employing a benthic chamber under various redox conditions

The rapidly expanding industry of marine cage fish farming of sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the Mediterranean Sea over the last decade has often had damaging effects on the benthic aquatic environment near the fish farm installations. It has been observed that the food-remains, together with the pellets and metabolic products from fish, frequently form a “nepheloid” sediment layer covering large areas of the seabed. Under these conditions anoxia and/or hypoxia develop and affect benthic communities while the quality of the marine environment deteriorates for long periods, extending even beyond the life span of the fish farm itself. In most cases the affected areas act initially as sediment traps and in a second phase as secondary sources of organic carbon, nutrients and other substances.The aim of this paper is to explore the behaviour of such an affected area under different redox regimes by measuring the fluxes of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, TDN, phosphate, TDP and silicate between the surface sediment and the overlying waters. To achieve this goal we constructed a prototype benthic chamber capable of sampling considerable quantities of affected undisturbed sediment along with its overlying water. The chamber was transported to the laboratory where simulation experiments reproducing the conditions occurring in nature, including the extreme ones, were carried out and studied carefully. The chamber allows the full and fine control of the dissolved oxygen concentration – and thus of the redox potential – as well as water temperature while subsamples of both water and sediment could be obtained and analysed for a series of chemical substances. The controlled laboratory chamber experiments reproduced four successional phases: 1) deoxygenation, 2) hypoxia, 3) reoxygenation and 4) anoxia.The results showed that even minor changes in the redox conditions at a relatively narrow zone near the water sediment interface have significant impacts on the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate compounds.With decreasing oxygen supply (phases 1, 2 and 4), the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, TDN, phosphate, TDP and silicate rapidly increase, those of nitrate decrease. DON and DOP exhibit remarkable fluctuations.During reoxygenation (phase 3) the concentrations of ammonium stabilise, the nitrate concentration decreases while nitrite shows an increasing trend. Decreases in phosphate and silicate concentrations were also observed paralleled by TDP stabilization and DOP increasing trend. TDN shows a relatively small increase while the DON concentration fluctuates significantly.