Numerical studies of anchored sheet pile wall behavior constructed in cut and fill conditions

The construction of sheet pile walls may involve either excavation of soils in front or backfilling of soils behind the wall. These construction procedures generate different loading conditions in the soil and therefore different wall behavior should also be expected. The conventional methods, which are based on limit equilibrium approach, commonly used in the design of anchored sheet pile walls do not consider the method of construction. However, continuum mechanics numerical methods, such as finite element method, make it possible to incorporate the construction method during the analyses and design of sheet pile walls. The effect of wall construction type for varying soil conditions and wall heights were investigated using finite element modeling and analysis. The influence of construction method on soil behavior, wall deformations, wall bending moments, and anchor forces were investigated. The study results indicate that walls constructed by backfill method yield significantly higher bending moments and wall deformations. This paper presents the results of the numerical parametric study performed and comparative analyses of the anchored sheet pile walls constructed by different construction methods.     

基坑桩锚支护设计新方法

简要讨论了用于桩锚支护设计的自由端法与固定端法中存在的问题,提出了一种新的设计方法。新方法在计算土压力零点以下长度时采用力平衡而不是力矩平衡的方法,简化了计算,计算结果较趋近于安全、节省的目标。给出了详细计算过程与计算实例。     

运用ANSYS对板桩墙支护模型的计算分析

运用ANSYS弹塑性有限元应用软件,对深基坑支护工程的板桩墙支护体系模型进行了分析探讨,得到了悬臂板桩墙支护模型的土体位移等值线图、主动土压力云图、墙土接触处的裂缝深度、不同土体材料的沉降影响区域半径。并求证了拉锚式支护结构的锚固力F对控制支护土体变形的有利影响。计算结果表明,ANSYS有限元程序将在深基坑支护工程的设计、施工中提供有效依据。     

Formulation of the axisymmetric CPDI with application to pile driving in sand

In foundation engineering practice, pile driving is often used as an efficient method to install piles. While large distortions take place along the pile shaft during the installation, the zone around the pile toe experiences compression. In an attempt to fully understand the build up of resistance when driving piles, it is desirable to model the driving process and the corresponding soil behaviour. The non-linear dynamic analysis of this problem is challenging, given the large deformation that develops together with the associated changes in soil properties. Some numerical methods offer the possibility of handling large material movements by utilising Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of references. However, few of these methods are capable of tracing the material displacement, such as the Material Point Method (MPM). Early implementation of MPM assumes that the mass is concentrated at the material points, which causes noise in the solution. Later implementations assign a spatial domain to the material points to mitigate the grid crossing error. The Convected Particle Domain Interpolation (CPDI) is one such implementation.This paper extends the two-dimensional CPDI formulation for an axisymmetric problem where a pile is driven into sand that is modelled as a hypoplastic model. The extended formulation is tested, validated and compared to that for the case of the two-dimensional plane-strain within the framework of the method of manufactured solution. The hammer blows on the pile are represented by a periodic forcing function. In contrast to earlier studies on pile installation using advanced models, deep penetration is achieved in the present analysis. A non-regular distribution for the particle domains is suggested to avoid unnecessary computation. A frictional contact algorithm is introduced to describe the pile–soil interaction.     

A non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element model for the prediction of vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving

This paper presents a non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element approach for the prediction of free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving. Both the non‐linear constitutive behavior of the soil in the vicinity of the pile and the dynamic interaction between the pile and the soil are accounted for. A subdomain approach is used, defining a generalized structure consisting of the pile and a bounded region of soil around the pile, and an unbounded exterior linear soil domain. The soil around the pile may exhibit non‐linear constitutive behavior and is modelled with a time‐domain finite element method. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the exterior unbounded soil domain is calculated using a boundary element formulation in the frequency domain based on a limited number of modes defined on the interface between the generalized structure and the unbounded soil. The soil–structure interaction forces are evaluated as a convolution of the displacement history and the soil flexibility matrices, which are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation from the frequency to the time domain. This results in a hybrid frequency–time domain formulation of the non‐linear dynamic soil–structure interaction problem, which is solved in the time domain using Newmark's time integration method; the interaction force time history is evaluated using the θ‐scheme in order to obtain stable solutions. The proposed hybrid formulation is validated for linear problems of vibratory and impact pile driving, showing very good agreement with the results obtained with a frequency‐domain solution. Linear predictions, however, overestimate the free field peak particle velocities as observed in reported field experiments during vibratory and impact pile driving at comparable levels of the transferred energy. This is mainly due to energy dissipation related to plastic deformations in the soil around the pile. Ground vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving are, therefore, also computed with a non‐linear model where the soil is modelled as an isotropic elastic, perfectly plastic solid, which yields according to the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. This results in lower predicted free field vibrations with respect to linear predictions, which are also in much better agreement with experimental results recorded during vibratory and impact pile driving. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢板桩施工振动现场监测分析

本文采用自主设计的地面振动加速度监测系统对3个不同土性场地的钢板桩施工进行了现场监测,分析了钢板桩施工过程中的地面振动峰值加速度和振动频率特性,并探讨了振动衰减规律及对周边建筑物的影响。研究结果表明:土的强度对钢板桩施工振动的影响显著,钢板桩在低阻力土体中的贯入速率快,地面振动响应弱,而在高阻力的土体中贯入速率慢,地面振动相对大很多;钢板桩施工引起的地面径向和切向加速度在同一深度比较接近,且随着深度的增加有增大的趋势;振源距离和土性对钢板桩施工引起的地面振动主频率影响不大,地面振动主频率与桩锤施工频率之间呈较好的线性正相关关系;钢板桩施工振动在距振源4 m范围内衰减迅速,其施工对周围建筑物的最小安全距离要远小于挤土型桩基的施工。     

格型钢板桩结构有限元数值分析

以有限元软件ABAQUS作为分析平台,建立波浪荷载作用下格型钢板桩结构稳定性及应力分析的三维弹塑性有限元分析模型。格型钢板桩采用壳体单元模拟,在相邻板桩之间设置铰接连接器模拟板桩之间的相对转动;土体采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型模拟,在格型钢板桩与其内、外土体之间设置接触面单元模拟它们之间的滑移、张裂和闭合。结合某实际工程,研究结构的破坏模式、失稳特性和应力分布特性,分析参数变化对结构稳定性和环向拉力的影响,并对格内土体的剪切变形进行分析,建议格型钢板桩锁口拉力的验算断面。结果表明,铰接连接器的设置对于结构稳定性影响不大,但对环向拉力有一定影响;格内土体的剪切变形主要发生在格体中轴处,符合太沙基法结论。     

预应力锚索抗滑桩结构计算方法

预应力锚索抗滑桩作为一种实用有效的支挡工程措施已在地质灾害治理中得到广泛的应用.然而, 其设计与计算方法仍然是一个亟待深入研究的课题.这种技术是在抗滑桩的基础上发展起来的.相对于普通抗滑桩, 其受力状态更加合理. 从这种治理措施的地质与物理模型出发, 建立了其力学与数学模型, 并最终得到其内力分布的解析解, 为其结构设计奠定了基础.将双参数法引入到土抗力模数或地基系数的计算中, 并贯穿到整个结构计算中.分别按刚性桩和弹性桩2种物理模式, 将锚索视为弹性绞支座, 利用抗滑桩和锚索位移变形协调条件, 计算出锚索的设计拉力及桩身的内力分布.结合三峡库区秭归县水田坝乡下土地岭滑坡治理工程介绍了这种滑坡治理措施的应用, 并与原普通抗滑桩设计方案进行了技术与经济对比分析, 体现出这种抗滑结构的优越性.      

抗滑桩全桩计算的有限差分法

有限差分法求解分析抗滑桩(或预应力锚索抗滑桩)常采用Winkle弹性地基梁法。在对有限差分法分析的基础上,文章改进了有限差分法求解抗滑桩全桩内力和变形的计算方法。对全桩整体采用有限差分方法求解其内力,避免了将桩身分为受荷段和锚固段及利用滑面处连续条件求解的复杂过程。该方法对滑坡推力与地基系数取值,可依据实际情况假定为广义形式来模拟土体对抗滑桩的作用工况。能很好地求解预应力锚索作用于桩身或桩身设多道锚索工况下的锚索拉力值。并利用Excel对该方法编程,能便捷地计算抗滑桩内力。分析计算结果,当差分节点单元长度适当时,计算结果能够较好地满足工程应用。对比有限元计算分析结果,相同节点单元长度下两者计算相差较小,且节点长度越小,越接近有限元结果。     

A revised solution for the horizontal vibration of an end‐bearing pile in viscoelastic soil

This note presents a new method to derive closed‐form expressions describing the horizontal response of an end‐bearing pile in viscoelastic soil subjected to harmonic loads at its head. The soil surrounding the pile is assumed as a linearly viscoelastic layer. The propagation of waves in the soil and pile is treated mathematically by three‐dimensional and one‐dimensional theories, respectively. Unlike previous studies of the problem, the formulation presented allows the governing equations of the soil to be solved directly, eliminating the need to introduce potential functions. Accordingly, the dynamic response of the pile is obtained by means of the initial parameter method, invoking the requirement for continuity at the pile–soil interface. It is demonstrated that the derived compact solution matches exactly an existing solution that utilises potential functions to formulate the problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

桩-桩水平振动动力相互作用研究

在采用动力Winkler地基模型并考虑了被动桩与桩周土体相互作用的基础上,运用传递矩阵法求解出层状地基中的群桩水平振动桩-桩动力相互作用因子。与严格解（Kaynia和Kausel,1982年）进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。研究了各因素如桩长、桩底约束、桩间角度以及地基土对桩-桩动力相互作用因子的影响,并提出了＂影响桩长＂的概念。     

锚杆静压桩最终压桩力在砂性土中设计值探讨

锚杆静压桩托换技术施工采用分节压桩,整桩压入时压力不连续,区别于中长预制桩的压桩方式。压桩力受地层影响较为明显。特别是粘性土与砂性土中压桩,最终压桩力的大小有明显区别。在无试桩结果条件下,正确采用最终压桩力,是设计部门较为关心的问题,关系到是否满足单桩设计要求的问题。通过实例,依据基桩静荷载测试成果、小应变动测资料,对在砂性土中锚杆静压桩最终压桩力与设计单桩承载力值的关系,进行分析探讨,并在理论上作了粗浅的定性分析,本文在实际应用中,可作为取用或调整Kp值的依据。     

Pile group settlement: A probabilistic approach

The uncertain settlement response of pile groups is determined using a ‘hybrid’ formulation and a first-order perturbation technique. The spatially varying soil modulus, which gives rise to the uncertainties in the pile group settlement, is modeled as a homogeneous random field. The random field is assumed to be one-dimensional since the ‘hybrid’ formulation does not account for horizontal variation in the soil properties. Using the proposed method, the coefficient of variation of the pile group settlement is computed. The single-pile solutions obtained compare favorably with the solutions from a conventional stochastic finite element analysis. Pile groups of sizes ranging from two to twenty-five piles are studied. It is observed that the coefficient of variation is not significantly affected by the pile spacing as well as the group size. By defining an appropriate performance function, the reliability index of a pile group system is also found to be approximately the same as that of a single-pile system. These observations suggest that the solutions for a single pile may be used to estimate the uncertainties in the settlement response of pile groups.     

Influence of spatial variability of soil friction angle on sheet pile walls’ structural behaviour

The uncertainty in terms of soil characterisation is studied to assess its effect on the structural behaviour of extended structures as sheet pile walls. A finite element model is used. This integrates a numerical model of the soil–structure interaction together with a stochastic model that allows characterising the soil variability. The model serves in propagating the variability and the system parameter uncertainties. Discussion is mainly focused on two points: (1) testing the sensitivity of the structural behaviour of a sheet pile wall to different geotechnical parameters and (2) assessing the influence of spatial variability of soil properties on the structural behaviour by identifying the most sensitive geotechnical parameter and the most significant correlation length values. The findings showed that in assessing the sheet pile wall’s structural behaviour, there are spatial variability parameters that cannot be considered negligible. In this study, soil friction angle is found to be an important parameter.     

Analytical modeling on consolidation of stiffened deep mixed column-reinforced soft soil under embankment

Stiffened deep mixed (SDM) column is a new ground improvement technique to improve soft soil, which can be used to increase bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and enhance stability of soft soil. This technique has been successfully adopted to support the highway and railway embankments over soft soils in China and other countries. However, there have been limited investigations on its consolidation under embankment loading. This paper developed an analytical solution for the consolidation of embankment over soft soil with SDM column in which core pile is equal to or shorter than outer DM column. The consolidation problem was simplified as a consolidation of composite soil considering the load shear effect of core pile. The developed solution was verified by a comparison with the results computed by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A parametric study based on the derived solution was conducted to investigate influence factors—length of core pile, diameter of core pile, diameter of SDM column, modulus of DM column, and permeability coefficient of DM column—on the consolidation behavior of SDM column-supported embankment over soft soil. The developed solution was applied to a case history of SDM column-supported embankment, and a good agreement was found between the predictions and the field measurements.     

钢板桩挡墙主动土压力分布的形状效应

采用有限元数值试验,研究帽型钢板桩的截面形状对墙后主动土压力分布规律的影响。首先,对室内缩尺模型试验进行数值模拟,对比实测数据验证数值模型的有效性;然后,建立钢板桩挡墙数值模型,模拟该挡墙在不同位移模式下土压力变化和分布的规律,与平板挡墙计算结果进行对比,分析钢板桩截面形状对土压力分布的影响,进一步探讨形状效应的可能影响因素及机制。分析结果表明,钢板桩的截面形状影响墙后主动土压力的分布形式,影响程度与位移模式有关;墙体平动和绕墙底转动情况下,钢板桩挡墙凸出部分的主动土压力值大于凹处,但墙体绕墙顶转动情况下差异不明显;主动土压力的形状效应由土拱效应引起,截面高宽比对其影响显著,墙土摩擦角影响有限。     

A NEW MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT OF DRILLED PIERS

A variational model for the analysis of axially loaded piers is presented. A closed-form solution technique employing an iterative procedure, is developed to obtain the displacement and forces in the pier along its axial direction. The method is suitable for similar analyses of pile foundations. It is shown that displacements and the load distribution along the axis of the pier compare well with a more sophisticated finite element solution. Furthermore, the new model complements the well-known Reese model employing t–z curves for the analysis of settlement of axially loaded piers. This new formulation using continuum mechanics principles, distributes the work done by the applied load as compressive strain energy in the pier, and as shear strain energy in the soil, as well as, the compressive strain energy in the soil surrounding the pier and at the bottom of the pier.     

抗拔桩极限平衡方程及其应用

将抗拔桩侧阻力分解为与桩侧正压力不相关的桩-土黏结强度 、与桩侧有效正压力成正比的摩擦力 两部分,采用摩擦定律计算摩擦力 。基于轴对称条件,假定土体为半无限弹性体,以Mindlin公式积分计算分析极限平衡状态下桩-土共同作用,依据平面应变条件下柱状孔扩张的弹性力学解建立桩-土界面位移协调方程,推导出抗拔桩极限平衡方程,给出了求解方法及计算参数确定方法。该方程能反映桩与土的材料特性、桩体尺寸、桩顶埋深、群桩效应、卸荷效应等多因素对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。结合海上风电大直径超长抗拔钢管桩足尺试验进行验证。对比分析结果表明,该方法计算的抗拔极限承载力与实测值接近,计算精度远高于现行规范推荐方法,其结果可为工程应用及抗拔桩承载力机制研究提供参考。     

Modeling of pile installation using contact mechanics and quadratic elements

In geotechnical engineering, numerical analysis of pile capacity is often performed in such a way that piles are modeled using only the geometry of their final position in the ground and simply loaded to failure. In these analyses, the stress changes caused by the pile installation are neglected, irrespective of the installation method. For displacement piles, which are either pushed or hammered into the ground, such an approach is a very crude simplification. To model the entire installation process of displacement piles a number of additional nonlinear effects need to be considered. As the soil adjacent to the pile is displaced significantly, small deformation theory is no longer applicable and a large deformation finite element formulation is required. In addition, the continuously changing interface between the pile and the soil has to be considered. Recently, large deformation frictional contact has been used to model the pile installation and cone penetration processes. However, one significant limitation of the analysis was the use of linear elements, which have proven to be less accurate than higher order elements for nonlinear materials such as soils.

This paper presents a large deformation frictional contact formulation which can be coupled consistently with quadratic solid elements. The formulation uses the so-called mortar-type discretisation of the contact surfaces. The performance of this contact discretisation technique is demonstrated by accurately predicting the stress transfer between the pile and the soil surfaces.     

基于最小势能原理的桩锚支护结构空间变形分析

以矩形基坑桩锚支护结构为研究对象,通过分析现场实测数据和数值分析结果,归纳出了冠梁和支护桩的空间变形模式,进而建立了整个支护系统的能量表达式。利用最小势能原理,推导了支护桩桩顶最大位移的解析解,并分析了各主要支护参数对该位移的影响。研究结果表明：桩顶最大位移随着坡顶超载和桩间距的增大而线性增大,但随着锚杆刚度的增大而减小;当基坑深度系数逐渐增大时,桩顶最大位移也逐渐增大,但趋势渐缓;基坑长度对桩顶最大位移的影响也较大,但当其超过临界长度后,桩顶最大位移逼近最大值;同样,锚杆安设也具有临界高度,当处于该位置时,桩顶最大位移达到最小值。最后,利用上述研究成果对广州太平广场花园基坑进行了验证,并与现场监测结果作了对比,计算结果能够满足工程要求。