Numerical simulation and land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering of Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18

In terms of controlling groundwater in deep foundation pit projects, the usual methods include increasing the curtain depth, reducing the amount of pumped groundwater, and implementing integrated control, in order to reduce the drawdown and land subsidence outside pits. In dewatering design for confined water, factors including drawdown requirements, the thickness of aquifers, the depth of dewatering wells and the depth of cutoff curtains have to be considered comprehensively and numerical simulations are generally conducted for calculation and analysis. Longyang Road Station on Shanghai Metro Line 18 is taken as the case study subject in this paper, a groundwater seepage model is developed according to the on-site engineering geological conditions and hydrogeological conditions, the excavation depth of the foundation pit as well as the design depth of the enclosure, hydrogeological parameters are determined via the pumping test, and the foundation pit dewatering is simulated by means of the three-dimensional finite difference method, which produces numerical results that consistent with real monitoring data as to the groundwater table. Besides, the drawdown and the land subsidence both inside and outside the pit caused by foundation pit dewatering are calculated and analyzed for various curtain depths. This study reveals that the drawdown and the land subsidence change faster near the curtain with the increase in the curtain depth, and the gradient of drawdown and land subsidence changes dwindles beyond certain depths. In this project, the curtain depth of 47/49 m is adopted, and a drawdown-land subsidence verification test is completed given hanging curtains before the excavation. The result turns out that the real measurements basically match the calculation results from the numerical simulation, and by increasing the depth of curtains, the land subsidence resulting from dewatering is effectively controlled.     

Field experiments and numerical simulations of whirlpool foundation pit dewatering

A whirlpool foundation pit is a small-diameter, deep circular pit. Because of its depth and small diameter, a large drawdown is required, and a limited number of wells can be installed inside the pit. During excavation, partially penetrating wells inside and outside the foundation pit have to be installed to lower the water level when the aquifer is too thick. However, partially penetrating wells near partially penetrating curtains cannot be treated by analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to use numerical methods to predict dewatering during excavation. Field experiments were performed on whirlpool foundation pit 1880 of Baosteel Group, Shanghai, China, to obtain pumping rates and drawdown, pumping with a single well and two wells in the confined aquifer. The results indicate that the drawdown inside the pit induced by pumping wells outside the foundation pit was small, whereas it was large for pumping wells inside the pit. The pumping wells inside and outside the pit had to be combined to lower the water level. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the dewatering process. The hydraulic conductivities of the confined aquifers were inversed by using the pumping tests. Operation schedules were simulated with the corrected model for different combinations of wells inside and outside the pit. The results suggest that different schedules and operation conditions affect drawdown. The monitored results during dewatering indicate that the simulation and field measurements were in agreement. The results can be applied to similar situations.     

Dewatering induced subsidence during excavation in a Shanghai soft deposit

Foundation dewatering has become a major cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. The burial depth of foundations in relation to geotechnical construction works is less than 75 m, and the corresponding groundwater includes phreatic, low-pressure artesian, and the first confined aquifers. Based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions beneath Shanghai, methods of dewatering may be divided into three modes and further five patterns according to the insertion depth of the dewatering-retaining system. The most common dewatering mode aims to reduce the water pressure in the confined aquifer by setting the dewatering wells inside the pit, whilst the retaining walls are buried in the confined aquifer and partially cut off the confined aquifer layer. To predict the settlement due to foundation dewatering, numerical models are generally adopted, which are similar to those used to predict land subsidence induced by regional groundwater withdrawal; however, since foundation dewatering is conducted along with the setting of retaining walls and foundation pit excavation, which differs from regional groundwater withdrawal, interactions between the retaining wall-dewatering well, the dewatering-excavation, and dewatering-recharge are important factors affecting the analytical model. Since the grading of the shallow soil layers is different, stratified settlement characteristics of the shallow soil strata and seepage erosion, which results in additional deformation, need to be given particular consideration.     

Physical model test of transparent soil on coupling effect of cut-off wall and pumping wells during foundation pit dewatering

Water level is decreased during foundation pit excavation to avoid water inrush under confined water pressure. Cut-off wall is often used as waterproof curtain to partially cut off the dewatered aquifer. When a foundation pit is located in a built-up area and the underlying confined aquifer is not cut off, the drawdown must be minimized outside the pit to avoid land subsidence in buildings and pipelines. The coupling effect of the cut-off wall and pumping well is used to control the drawdown outside the foundation pit. However, the coupling mechanism is not intuitively well understood because of the limitations of existing experimental methods. In this study, transparent soil was introduced to model the coupling mechanism in the physical model test. High-purity fused silica and mixed paraffin oil were used as skeleton and fluid to simulate the confined aquifer and groundwater. Industrial solid dye and paraffin oil were used as tracers. A camera was used to collect flow information. Tests were performed for the combinations of cut-off wall and partially penetrating pumping wells. The insertion depth ratio of the cut-off wall most effectively influenced the drawdown. The layout of the pumping wells in horizontal direction influenced water level distribution and flow rate. The optimal depth of the pumping wells was 1–5 m above the bottom of the cut-off wall, and the optimal horizontal distance between the cut-off wall and the pumping wells was 25% of the pit width. Non-Darcy flow was observed within the range of 0–10 m around the bottom of the cut-off wall. These results were significant in understanding the cut-off wall and pumping well coupling effect on foundation pit dewatering.

     

Study on Deep Well Dewatering Optimization Design in Deep Foundation Pit and Engineering Application

Based on analyses of the theories of groundwater unsteady flow in deep well dewatering in the deep foundation pit,Theis equations are chosen to calculate and analyze the relationship between wa-ter level drawdown of confined aquifer and dewatering duration.In order to reduce engineering cost and diminish detrimental effect on ambient surrounding,optimization design target function based on the control of confined water drawdown and four restriction requisitions based on the control of safe water level,resistance to throwing up from the bottom of foundation pit,avoiding excessively great subsidence and unequal surface subsidence are proposed.Adeep well dewatering project in the deep foundation pit is optimally designed.The calculated results including confined water level drawdown and surface subsid-ence are in close agreement with the measured results,and the optimization design can effectively control both surface subsidence outside foundation pit and unequal subsidence as a result of dewatering.     

深基坑降水三维变参数非稳定渗流与地面沉降耦合模型

为了精确模拟预测松散沉积层中深基坑降水引起的地下水渗流场和地面沉降的变化特征,考虑土体孔隙度、渗透系数、储水率随地下水位下降发生的动态变化,建立了深基坑降水三维变参数非稳定渗流与太沙基一维固结理论的地面沉降耦合模型,并采用有限元数值分析方法对模型进行求解。以南京地铁三号线浦珠路站深基坑降水为例进行模拟计算。结果表明：采用15口坑内抽水井,抽水井过滤器埋深为22.0～37.0 m,基坑围护连续墙底部埋深至41.5 m为最优降水方案;不仅使基坑内地下水位满足开挖要求,又使基坑外地面沉降在控制范围内。经验证,所建立的模型合理,计算结果可靠,研究理论用于模拟预测此类地区深基坑降水引起的地下水流场变化具有较高的可信度。     

基于层间位移协调的承压水降压引起土层变形分析

承压水降压引起的地面沉降由含水层、弱透水层和潜水层的变形组成。当承压层降压时间短、弱透水层固结变形较小时,可以假设弱透水层为严格的隔水层。采用层状弹性体系理论,基于位移协调条件分别建立了单井抽水以及第三类基坑工程降水（隔水帷幕插入降水含水层）引起的土层变形分析模型,与数值模拟和现场抽水试验结果的对比,验证了文中方法的正确性。研究结果表明,上覆土层弹性参数变化对地表变形的影响可以忽略;抽水井附近的土层变形呈现“上小下大”特点,一定距离以外含水层与地面沉降大致相等,根据承压含水层降深要求,可估算出基坑外的水位降深。     

Geological and hydrogeological environment in Tianjin with potential geohazards and groundwater control during excavation

This paper discusses the geological and hydrogeological features of Quaternary deposits in Tianjin as well as the geohazards related to groundwater hydrology in this region. The soft soil deposits, comprising silt, sand, silty clay and clay, are composed of four aquifer groups. In the first aquifer group, one phreatic aquifer and two confined aquifers have relationships with underground construction in the urban area. These three aquifers are separated by two aquitards and collectively form a multi-aquifer system. During geotechnical construction, potential geohazards present are related to the groundwater, which include water-in-rushing, quicksand and piping hazards. To prevent the aforementioned geohazards, dewatering is conducted; however, groundwater pumping may result in large settlements of the surrounding ground. To reduce pumping-induced settlement, the dewatering–waterproofing system has been adopted. According to the characteristics of the subsoil, excavation depth and the surrounding environment, the dewatering system can be divided into five patterns. In the first four patterns, when pumping is conducted in the excavation pit, the groundwater head in the adjacent aquifers outside the pit decreases due to the leakage effect of the aquitards located between the aquifers. In the fifth pattern, waterproof curtain has cut off the aquifers completely and dewatering in the pit cannot result in settlement around excavation pit. To avoid geohazards related to groundwater hydrology, countermeasures recommended include construction of an effective waterproof curtain, selection of a reasonable excavation dewatering pattern and withdrawal of required groundwater.     

密集井点小泵量基坑降水技术的应用

介绍了在水源补给充分、水位降深较大的基坑施工中,采用密集井点小泵量连续抽水控制地下水位,使降水漏斗曲面平缓,减小基坑周围地面沉降的风险的方法,以及取得的良好的降水效果。     

长江三角洲地区深基坑降水与地面沉降模拟预测耦合模型研究

长江三角洲地区深基坑降水复杂,且极易引起地面沉降地质灾害问题,传统的基于地下水动力学原理的解析解模型(Theis公式或Dupuit公式)已难以满足降水设计模拟计算的需要,尤其是无法预测降水引起的地面沉降问题,深基坑降水与地面沉降耦合模型将地下水渗流模型和土体应力-应变模型耦合起来,可根据基坑地下水位的控制要求,同时模拟计算出降水井的布局、各井的开采量和地面沉降量。据此确定出的基坑降水方案既能满足地下水位的控制要求,又能对降水引起的地面沉降进行最优化控制。     

Calculation of groundwater head distribution with a close barrier during excavation dewatering in confined aquifer

When pumping is conducted in confined aquifer inside excavation pit(waterproof curtain),the direction of the groundwater seepage outside the excavation changes from horizontal to vertical owing to the existence of the curtain barrier.There is no analytical calculation method for the groundwater head distribution induced by dewatering inside excavation.This paper first analyses the mechanism of the blocking effects from a close barrier in confined aquifer.Then,a simple equation based on analytical solution is proposed to calculate groundwater heads inside and outside of the excavation pit with waterproof curtain(hereafter refer to close barrier)in a confined aquifer.The distribution of groundwater head is derived according to two conditions:(i)pumping with a constant water head,and(ii)pumping with a constant flow rate.The proposed calculation equation is verified by both numerical simulation and experimental results.The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model can be applied in engineering practice of excavation.     

天津中心城区基坑降水对地面沉降的影响范围研究

依托天津地区5个典型工程案例,对基坑降水引起的地面沉降规律进行了基本分析。由于基坑降水引起地面沉降的范围较远,往往能达到墙后5~10倍基坑开挖深度的距离,而实际基坑工程坑外沉降的测点往往布置在墙后1~4倍基坑开挖深度的距离,因此难以全面的获得不同类型基坑(如基坑深度不一)降水对地面沉降的影响范围。本文利用有限差分软件Modflow建立三维地下水渗流模型,并利用文化中心站的工程实测数据对该模型进行验证,最后利用该模型研究不同开挖深度的基坑(5~25m)降水对地面沉降的影响范围,并探讨5种不同止水帷幕截断方式的工况下坑内降水后坑外水位及地面沉降随时间发展关系。     

基坑降水—回灌共同作用下地下水浸润曲线求解研究

基坑工程中,通常采用地下水回灌措施降低降水对周边地质环境产生的不良影响,然而目前基坑降水—回灌的相关设计理论仍处于探索阶段。本文通过引入平面二维流势函数理论和叠加原理,分别求解得到了无止水帷幕工况下潜水完整井和承压完整井在降水—回灌共同作用下的地下水浸润曲线方程;此外,本文通过空间汇点原理和镜像原理分别求得基坑内降水和基坑外回灌对基坑外地下水位的影响,并运用叠加原理得到了有止水帷幕工况下,深基坑降水—回灌作用下的地下水浸润曲线解析式。本文利用得到的解析式探讨了在具有止水帷幕条件下回灌井距基坑围护结构的距离、渗透系数等主要因素对浸润曲线的影响,为基坑降水—回灌设计提供了参考依据。     

考虑隧道降水和开挖施工过程的三维地面沉降模拟

明挖法是隧道施工中常用的一种方法,但其降水和开挖施工不可避免地会引起周围地面沉降。为了防止隧道施工对周围环境及建筑物产生严重的不良影响,地面沉降控制是检验施工支护设计合理性的关键。隧道施工造成地面沉降的主要原因有降水、开挖和支护作业,以往研究大多集中于单一因素的影响分析,为使分析结果更接近于工程实际,需将三者综合考虑,从全过程的角度进行三维模拟计算。为此,结合无锡市某湖底隧道建设,利用ABAQUS 有限元分析软件建立了三维模型,选取具有不同开挖围护结构方案的两个代表性区段,对隧道降水和开挖施工引起周围土体的位移和地面沉降进行模拟研究,模拟中考虑了止水帷幕、挡土墙和桩基础的施工,降水施工,以及开挖和支撑施工等,模拟结果与现场实测数据进行了对比验证,模拟结果表明：（1）随着与基坑距离的增加,土体从隆起逐渐转变为沉降继而再逐渐减小,开挖施工和降水施工对最终地面沉降量的占比分别为30%~40% 和60%~70%;（2）采用钻孔灌注桩围护的直立开挖段产生的地面沉降要大于同样深度的放坡开挖段;（3）桩基础有助于控制地面沉降。     

基于浅层地下水回灌的基坑工程沉降防治分析与计算

采用下负荷面剑桥模型,联合渗流方程,建立土-水完全耦合平衡方程计算模型,探讨浅层地下水人工回灌在基坑工程降水过程中抑制基坑周边地面沉降的作用,并以邻近上海地铁一号线的淮海中路3号地块基坑降水为例,对基坑工程实测沉降和回弹数据进行数值拟合,理论结果与实际数据吻合。本方法对基坑工程地下水回灌防止地面沉降有一定参考指导作用。     

深厚强透水含水层超大基坑降水群井效应研究

基坑减压降水的幅度与群井效应密切相关。某超大面积基坑,含水层组厚40m,中下部透水性强,采用非完整井降水。对水文地质条件概化,建立了地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,对均匀布置群井、不均匀布置群井、分块开挖降水、不同的井结构、布设回灌井等工况,进行了渗流场模拟。研究表明,强透水性含水层超大面积基坑降水的群井效应极为明显;井位角密中疏布置,可实现降深调平,避免降深不足和超降;基坑分块降水,可减少坑外降深;短滤管井结构可减少基坑总涌水量和坑外降深;强透水性含水层可灌性强,回灌对减少坑外水位下降有较明显的效果。模拟结果与现场监测较为一致。研究成果可为类似工程地下水控制设计提供参考。     

落底式止水帷幕条件下基坑涌水量计算研究

涌漏点的存在使得落底式止水帷幕条件下基坑涌水量的计算成为一个有待解决的技术难题。在承压含水层中开挖落底式深基坑时,针对落底式止水帷幕渗漏的不确定性,建立承压含水层中落底式基坑非完整井降水水文地质模型。基于Theis非完整井非稳定流理论,结合映射原理,推导等效渗透系数计算公式,并提出涌漏系数法用以评价落底式止水帷幕隔渗效果以及计算基坑涌水量。以武汉某深基坑降水工程为例,采用该方法评价止水帷幕的隔渗效果以及对其基坑涌水量进行计算,并与实测结果和传统方法计算结果分别进行对比验证。结果显示涌漏系数法计算误差较小,且计算过程简便,兼具安全性和经济性。研究结果可应用于指导工程设计,具有一定实际应用价值。     

Processing Modflow在基坑疏干抽排水中的应用

以天津某基坑为研究对象,采用Processing Modflow数值模拟软件建立了地下水三维渗流与地面沉降耦合模型。模拟了基坑疏干抽排水在完成支护、止水帷幕施工条件下其周边地下水位和地面沉降的实时变化:即由于疏干抽排水引起的基坑周边约80 m内地下水水位降幅在0.90~82.15 cm之间,约80 m内地面沉降量在0.001~26.21 mm之间。模拟结果与后期监测数据吻合较好,能够较为真实的反映降水过程对周边环境的影响。     

桩基后压浆对深基坑降水渗流场的影响

钻孔灌注桩后压浆后,与坑外含水层相比,基坑范围内含水层的渗透系数减小,这对基坑降水渗流场具有比较明显的影响。某广场式建筑由五幢塔楼和地下车库组成,采用桩侧后压浆钻孔灌注桩,基坑开挖深度21m,承压含水层组厚10m,透水性较强,采用敞开式完整井降水,井位主要沿基坑周边布置。在对水文地质条件进行概化后,建立了地下水三维非稳定流数值模型,进行了非均质渗流场模拟,并与均质渗流场作比较。结果表明,坑内后压浆区域的渗透系数减小后,坑内水力坡度变陡,单井涌水量减小,井数应相应增加;若模型计算域全部按注浆后的渗透系数考虑,则会严重降低补给强度、低估基坑总涌水量;在相同的降深要求下,坑内后压浆后渗透系数减小、但坑外渗透系数不变,基坑总补给量基本没有变化。现场监测与模拟结果较为一致。研究成果对类似工程地下水控制有一定的借鉴意义。     

深井降水对支护结构土压力的影响

在目前深基坑开挖过程中,一般要采用降水措施以保证基坑干燥,便于施工。基坑降水会引起基坑内外地下水渗流,地下水状态随之改变,同时也会引起土的物理、力学性质的改变,直接影响作用于支护结构上土压力的大小。传统的水土合算和水土分算是两种极端的处理方式,在基坑降水过程中,根据具体土层选择适当的降水模型,并考虑渗流的影响,对挡土结构的设计具有重要意义。