Experimental study on unsaturated soil water diffusivity in different soils in Hebei Piedmont Plain

Horizontal soil column method was used to determine the horizontal diffusion rate of sandy loam, loam and clay loam under the same bulk density. The results showed that the migration rates of different lithological wet fronts were different. The sandy loam had the fastest migration rate, the loam followed, and the clay loam was the slowest, but the law of change is the same among the three lithologies. The volumetric water content affects the change of Boltzmann parameter λ. When the volumetric water content is between 0.35-0.45 cm~3/cm~3, λ approaches stability. When the volumetric water content is less than 0.35 cm~3/cm~3, the λ value decreases rapidly with the decrease of water content. The water diffusion rate is related to the volumetric water content and particle size. The greater the moisture content is, the greater the diffusion rate will be. The larger the particle size, the larger the diffusion rate. The diffusivity of sandy loam is 10-30 times larger than that of loam and clay loam. The relationship between water content and diffusion rate is in accordance with the exponential function.     

Response of hydrothermal activity in different types of soil at ground surface to rainfall in permafrost region

In order to understand the hydrothermal activity mechanism of active layers to rainfall in permafrost regions caused by humidification of climate, the differences of ground surface energy balance and hydrothermal activity in different types of shallow soil with the consideration of rainfall were discussed. Based on the meteorological data in 2013 observed at Beiluhe observation station of Tibet Plateau, three types of shallow ground soil (i.e., sandy soil, sandy loam and silty clay) were selected to compare the differences in the water content and energy balance at the ground surface, dynamic processes of water and energy transport in active layers and coupling mechanism under rainfall condition in the plateau using a coupled water-vapor-heat transport model. The results show that the increase of soil particle size leads to the increase of surface net radiation and latent heat of evaporation, but the decrease of soil heat flux. The difference of surface energy balance, especially the sensible heat flux and latent heat of evaporation, are larger in the warm season but smaller in the cold season. The liquid water transport under hydraulic gradient and the water-vapor transport under thermal gradient are obvious as the particle size in soil increases. However, the water-vapor flux under thermal gradient increases but the liquid water flux under hydraulic potential gradient decreases. As a result, the water content in shallow soil decreases accordingly but it increases slightly at the depth of 25 ~75 cm. Moreover, with the increase of soil particle size, the thermal conductivity of soil, convective heat transfer under rainfall and surface evaporation increase, but the soil heat conduction flux and soil temperature gradient decrease. Thus, soil temperature in sandy soil is much higher than that of sandy loam and silty clay at the same depth. The permafrost table declines with the increase of the thickness of active layer, which is unfavourable to permafrost stability. The results can provide theoretical reference for stability prediction and protection of permafrost caused by humidification of climate.     

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums (sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that: (1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation. (2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest. (3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately. (4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.     

天然沉积中间土的力学特性研究

长江口北岸天然沉积土主要由粉粒和细砂粒组成,其渗透系数介于10-7～10-3 cm/s之间,既不属于完全排水的砂性土,也不属于完全不排水的粘性土,针对这样的天然沉积中间土的我国研究并不多见。通过大量的物理力学试验,探讨了天然沉积中间土的物理力学性状,结果表明天然沉积中间土具有类似于软粘土的物理性质,但原位静力触探试验显示其天然沉积中间土的原位强度却与天然含水量分布在塑限附近的硬粘土差不多。研究结果亦表明颗粒分布对天然沉积中间土的原位强度有较大的影响。同时采用灰理论中的关联度分析,对这类中间土物理状态指标与力学特征指标间相关性进行了分析,认为孔隙比用于亚砂土稠度划分,含水比用于亚粘土、粘土稠度划分更加合理     

基于3个不等粒径颗粒接触模型的土-水特征曲线

基于热力学原理及二维液桥计算模型,以3个不等径土颗粒为研究对象,推导出基质吸力与体积含水率之间的关系,得到微观模型下的土-水特征曲线。将3个不等粒径颗粒概化为限制粒径、中值粒径和有效粒径,研究了粒径大小、颗粒级配和土颗粒接触角的大小等因素对土-水特征曲线影响的规律。计算结果表明：体积含水率相同,颗粒粒径越大,相应的基质吸力越小;在同一基质吸力下,不均匀系数 越大即土颗粒越不均匀,其体积含水率就越低;接触角对土-水特征曲线的影响是明显的,即接触角越小土颗粒亲水性越好,同一基质吸力下的体积含水率也就越大,且曲线的进气值会随着接触角的减小而减小。     

非饱和黄土水蒸气扩散规律模型试验研究

黄土强度受含水状态的影响作用较为显著,其随含水状态的周期性变化而变化,进而引起一系列病害。为研究非饱和黄土中水蒸气和温度的扩散运移规律,通过室内填筑模型试验,在重塑黄土中通入高温高压水蒸气,分析了非饱和重塑黄土中水蒸气和温度扩散运移规律。试验结果表明:在非饱和重塑黄土中,水蒸气扩散范围近似为椭球形;水蒸气扩散速率沿径向逐渐减小,增加蒸气压,蒸气扩散速率、扩散范围和增湿程度都将增大;蒸气压在加速水分扩散的同时,加速了温度的运移,气压为50 kPa土体升温速率约为0.75 ℃ ·min-1,气压为200 kPa时升温速率1.12 ℃ ·min-1;土体密度越大,水蒸气扩散时受到土颗粒的阻碍越大,随着水蒸气径向扩散距离增大,这种阻碍作用越显著,含水率减小的量值越大。     

温度变化条件下重塑黄土水分迁移试验

土体内部由于所处环境差异会造成水分场的不均匀分布,为了探究不同影响因素下重塑黄土水分迁移的规律,配置不同干密度、初始含水率水平的重塑土样,在不同温度梯度、不同温度水平下进行重塑黄土水分迁移室内试验,分析在4种不同因素变化下黄土体内部水分场的变化规律及机理。结果表明:土样两端施加的温度梯度越大,水分迁移速率就越快,温度势是引起土体内部水分迁移的主要驱动力;土样的干密度越大,基质势越大,同时渗透系数越小,阻碍了水分的迁移,故水分迁移速率越慢;当土样含有较大的含水率时,由于渗透系数较小,造成迁移速率较小,当土样初始含水率较小时,由于总土水势较小,造成迁移速率较小,当初始含水率在一定范围内时,其迁移速率较快;在土样两端施加的温度水平越低,导致总土水势越大,故水分迁移速率越快。      

冻结作用下考虑补水层影响的水分迁移试验

冻融协同淋洗修复污染土壤的过程中,为了提高淋洗效率,须使土体在冻结过程中吸收更多的水分或淋洗液。因此,通过室内大尺寸单向冻结水分迁移试验,开展了开放系统下温度梯度、冻结速率及补水方式对水分迁移的影响研究。试验结果表明：冻结过程中土中水分迁移与温度梯度的变化速率有关,变化速率越大水分迁移量越大;可以通过边界温度控制冻结锋面推移速度进而影响土中水分的迁移,当冻结锋面推移速度为0.5 cm·d^-1左右时,补水速率最大;距离冻结锋面越近水分迁移量越大,当距离冻结锋面10 cm左右时,水分迁移量开始增大,可通过在土体中添加多层补水层的方式让土体吸收更多的水分;有外界水源的补给下土体含水量整体增加,但上层土体含水量增加较多,下层土体含水量增加较少。     

海陆交互相下粘性土的性状研究

长江口北侧海陆交互相沉积粘性土具有粘粒与粉粒交替形成的互层层理结构特征及粉粒含量高的粒度成分特征。且表现出物理性质指标与力学性质指标互不吻合的工程特性。运用多元统计理论中主成分分析原理,分析了海陆交互相沉积粘性土常规物理性质指标反映其工程特性的能力。研究结果表明：将亚砂土隶属于粘性土范畴是不科学的,同时运用液性指数判别其物理稠度状态及推断其工程特性的方法存在不尽合理之处。     

Effects of sheet flow rate and slope gradient on sediment load

Sheet erosion is known as one of the most important forms of erosion, particularly in agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flow rate and slope gradient on runoff and sediment discharges in two different soils. Experiments were conducted using a tilting flume facility with the test area of 0.2?×?1.0 m. Overall, 24 experiments on two soils (clay loam and sandy clay loam textures) including six flow rates (75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 ml/s) and two slope gradients (1.5 and 2 %) were performed. The selected flow rates and flume slopes were generated to simulate sheet erosion. The results showed that for both soils and slopes, unit flow discharge (q) and sediment concentration increased with increasing flow rate; however, the effect of slope gradient on flow discharge depends on soil type. In addition, sandy clay loam exhibited higher values of q and sediment concentration and consequently, it showed greater amounts of sediment load. At the start of event, sediment concentration was high but it decreased to approach a steady state. In addition, the time needed to reach a steady state condition was shorter for sandy clay loam than that for clay loam soil and in lower flow rates than higher flow rates. For each soil and slope, there was a direct relationship between sediment load and flow rate. The result implied that the effect of slope gradient on sediment load was almost greater in sandy clay loam soil than clay loam soil. Moreover, the differences between sediment loads of two soils are enlarged at slope 2 %.     

Analysis of influencing factors of clay particle diffusion in electric double layer北大核心CSCD

双电层结构对研究黏土力学特性、冻土水分迁移等具有重要意义。为了探究不同影响因素对黏土颗粒扩散双电层电势分布的影响,借鉴Gouy-Chapman-Stern双电层理论,基于Nernst-Planck方程和Poisson-Boltzmann方程,利用数值软件COMSOL定量分析了温度、浓度、颗粒尺寸、颗粒形状以及溶液相对介电常数对扩散双电层电势分布的影响规律。研究表明：温度对电势分布的影响不明显,但随着温度以及Stern层厚度增加,黏土颗粒表面电势和Stern电势均增加;而随着溶液浓度以及相对介电常数减小,表面电势值增加;在矿物成分、表面电荷密度以及颗粒形状确定的情况下,尺寸对于扩散双电层电势分布的影响不显著;但颗粒的不规则形状对电势分布的影响较为明显,当颗粒形状存在夹角时,夹角处的表面电势远大于其他位置,且夹角越小,夹角处表面电势值越大。     

高温下红黏土热导率的变化规律试验研究

目前国际上对高温下土壤热导率的试验和模型预测研究比较缺乏,通过KD2 Pro测试两种红黏土在较广温度范围（5~90℃）和含水率范围内的热导率,并选择IPCHT模型预测高温下体积含水率-热导率的变化规律。测试结果表明,两种红黏土的热导率对体积含水率的敏感程度与温度有关,且热导率均随温度的升高而增大,在90℃时热导率最高可达5℃的3~4倍。60~90℃范围内热导率随体积含水率的变化存在明显的临界含水率（对应土壤的塑性指数）,但相同温度、体积含水率下,柳州红黏土中水汽潜热传输效应较桂林红黏土要明显。模型预测研究表明,除粉砂质黏壤土外,高温下IPCHT模型预测效果均不理想,经传质增强因子ξ修正后,柳州红黏土以及细砂的热导率预测值和实测值均相符得较好（RMSE < 30%）,但桂林红黏土的整体预测效果仍较差。     

考虑薄膜水的利用介质粒度分布获取水土特征曲线的方法

利用介质粒度分布间接获取水土特征曲线（SWCC）是一种快速、经济的方法。由于该方法的传统模型（HP模型和MV模型）忽略了薄膜水,获得的SWCC在低含水率段存在显著误差。提出了一种考虑介质表面薄膜水的含水率估算方法,与HP模型和MV模型的吸力计算方法结合预测SWCC,选用土壤水力性质数据库UNSODA的17种土壤样品对两种修正模型的预测效果进行了验证。结果表明,采用薄膜水修正后的HP模型和MV模型可以显著改善传统模型中SWCC低含水率段含水率的低估,并能有效地预测砂土等粗粒介质的SWCC。另外,含水率估算中引入参数β后,修正的MV模型也可用于壤土和黏土等细粒介质的SWCC的预测。     

浅埋煤层关键隔水层隔水性能及采动影响变化

陕北浅埋煤层开采引起了一系列的生态环境问题,保水采煤成为陕北乃至整个西北地区煤炭资源科学开采的关键。以神南矿区为例,研究了黄土、红土隔水层的隔水性及采煤对其隔水性的影响。神南矿区砂土基型煤层的保水开采的关键隔水层为上覆粘土层,室内、外试验显示：粘土层失稳后流量猛增形成裂隙流,不利于保水采煤;黄土受地面张裂隙发育的剪切作用处于破碎状态,采动后渗透系数表现为数个数量级的变化;红土处于整体下沉带,受附加应力影响表现出较大的塑性变形,采动后渗透性减小,有利于保水采煤。为实现保水采煤,保证粘土层整体不失稳,宜采用回填采空区技术对地面沉降以及土体围压进行控制,当地面沉降量减小时黄土层可保持不失稳,当侧限应力存在时粘土层的稳定性亦可以保持。     

张士灌区土壤中多环芳香烃菲(PHEs)的垂向分布与迁移

通过对典型环境功能区张士灌区包气带剖面样品和含水层样品的分析检测,比较和总结了菲的垂向分布特征,研究了总有机碳、粘粒含量、土壤含水率对菲垂向分布与迁移的影响规律和机理。对具有代表性采样点的研究表明,菲总含量在剖面中的变化趋势总体上随剖面的加深而降低,以犁底层为界,表层土壤(5~20 cm)菲含量随剖面深度变化平缓。同时分别对菲含量与总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量、土壤含水率进行二元相关分析,计算出的Pearson系数表明:土壤中总有机碳、土壤粘粒含量是影响菲垂向迁移的重要因素,而土壤含水率对菲垂向分布影响不大。同时利用SPSS的因子分析法进一步确定总有机碳是制约菲垂向运移的主要因素。     

冻结砂土体积变形影响因素的敏感性分析

为了分析三轴试验中冻土体积变形影响因素的敏感性,选定包括内因和外因在内的6种影响因素,选用青海省德令哈的砂土按照正交试验方案进行常规三轴试验,并采用灰色关联分析法对试验结果进行分析,给出各影响因素的敏感性排序。结果表明,在选定的6种影响因素中,含水率、加载速率及温度的敏感性超过70%,需重点考虑。在较小含水率条件下,冻结砂土先体缩再体胀,且应力峰值点和应变峰值点所对应的轴向应变基本一致,而在饱和条件下仅发生体积膨胀。加载速率对冻土的影响主要表现为对其力学特性和破坏形态的改变,随着加载速率的增加冻土的体缩量、切线模量和峰值强度增加,但峰值应变却表现为减小趋势,冻结砂土性质趋近脆性。土样温度降低,土颗粒间的黏结力增加,孔隙压力转变为有效应力,从而导致冻结砂土的强度增加、体积膨胀量增加。分析结果可为相关试验及工程优化设计提供一定的参考。     

冲击作用下饱和土性状的试验研究

在三轴条件下,对饱和土（砂土和黏土）进行排水与不排水条件下的冲击试验及冲击后再固结试验,对比研究了不同渗透性土在不同排水条件下的冲击动力响应和冲击后再固结性状。结果表明：饱和黏土不排水冲击时的孔隙水压力随冲击击数增加而升高并逐渐稳定,排水冲击时的孔隙水压力则是先达到峰值然后有所下降;砂土不排水冲击时的冲击能量对孔隙水压力影响最明显;饱和砂土不排水冲击时的轴向应变与冲击击数呈近似线性关系,饱和黏土冲击及饱和砂土排水冲击则呈近二次曲线关系;饱和砂土不排水冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力立即消散为0,同时体变迅速增大到一定值;饱和黏土在冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力在一定时间内逐渐消散完毕,同时体变逐渐增大;饱和黏土排水冲击时,冲击阶段产生的体变占冲击引起总体变的39%～49%,冲击后再固结阶段产生的体变占51%～61%;砂土和黏土的总体变均表现为排水冲击明显大于不排水冲击,改善冲击时的排水条件有利于提高加固效果。     

A Methodology for Simulating Radionuclide Diffusion in Unsaturated Soils

In this paper, a methodology that can be employed to simulate radionuclide migration through unsaturated soils, under laboratory conditions, has been developed and reported. This was achieved with the help of a specially designed half-cell setup to study diffusion characteristics of inactive forms of Cs⁺, Sr⁺² and Co⁺² in two different types of soils, corresponding to their different compaction states. It has been noted that the apparent diffusion coefficient strongly depends on the volumetric water content of the soil. However, increase of the apparent diffusion coefficient for higher volumetric water contents is found to be much less as compared to the lower volumetric water contents.     

Laboratory and pilot studies on reclamation of a salt-affected alluvial soil

Soil column experiments showed that a surficial sodic soil is efficiently reclaimed using freshwater, after the addition of saturated gypsum solution. Gypsum application in the field was beneficial in terms of maintaining high soil permeability, increased water infiltration and neutral pH after a rainfall event. In the present paper, two different reclamation techniques for the plough layer of a sandy loam sodic soil were tested in laboratory columns, 25 cm long and 10 cm in diameter; the first using freshwater alone and the second using a saturated gypsum solution. The dynamics of salt removal were studied by continuous analysis of the water drained from the bottom of the columns. When freshwater was used, sodium presented the lower removal rate and adversely affected soil permeability. When gypsum solution was used, calcium was present in the flushing solution and the effect of sodium dominance on clay dispersion and soil clogging was limited. The results presented in this study are of practical importance with respect to the reclamation of sodic soils found in the coastal area of the east Nestos Delta, Greece, where freshwater is limited, due to seawater intrusion, and saline groundwater is used for irrigation.