海上环境动态阈值模糊度检验方法

针对传统模糊度检验方法难以完全适应海上环境下接收机时刻处于运动状态、多路径效应较严重导致卫星信号易失锁，卫星可变性增强等问题，该文根据GNSS模型强度和成功率/失败率指标来动态确定模糊度检验阈值，利用蒙特卡洛积分建立模糊度阈值速查表，实现动态模糊度检验方法的实时应用，改善了海上环境下传统ratio-test阈值确定多基于经验、缺少理论基础的问题。海上实测数据的实验结果表明，动态模糊度检验有效提高了整周模糊度固定率，提高了基线解的整体精度，在海上环境下相较于传统ratio-test有着更优的表现。     

一种检验GNSS相位模糊度整周解算有效性的方法

模糊度整周解检验是评价模糊度解算正确性的关键,决定着最终定位结果的可靠性。对原有的假设检验存在的缺陷和不足进行了分析,提出了一种更可靠的比值（Ratio）检验方法。理论分析和数值试验结果都显示改进的检验方法更能正确评价模糊度整数解解算的正确性。该新检验方法,又提出了一种最终模糊度整数解确定的新方法即模糊度候选值再分析法。实验表明：应用该方法能提高模糊度整数解确定的成功率。     

网络RTK参考站间模糊度固定新方法

针对当前网络RTK参考站间模糊度解算时模糊度检验的Ratio值较小、固定时间较长的局限性,提出了一种新的模糊度解算方法用于网络RTK参考站间模糊度的固定.首先在模糊度区域内对原始的模糊度通过整数变换,形成宽巷与L2模糊度及其对应的方差协方差阵,然后采用LAMBDA方法对转换后的模糊度分块序贯固定.实验结果表明,与现有的模糊度解算方法相比,本文方法不但可以快速可靠地固定宽巷整周模糊度,而且提高了L2模糊度正确固定时的Ratio值,便于模糊度的正确检验,减少了模糊度的初始化时间,提高了模糊度解算的成功率.     

分步组合部分模糊度固定法在中短基线中的应用

针对模糊度的固定率不高的问题,该文研究了一种分步式组合部分模糊度固定方法。首先,通过信噪比、高度角以及卫星连续追踪的历元数筛选可固定的模糊度;然后,采用LAMBDA方法对其进行固定,如果固定失败则依据卫星的连续跟踪数、模糊度浮点解方差以及浮点解相位残差选择模糊度最优子集重新搜索固定;最后,在Ratio检验的基础上,增加模糊度历史信息检验。采用自主编制的软件对低纬度地区静态与动态中短基线双频GPS/BDS/GLONASS实测数据进行处理,结果表明:采用本文研究的方法能够一定程度上控制未收敛的模糊度影响,提高模糊度固定成功率,同时尽可能的保证了模糊度固定的可靠性。     

一种 GPS动态相对定位的模糊度固定准则

GPS相对定位中,模糊度固定后将能够获得厘米级甚至毫米级的定位精度。模糊度常用的固定准则是通过Ratio的大小来判定模糊度的正确与否,但这种方法不能保证每次固定的结果都正确,常常会出现Ratio值很大,甚至能够保持一段时间,但模糊度值却是错误的情况。针对这类情况,本文在原有Ratio值方法的基础上,提出一种通过验证Ratio变率来确定模糊度的模糊度固定准则。经实验验证,该准则能够有效避免Ratio较大但模糊度错误情况的出现。     

基于BDS/GPS组合定位的部分模糊度固定效果分析

多系统组合有利于提高卫星导航定位的精度及可靠性,然而对于载波差分定位由于模糊度维数的陡增、观测噪声、大气残余误差等原因用传统的Lambda方法很难得到所有模糊度的固定解,采用部分模糊度方法固定最优的模糊度子集则相对容易。总结了现有的部分模糊度固定方法,分析了不同方法的特点,并用实测数据分析了BDS/GPS组合动态定位时部分模糊度固定的效果。实验结果表明,部分模糊度方法可以显著提高模糊度固定时的成功率及Ratio值,并且可以缩短RTK定位时的初始化时间,加快坐标的收敛速度,提高组合系统动态定位结果的精度。     

附有长度约束的模糊度解算方法比较

整周模糊度解算方法的合理选择是GNSS定向处理中的关键问题,针对此问题,该文对GNSS定向中的LAMBDA_C和CLAMBDA两种附有基线长约束的模糊度固定方法的性能进行了详细的对比分析。结果显示,相对于经典的基于Ratio检验的LAMBDA算法,LAMBDA_C和CLAMBDA均可提高模糊度固定率和正确率,尤其是在单频单系统下提高效果更为显著;CLAMBD的总体固定效果略优于LAMBDA_C,但后者的解算效率更高。     

北斗观测量时间相关随机模型构建及评估

传统多历元累积观测量随机模型通常忽略各历元间观测量的时间相关性,导致其对观测量整体随机特性刻画不准确。考虑北斗系统中GEO卫星观测量的时间相关性较强,本文提出一种适用于多历元下北斗观测量的时间相关随机模型构建方法。在传统多历元随机模型的基础上,将时间相关系数直接引入随机模型,通过观测量站间差分残差计算各历元间观测量的时间相关系数,生成多历元下北斗观测量时间相关随机模型,并利用实际试验数据对其在整周模糊度解算中的表现进行评估。试验结果表明,时间相关随机模型在一定程度上解决了传统随机模型存在的整周模糊度PCF下限估值虚高的问题,提高了整周模糊度Ratio值,有助于整周模糊度顺利通过检验。此外,相比于传统随机模型,时间相关随机模型有效减少了整周模糊度漏检及误警的情况出现,提高了整周模糊度解算的可靠性。     

基于部分固定策略的多系统长距离基准站间模糊度快速解算

基准站间整周模糊度的快速准确固定是实现网络RTK高精度快速定位的前提。对于GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合系统长基线,模糊度维数大幅度增加,加之观测噪声、大气残余误差等因素的影响,很难快速准确地固定所有模糊度,尤其是低高度角卫星模糊度。提出了一种基于部分固定策略的GPS/GLONASS/BDS组合网络长基线部分模糊度快速解算方法,以截止高度角、模糊度固定成功率以及Ratio值为主要参数,优选模糊度固定子集,以实现长距离基准站间模糊度快速固定。通过实测GPS/GLONASS/BDS三系统长基线数据的实验验证,部分模糊度固定方法可有效避免低高度角卫星对模糊度固定的影响,从而显著提高模糊度固定时的成功率及Ratio值,缩短长距离基准站间模糊度准确固定所需的时间。     

基于阈值分割的LIDAR建筑物提取

在介绍常用的阈值分割方法的基础上,详述了基于阈值分割的LIDAR建筑物提取方法,对不同阈值分割方法的优越性与实用性进行分析。研究结果表明,阈值法是一种最简单最基本的图像分割方法。全局阈值能快速有效地分割噪声小、比较均匀的图像,动态阈值和c均值模糊阈值分割对不均匀图像能进行较好的分割,其中c均值模糊阈值分割法最佳。     

载波相位约束整周模糊度在短基线RTK中的应用

针对单历元RTK定位中受到卫星升起、周跳频发等外界条件干扰时,整周模糊度长时间不能固定,严重影响RTK定位实时精度的问题。文中提出一种用载波相位约束整周模糊度的方法来提高模糊度固定率、Ratio值和解算精度,并且结合GPS单系统、GPS/GLONASS双系统两组实测数据进行未加入和加入载波相位约束整周模糊度的比较实验。结果表明该方法可行。     

基于整周模糊度概率特性的有效性检验

准确确定载波相位整周模糊度是快速高精度GPS定位的关键,已有的检验GPS整周模糊度有效性的方法几乎均是基于其为非随机常量建立的,因而都存在一定的缺陷。本文在研究整周模糊度概率特性的基础上,提出一种基于LABMBAD算法的整周模糊度概率分布函数的检验方法。实际演算表明该方法简单有效,统计概念明确。     

Analysis of the upper bounds for the integer ambiguity validation statistics

Integer ambiguity validation is an essential quality control step for high-precision positioning and navigation with global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). In order to validate the resolved integer ambiguities, statistical tests, such as the R-ratio test, F-ratio test, W-ratio test, difference test, and projector test, have been favored. In practice, the critical values for these statistical tests are determined either empirically or from the assumed distributions. However, previous research has revealed that some of these statistics have upper bounds, which can be obtained from simulations. In this contribution, we find that under the framework of the integer aperture estimation, the upper bounds for these ambiguity validation statistical tests can be derived without actual measurements or simulation. As a result, the assumed distributions for these statistical tests are inappropriate. According to the derivation, it has been concluded that the upper bounds of these ambiguity validation tests depend only on the ambiguity geometry (e.g., the float ambiguity variance–covariance matrix) and can be obtained at the design stage of GNSS positioning. Thus, the critical value for these ambiguity validation statistics has a rigorous range, and it should be chosen to be smaller than a priori derived upper bound. Otherwise, no integer ambiguities can be obtained.     

A discrimination test procedure for ambiguity resolution on-the-fly

Ambiguity validation tests include the acceptance test and discrimination test, which are both important steps in the Global Positioning System ambiguity resolution process. An ambiguity discrimination test procedure based on a test statistic which is constructed by the difference (not the ratio as used in current procedures) between the minimum and second minimum quadratic form of the residuals in ambiguity identification, and its standard deviation, is proposed. The distribution function of the proposed test statistic is theoretically identified as a standard normal distribution when the known a priori variance factor is used, or as a Student's t distribution when the estimated variance factor is used. With this procedure, the ambiguity discrimination test is based on a more rigorous test statistic whose critical value can be calculated with any chosen level of significance. Test results indicate that the proposed ambiguity discrimination test procedure is reliable for use in ambiguity resolution on-the-fly. Received: 17 December 1997 / Accepted: 30 June 1998     

基于整数可逆模糊度变换和概率计算的GPS动态数据处理快速算法

在讨论整数可逆模糊度变换对模糊度搜索空间影响及直接取整法成功概率的基础上，结合Kalman滤波技术，提出一种新的GPS动态数据处理快速算法－－基于概率计算的模糊度快速分解技术（Probability Based Fast Ambiguity-resolution Technique,简称PBFAT法）。该算法在取整成功概率大于给定限值时，直接对浮点模糊度取整；若取整概率小于给定的值则进行一定范围的模糊度搜索。试验表明该方法的计算速度高于传统方法，所求的模糊度有一个明确的置信水平。     

自适应抗差Kalman滤波在多天线原始观测值瞬时姿态确定中的应用

由载波相位观测值直接解算姿态能实现观测及姿态约束信息的最优利用。本文推导了基于失准角及乘性误差四元数的载波相位观测模型,分别建立了有外部角速度传感器和无外部传感器辅助下姿态参数估计的状态模型;利用自适应抗差滤波估计姿态误差,借鉴分类自适应因子的思想,分别确定模糊度和姿态误差参数的自适应因子,其中姿态自适应因子由Ratio值构造的三段函数确定。自适应抗差滤波能够充分利用约束信息和历史信息,将其融合在浮点解计算过程中,极大提高模糊度浮点解精度及其协方差的结构,在此基础上使用整数最小二乘模糊度降相关平差法(least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment,LAMBDA)方法即能快速搜索出固定解,满足实时性需求。采用实测舰载GNSS 3天线测姿算例对方法进行了验证,结果表明,基于自适应抗差滤波的观测值直接定姿方法效率高、可靠性好。     

Position-domain integrity risk-based ambiguity validation for the integer bootstrap estimator

Integrity monitoring for ambiguity resolution is of significance for utilizing the high-precision carrier phase differential positioning for safety–critical navigational applications. The integer bootstrap estimator can provide an analytical probability density function, which enables the precise evaluation of the integrity risk for ambiguity validation. In order to monitor the effect of unknown ambiguity bias on the integer bootstrap estimator, the position-domain integrity risk of the integer bootstrapped baseline is evaluated under the complete failure modes by using the worst-case protection principle. Furthermore, a partial ambiguity resolution method is developed in order to satisfy the predefined integrity risk requirement. Static and kinematic experiments are carried out to test the proposed method by comparing with the traditional ratio test method and the protection level-based method. The static experimental result has shown that the proposed method can achieve a significant global availability improvement by 51% at most. The kinematic result reveals that the proposed method obtains the best balance between the positioning accuracy and the continuity performance.     

Increasing GNSS RTK availability with a new single-epoch batch partial ambiguity resolution algorithm

GPS Single-epoch Real-Time Kinematic positioning is immune to cycle slips and can be immediately re-initialized after loss-of-lock, providing high availability. This technique requires reliable ambiguity resolution: incorrect ambiguities can cause position errors of several meters, and failed ambiguity resolution reduces availability. However, a bias or inaccuracy in a single phase observation can prevent successful resolution of the whole set of ambiguities. Partial ambiguity resolution allows a subset of ambiguities to be resolved with greater probability of success than the full set. A new algorithm for resolving a subset of ambiguities with validation from previous epochs is described. If normal ambiguity resolution fails, all ambiguity subsets are generated and ordered with the best subsets first. Each subset is then resolved in turn. Fixed subsets are validated against values from previous epochs; this validation procedure greatly reduces the proportion of epochs with incorrect ambiguities. An additional algorithm is described that uses the fixed ambiguities as precise ranges to resolve the remaining unfixed ambiguities. In order to test these new algorithms, GPS data were collected from static and ship-based GPS receivers around Harwich harbor and processed from reference stations at distances up to 111 km. In the static tests the distance over which a 90% ambiguity resolution success rate for dual-frequency data was achieved was increased from 15 to 76 km. However, in some cases, the processing time was too long for this algorithm to be practical without a time-based cut-off. There is also a risk of incorrect ambiguities being propagated, particularly for single-frequency processing. In a ship-based test, the distance over which sufficient availability to support harbor navigation was achieved using single-epoch dual-frequency RTK was increased from 1 to 66 km.