脉冲星Geminga MeV脉冲辐射证据

利用直接解调方法分析ＣＯＭＰＴＥＬ ＶＰ１数据,得到了脉冲星Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ １０－３０ＭｅＶ脉冲辐射存在的证据;全位相及分位相成像均得到了Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ。分位相成像结果显示,江变曲线的峰值位于ｐｕｌｓｅ１附近,而闰相区域只能给出上限。由于成 像分析不存在的选择效应,该成像结果表明,Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ在ＭｅＶ能区仍存在脉冲辐射,虽然Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ的弱ＭｅＶ辐射使得很难就ＶＰ１数据作时间分析,但仍得到了一     

Compton γ射线望远镜的直接解调成像

Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎγ射线望远镜ＣＯＭＰＴＥＬ／ＣＧＲＯ工作于０．７５－３０ＭｅＶ能区，本文应用直接解调方法分析ＣＧＲＯ＃１观测的ＣＯＭＰＴＥＬ数据，准确定出Ｃｒａｂγ射线源的位置，在１０－３０ＭｅＶ能区，分辨开最大似然法所不能完全分辨的Ｃｒａｂγ射线源和类星体ＰＫＳ０５２８＋１３４，得出优于传统成像方法所得的成像结果．应用直接成像方法处理γ射线脉冲星Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ分位相数据，发现Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ在１０－３０ＭｅＶ能区仍存在辐射，辐射集中在Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ第一个峰的位相区域．结果表明，应用直接解调方法对Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ望远镜数据作成像分析是完全可行的     

双星γ脉冲星PSR1820-11

通过对γ天文卫星COS-B观测数据的成像分析,我们在近银河中心区域找到一个新的γ射线源.图1为对50—150MeV能区γ射线的成像结果.图1中的“+”号为双星射电脉冲星PSR1820-11的位置,在γ射线成像误差范围内与γ强度峰的位置相符.     

脉冲星PSR 1951 32的γ辐射

对欧洲γ天文卫星COS-B数据的分析表明,从PSR 1951 32方向来的30—5000MeVγ光子到达时间具有显著的周期位相结构。我们用相关分析方法研究了该脉冲星附近天区γ光子强度的空间分布,求出100MeV和300MeV能量处脉冲星γ射线的积分流强:F(E>100MeV)=4.1×10~(-7)ph·cm~( 2)·s~(-1),F(E>300MeV)=8×10~(-8)·ph·cm~(-2)·s~(-1)。PSR1951 32方向的γ光子大部分为周期性成分,并且集中在一个相当窄的相位区域内。     

冕洞观测研究的近期进展

简要介绍了在１９８８－１９９５年期间冕洞观测研究的主要进展。文中共分五个方面：１．冕洞磁场观测研究的新进展；２．冕洞在太阳活动周不同位相时的规律性；３．冕洞区高速太阳风观测的新结果；４．冕洞加热问题；５．存在问题。     

Crab脉冲星X射线计时观测数据处理与分析

对我国公开发布的空间试验卫星X射线探测器观测Crab脉冲星的数据进行了处理与分析,描述了利用X射线脉冲星观测数据与卫星轨道数据建立积分脉冲轮廓与标准脉冲轮廓的方法,给出了在频域测量脉冲星脉冲到达时刻(toa)的原理方法与算法.利用每组观测数据,计算得到Crab脉冲星脉冲toa,通过与Crab脉冲星星历预报脉冲toa的比较,分析得到卫星载荷X射线探测器观测Crab脉冲星,在消除掉系统误差后,50 min积分时间的观测精度约14μs.     

大质量X射线双星脉冲星4U 1901+03的脉冲轮廓研究

大质量X射线双星脉冲星4U 1901 03在沉寂30多年后,于2003年1月爆发.利用罗西X射线时变探索者卫星RXTE为期5个月的观测数据,对其脉冲轮廓进行了系统研究,得到了该源的脉冲轮廓演化以及能量相关性,脉冲比例演化和脉冲比例对能量的依赖关系.研究发现,4U 1901 03的脉冲轮廓和脉冲比例随双星系统的吸积率变化呈现阶段性的演化,脉冲比例在十几keV处达到峰值.这些脉冲轮廓的复杂变化表明,脉冲轮廓不能用单一的几何或物理模型解释,而是与观测角度以及X射线源的辐射机制相关.利用标准的脉冲星辐射模型讨论了4U 1901 03脉冲轮廓的观测现象.     

脉冲星PSR J1906+0746射电辐射束的观测特征及其启示

利用公开数据研究了PSR J1906+0746的主脉冲和中间脉冲的辐射特征。通过对各段时期的平均脉冲轮廓进行高斯拟合,得到了对应的10%峰值脉冲宽度和峰值流量密度,进而研究了与碰撞角之间的关系。结果表明,主脉冲辐射束的主要可见部分可由一束有确定磁经度角范围的磁流管产生,而中间脉冲则来自于环绕磁轴的磁力线上的辐射。现有的扇形束模型可以较好地解释主脉冲的特征,但难以解释中间脉冲的辐射特征。中间脉冲的特征要求改进扇形束模型,在假设磁轴四周的磁力线均有辐射的情况下,通过合理选择模型参数模拟观测到的条形辐射束。     

用位相相关方法测量Geminga脉冲星的守时参数

利用γ射线脉冲星Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ自旋及频率变化的稳定性，采用位相相关的方法分析了ＥＧＲＥＴ对脉冲星Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ四次观测间隔较长的数据，得到较为准确的守时参数ｆ．位相相关的结果与更长数据段折叠搜索的结果较为接近，表明对于自旋和频率变化都较为稳定的γ射线脉冲星，位相相关分析方法可以作为提高脉冲星参数精度的有效方法．     

Swift时代伽玛射线暴及其余辉的多波段研究

<正>伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴)是一种来自太空任意方向的伽玛射线(ε_γ≈0.1～1 MeV)脉冲式辐射现象,暴后一般伴随有长时间的低频余辉辐射.为了对早期余辉乃至瞬时辐射进行多波段观测,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)于2004年11月发射了专门用于伽玛暴研究的Swift卫星.该卫星工作以来,以其快速响应与精确定位的能力和多波段观测的手段取得了一系列令人瞩目的成就(本文第1章将对     

Analysis of COMPTEL gamma-ray burst locations and spectra

In its first three years of operation, the COMPTEL instrument on theCompton Gamma-Ray Observatory has measured the locations (mean accuracy 1°) and spectra (0.75-30 MeV) of 18 gamma-ray bursts and continues to observe new events at a rate of 1/month. With good angular resolution and sensitivity at MeV energies, the growing COMPTEL burst catalog is an important new piece of evidence in the on-going GRB mystery. The COMPTEL burst locations are consistent with an isotropic distribution of sources, yet the spatial coincidence of two of the bursts indicates the possibility of repetition. The COMPTEL burst spectra are in most cases consistent with a single power law model with spectral index in the range 2–3. However, two bursts show evidence of a spectral break in the MeV range. Measurement of rapid variability at MeV energies in the stronger bursts provides evidence that either the sources are nearby (within the Galaxy) or the gamma-ray emission is relativistically beamed. We present an overview of analysis results obtained from the COMPTEL burst catalog concentrating on the search for burst repetition and the implications of highly variable MeV emission.     

Evidence for a new MeV source observed by the COMPTEL experiment aboard CGRO

We report first evidence for a new unidentified and variable MeV source, located near the galactic plane at (l,b)∼(284.5°, 2.5°). The source, GRO J1036-55, is found at a significance level of ∼5.6σ by COMPTEL in its 3–10 MeV band. The energy spectrum indicates a spectral maximum at 3–4.3 MeV with a steep slope at higher energies. Since the COMPTEL 3–4.3 MeV data contain contamination by an instrumental background line, we performed several consistency checks, which all are consistent with an astrophysical nature of this emission feature.     

Gamma-ray pulsars: the pulse profiles and phase-resolved spectra of Geminga

We present a calculation of a three-dimensional pulsar magnetosphere model to explain high-energy emission from the Geminga pulsar with a thick outer gap. High-energy γ -rays are produced by primary accelerated particles with a power-law energy distribution through curvature radiation inside the outer gap. We also calculate the emission pattern, pulse profile and phase-resolved spectra of high-energy γ -rays of the Geminga pulsar, and find that its pulse profile is consistent with the observed one if the magnetic inclination and viewing angle are ∼50° and ∼86° respectively. We describe the relative phases among soft (thermal) X-rays, hard (non-thermal) X-rays, and γ -rays. Our results indicate that X-ray and γ -ray emission from the Geminga pulsar may be explained by the single thick outer gap model. Finally, we discuss the implications of the radio and optical emission of the Geminga pulsar.     

Radio Phase-Resolved Spectra of the Conal-Double Pulsar B1133 16

Based on dividing the profile into a number of absolute phase intervals,the phase-resolved spectra (PHRS) are derived from published time-aligned average profiles at radio frequencies over two decades for the classic conal-double pulsar B1133 16. The relative spectral index,defined as the difference between the spectral indices of a reference and the given arbitrary phase interval,is obtained by power-law fit at each phase interval. The derived phase-resolved spectra show an "M-like" shape,of which the leading part and trailing part are approximately symmetrical. The basic feature of the PHRS is that the spectrum first flat-tens then steepens as the pulse phase sweeps from the profile center to the profile edges. The PHRS provide a coherent explanation of the major features of profile evolution of B1133 16,namely,the pulse width shrinkage with increasing frequency and the frequency evolution of the relative intensity between the leading and trailing conal components,and the bridge emission. The PHRS may be an indicator for emission spectral variation across the pulsar magnetosphere. Possible mapping from PHRS to emission-location-dependent spectral vari-ation is presented,and some intrinsic mechanisms are discussed.     

INTEGRAL/XMM views on the MeV source GRO J1411-64

The COMPTEL unidentified source GRO J 1411-64 was observed by INTEGRAL and XMM-Newton in 2005. The Circinus Galaxy is the only source detected within the 4σ location error of GRO J1411-64, but in here excluded as the possible counterpart. At soft X-rays, 22 reliable and statistically significant sources (likelihood >10) were extracted and analyzed from XMM-Newton data. Only one of these sources, XMMU J141255.6-635932, is spectrally compatible with GRO J1411-64 although the fact the soft X-ray observations do not cover the full extent of the COMPTEL source position uncertainty make an association hard to quantify and thus risky. At the best location of the source, detections at hard X-rays show only upper limits, which, together with MeV results obtained by COMPTEL suggest the existence of a peak in power output located somewhere between 300–700 keV for the so-called low state. Such a spectrum resembles those in blazars or microquasars, and might suggest at work by the models accordingly. However, an analysis using a microquasar model consisting on a magnetized conical jet filled with relativistic electrons, shows that it is hard to comply with all observational constrains. This fact and the non-detection at hard X-rays introduce an a-posteriori question mark upon the physical reality of this source, what is discussed here.     

Comptel analysis of GRB 940217

COMPTEL on board CGRO has observed a very strong (S[> 0.3 MeV] = 2.03 × 10^–4 erg cm^–2), complex, and long lasting (162 s) gamma-ray burst on February 17, 1994 (GRB 940217). Temporal fluctuations occur on timescales as short as 100 ms. Hard-to-soft spectral evolution has been observed during the burst emission and also within individual peaks. The photon spectra obtained within the 6 peaks can be modelled by single power law spectra and by broken power laws with break energies at around 1 MeV. The best-fit power law slopes vary between 1.1 and 3.5 throughout the event. The burst is located at [ ₂₀₀₀, ₂₀₀₀] = [29.5°, 3.8°] with a 3 error radius of 0.9°. COMPTEL does not detect any significant post-burst emission (as reported by EGRET) at low energies (< 30 MeV), and our upper limits are marginally consistent with the EGRET detections. Using high energy spectral and temporal information, distance limits to GRB 940217 have been derived.     

Geminga 多波段研究的新进展

简要介绍了特殊天体Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ的发现、证认、定位和距离测量等工作,详细综 了近年来有关Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ低频射电辐射和高能辐射的观测进展以及人们对这些结果的理论解释。Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ是否代表一类没有射电辐射的射电脉冲星（辐射能由转动能量而来的非吸积型脉冲星）,理论上具有重要意义,以前人们在高于１０３ＭＨｚ的射电波段对Ｇｅｍｉｎｇａ做过多次高灵敏度观测,都没有测到有意义。以前人们在高于１０３ＭＨｚ的射电     

History of gamma-ray telescopes and astronomy

Gamma-ray astronomy is devoted to study nuclear and elementary particle astrophysics and astronomical objects under extreme conditions of gravitational and electromagnetic forces, and temperature. Because signals from gamma rays below 1 TeV cannot be recorded on ground, observations from space are required. The photoelectric effect is dominant <100 keV, Compton scattering between 100 keV and 10 MeV, and electron–positron pair production at energies above 10 MeV. The sun and some gamma ray burst sources are the strongest gamma ray sources in the sky. For other sources, directionality is obtained by shielding / masks at low energies, by using the directional properties of the Compton effect, or of pair production at high energies. The power of angular resolution is low (fractions of a degree, depending on energy), but the gamma sky is not crowded and sometimes identification of sources is possible by time variation. The gamma ray astronomy time line lists Explorer XI in 1961, and the first discovery of gamma rays from the galactic plane with its successor OSO-3 in 1968. The first solar flare gamma ray lines were seen with OSO-7 in 1972. In the 1980’s, the Solar Maximum Mission observed a multitude of solar gamma ray phenomena for 9 years. Quite unexpectedly, gamma ray bursts were detected by the Vela-satellites in 1967. It was 30 years later, that the extragalactic nature of the gamma ray burst phenomenon was finally established by the Beppo–Sax satellite. Better telescopes were becoming available, by using spark chambers to record pair production at photon energies >30 MeV, and later by Compton telescopes for the 1–10 MeV range. In 1972, SAS-2 began to observe the Milky Way in high energy gamma rays, but, unfortunately, for a very brief observation time only due to a failure of tape recorders. COS-B from 1975 until 1982 with its wire spark chamber, and energy measurement by a total absorption counter, produced the first sky map, recording galactic continuum emission, mainly from interactions of cosmic rays with interstellar matter, and point sources (pulsars and unidentified objects). An integrated attempt at observing the gamma ray sky was launched with the Compton Observatory in 1991 which stayed in orbit for 9 years. This large shuttle-launched satellite carried a wire spark chamber “Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope” EGRET for energies >30 MeV which included a large Cesium Iodide crystal spectrometer, a “Compton Telescope” COMPTEL for the energy range 1–30 MeV, the gamma ray “Burst and Transient Source Experiment” BATSE, and the “Oriented Scintillation-Spectrometer Experiment” OSSE. The results from the “Compton Observatory” were further enlarged by the SIGMA mission, launched in 1989 with the aim to closely observe the galactic center in gamma rays, and INTEGRAL, launched in 2002. From these missions and their results, the major features of gamma ray astronomy are:

Diffuse emission, i.e. interactions of cosmic rays with matter, and matter–antimatter annihilation; it is found, “...that a matter–antimatter symmetric universe is empirically excluded....”

Nuclear lines, i.e. solar gamma rays, or lines from radioactive decay (nucleosynthesis), like the 1.809 MeV line of radioactive ²⁶Al;

Localized sources, i.e. pulsars, active galactic nuclei, gamma ray burst sources (compact relativistic sources), and unidentified sources.