IRAS 02232+6138的13CO、C18O、HCO+和N2H+的观测研究

利用中国科学院紫金山天文台德令哈观测站13．7米望远镜在IRAS 02232 6138方向进行了13CO,C18O,HCO 和N2H 的观测．随着探针分子的激发密度从13CO到N2H 逐渐增加, IRAS02232 6138云核的尺度从13CO的2．40 pc减小到N2H 的0．54pc,云核的维里质量从13CO的2．2×103M⊙减小到N2H 的5．1×102M⊙．研究发现,该方向区域内存在双极分子外流．对云核的空间密度结构用幂函数n(r)αr-α的形式进行拟合分析,得到α=2．3-1．2;随着探测密度的增加,该指数逐渐变平．分析得到, 13CO／C18O分子丰度比值为12．4±6．9,与暗云的11．8±5．9及大质量核的9．0-15．6值一致;N2H 丰度是3．5±2．5×10-10,与暗云核的1．0-5．0×10-10和大质量核的1．2-12．8×10-10值一致;HCO 丰度为0．9±0．5×10-9,接近大质量核的1．6-2．4×10-9值,没有发现HCO 丰度增长．结合IRAS数据,得到云核的光度质量比范围为37-163(L／M)⊙,由IRAS光度估计, IRAS 02232 6138方向云核内嵌埋的大约是一颗主序O7．5星．     

恒星形成区AFGL 5157的CO同位素分子谱线研究

通过对恒星形成区AFGL 5157进行了24′×24′(12 pc×12 pc)的成图观测,得到了该分子云的~(13)CO(J=1-0)和C~(18)O(J=1-0)云核各自的分布结构和平均物理参数.在云核的边缘位置,同位素丰度比X[(~(13)CO)/(C~(18)O)]约为10,接近于巨分子云的比值.~(13)CO和C~(18)O云核的维里质量小于云核质量,具有引力不稳定性,且C~(18)O云核更易塌缩.C~(18)O分子云核的东北方向和西南方向的分子云柱密度分布分别为1.1×10~(23)×z~(-0.43)和4.6×10~(25)×z~(-0.58),z表示到云核中心的距离.由~(12)CO(J=1-0)高速线翼成份的测量,估计了外流源的质量损失率,求得外向流的质量和速度的关系近似为m∝v~(-1.8).~(13)CO分子云核的恒星形成率为23%,该区域可能受反射星云NGC 1985的触发而正在形成中大质量恒星或者星团.     

红外暗云G79.2+0.38的性质

对MSX红外暗云G79.2+0.38的11'×7'的区域范围进行了12CO(1-0)、13CO(1-0)和C18O(1-0)谱线的同时观测.观测到的两个C18O(1-0)谱线所界定的云核峰值分布分别对应MSX A波段的两块高消光区域.该区域的氢分子柱密度N(H2)-(5-12)×1022 cm-2,平均密度n-(3±1)×104cm-3.两块分子云核的13CO的线尺度分别是1.7和1.2 pc,而C18O的线尺度分别是1.2和0.6 pc,它们包含的质量为2×102-2×103M(?).分子云核的视向平均密度结构可用幂函数(?)(p)-p-0.34±0.02表征. 13CO和C18O的丰度和典型的光学暗云相比低了4至11倍,但是目前还没有证据表明13CO和C18O的相对丰度比X13/18随柱密度有显著变化.     

IRAS 23133+6050云核的观测研究

利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7 m毫米波望远镜对IRAS 23133 6050云核进行~(13)CO、C~(18)O、HCO (J=1-0)谱线观测.~(13)CO、C~(18)O、HCO 分子谱线辐射所对应的云核直径分别为4.0pc、2.1 pc、2.3 pc,质量分别为2.7×10~3M_⊙、0.9×10~3M_⊙、2.3×10~3M_⊙,气体平均密度分别为2.7×10~3 cm~(-3)、5.1×10~3 cm~(-3)、4.6×10~3cm~(-3).用幂律模型n(r)～~(-P)的形式分析了云核的密度分布,得到的指数p分别为1.75、1.56、1.48.分析发现,密度结构谱指数从云核的外部向内部逐渐变平坦.观测得到HCO~ 丰度为4.6×10~(-10),比暗云低一个数量级以上,比巨分子云也略低,而~(13)CO、C~(18)O的相对丰度比X_(13/18)为12.2,这与暗云11.8和巨分子云9.0～15.6的情况一致.该区域发现存在~(13)CO双极外流.由IRAS远红外光度和维里质量得到的光度质量比,分别为18.1,51.1、21.2.     

大质量恒星形成核区的特性：^12CO、^13CO和C^18O的谱线观测及统计比较

利用青海站的13.7米射电望远镜对河内24个与水脉泽源成协并有红外Spitzer数据的巨分子云核进行12CO(J=1→0),13CO(J=1→0)和C18O(J=1→0)的同时成图观测,平均的成图范围为81×81.并全部探测到了C18O的谱线发射,其中11个源有较大范围(51-81)的C18O成图,这些分子云核均观测到C18O(J=1→0)谱线积分强度极大值的一半处,其余的13个源由于信噪比低或者成图范围较大等原因,没有进行如此大面积的成图观测.对样本中的11个已成图的稠密核进行了云核特性的分析并统计比较了CO与13CO,13CO与C18O及CO与C18O谱线积分强度之比(R12/13,R12/13,R12/18),结果是,C18O是光学薄的,可以探测到云核更加细致的结构.从核中心到边缘,3种谱线积分强度比是逐渐增加的.CO与13CO的谱线积分强度比R12/13的范围在2-6之间;13CO与C18O的比值R13/18范围在4-20之间波动,中心区域其值大部分集中在6-12之间,变化范围波动不是很大;CO与C18O之比R12/18在13-90更大的范围内,在更加致密的云核中心该比值集中在13-50之间.     

正在形成恒星的孤立分子云核物理性质的观测研究

利用青海站13．7m毫米波望远镜对从Spitzer的c2d项目样本中挑选出来的11个内部有恒星正在形成的孤立分子云核进行了13CO(J=1-0)、13CO(J=1-0)和C18O(J=1-0)的同时成图观测．对这些分子云核均观测到13CO(J=1-0)峰值强度极大值的一半处．计算了分子云核的密度和质量,得到维里质量(MVIR)与LTE质量(MLTE)之比13CO(J=1-0)为0．85±0．40,C18O(J=1-0)为0．77±0．35．同时计算了云核的密度轮廓．     

Cepheus C的C~(18)O(J=1-0)分子辐射的观测──多核结构

利用日本名古屋大学天体物理系的毫米波射电望远镜对CepheusC的C18O（J＝1－0）分子辐射首次进行了观测，得到了强度分布图．从强度分布图上，我们发现C18O（J＝1－0）分子的分布呈现三个核．通过计算得到了三个核的物理参数．     

恒星形成区的云核和星团

利用青海站13.7 m毫米波望远镜对17个与星团成协的恒星形成区进行了~(12)CO(J=1-0)、~(13)CO(J=1-0)和C~(18)O(J=1-0)的同时成图观测.除了IRAS04547+4753,这些源均探测到较强的C~(18)O(J=1-0)的谱线发射.由于分子云的大小不同,有13个源观测到~(13)CO(J=1-0)谱线积分强度极大值的一半处,其他源因分子云延展范围较大,没有进行大面积的成图观测.基于观测数据,计算了各云核的谱线线宽、亮温度、尺度、密度和质量等,~(13)CO和C~(13)O云核的维里质量与局部热动平衡(LTE)质量之比分别为0.66和0.74,它们接近于维里平衡状态.为了从形态方面比较云核与星团,将谱线的积分强度图与2MASS的K波段图像叠加.同时,计算了与云核成协的星团的大小和质量,数据采用了2MASS的近红外点源测光结果.基于云核与星团的质量结果,计算了分子云的恒星形成效率,大致在10%～30%的范围.     

大质量年轻星体新的C18O(1-0)发射

利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7米的毫米波望远镜对74个大质量年轻星体或候选进行了C^18O(1-0)的谱线观测。在63个源中观测到了C^18O(1-0)发射，其中57个天体第一次探测到C^18O(1-0)谱线发射。根据谱线辐射温度（TR^*)和半宽（△V），利用LTE方法计算了每个测量源的C^18O(1-0)发射的光学厚度和C^18O(1-0)分子的柱密度。讨论了^13CO(1-0)和C^18O(1-0)的谱线强度比和积分强度比。     

OMC--3的13CO(1--0)和C18O(1--0)分子辐射

利用紫金山天文台青海站的 １３．７ ｍ毫米波望远镜,对 Ｏｒｉｏｎ Ａ分子云中的 ＯＭＣ－３区域,进行了较高分辨率的１３ＣＯ（Ｊ＝１－０）和Ｃ１８Ｏ（Ｊ＝１－０）分子辐射的成图观测．给出了该分子云中１３ＣＯ和 Ｃ１８Ｏ云核分布的整体结构和平均物理参数．观测发现,该分子云的１３ＣＯ和 Ｃ１８Ｏ的云核中心分别与最年轻的天体－Ｃｌａｓｓ ０类源 ＭＭＳＩ, ＭＭＳ４,ＭＭＳ６和ＭＭＳ７,ＭＭＳ８;ＭＭＳ９成协．此外,通过分析ＯＭＣ－３整个区域的速度场结构,发现沿 Ｃ１８Ｏ和１３ＣＯ云核方向从南到北有一个～ １．７ｋｍ／ｓ的速度场梯度,而分子云的红、蓝移团块则分别趋于云的北部和南部．并对ＯＭＣ－３区的恒星形成特征进行了讨论．     

Compact cores of molecular clouds in NGC 1333/IRAS 6–9

¹³CO(1-0)and C¹⁸O(1-0)emissions in the NGC 1333/IRAS6–9 star forming region were mapped with the 13.7 m millimeter wave telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory. The areas covered are 10.3′ × 10′ for ¹³CO(1-0)and 6.8′ × 8′ for C¹⁸O(1-0), respectively. Several new compact molecular cores were discovered and a bipolar outflow of ¹³CO(1-0)was identified along the SSV12-IRAS8 direction. We present the observed properties and derived the physical parameters for all the ¹³CO(1-0)and C¹⁸O(1-0)cores. The core distribution and velocity structure are analyzed for this region. The relationship between cores, bipolar outflow and crowded young stellar objects (including infrared sources and HH objects) is also discussed in detail.     

Characteristics of Massive Star-forming Molecular Cores: The Spectral Observations of CO,CO and CO and the Statistical Comparison

With the 13.7 m millimeter wave telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory at Qinghai Station, the simultaneous mapping observations at the ¹²CO(J=1-0), ¹³CO(J=1-0) and C¹⁸O(J=1-0) lines were performed towards the 24 Galactic high-mass star-forming cores, which are associated with water masers and have available Spitzer's infrared data. The average mapping range was 8′ × 8′. The C¹⁸O line emission was detected in all the cores, in which 11 cores were observed to the half maximum of their C¹⁸O integrated intensities and the rather extended (5′ − 8′) C¹⁸O maps were obtained, while the others were failed to make such a large scale mapping because of the low SNR or the intrinsically extended morphology of the cores. On the 11 completely mapped dense cores, we analyzed their characteristics and made the statistics and comparisons on the integrated intensity ratios between ¹²CO and ¹³CO (R_12/13), ¹³CO and C¹⁸O(R_13/18), as well as ¹²CO and C¹⁸O(R_12/18). We concluded that as a tracer of dense gas, C¹⁸O is absolutely optically thin and can be used to detect the detailed structures of the cores, and that in general the 3 ratios increase gradually from the core center to the periphery. We found that the integrated intensity ratio R_12/13 ranges from 2 to 6; R_13/18 fluctuates between 4 and 20, but in central regions it is concentrated in the range 6–12 with a small fluctuation; and R_12/18 occupies a wider range 13–90, but it is concentrated between 13 and 50 in the denser regions of the cores.     

Bipolar outflow in the vicinity of IRAS 05345+3157 in <Superscript>13</Superscript>CO line

A parameterization technique for the low-velocity part of a bipolar outflow is worked out. It is based on the analysis of spectral lines of the ¹³CO molecule. The mapping of the high-mass star formation region IRAS 05345+3157 is performed in the ¹³CO line (J = 1-0) at a frequency of 110.2 GHz. As follows from observation data, the bipolar outflow observed earlier in this object in ¹²CO molecular lines is pronounced in the ¹³CO molecular line as well (J = 1-0). Main parameters of the bipolar out-flow are determined with the use of the technique worked out.     

Evidence of Evolution in the Dense Cores in Massive Star Forming Regions

The excitation of H2O masers usually needs very high density gas, hence it can serve as a marker of dense gas in HII region. We selected a sample of H2O maser sources from Plume et al. (four with, and four without detected CS(J = 7-6) emission), and observed them in 13CO(J=1-0) and C18O (J=1-0). C18O (J=1-0) emission was detected only in three of the sources with detected CS(J=7-6) emission. An analysis combined with some data in the literature suggests that these dense cores may be located at different evolutionary stages. Multi-line observation study may provide us clues on the evolution of massive star forming regions and the massive stars themselves.     

Bipolar molecular outflow in IRAS 17233-3606

The high-mass star-forming region IRAS 17333-3606 has been mapped in the ¹³CO (J = 2–1) and C¹⁸O (J = 2–1) lines in the submillimeter wavelength range using the APEX (Chile) radio telescope. The analysis of the low-velocity part of the molecular outflow has been carried out, and the main parameters of the outflow have been determined. We have used a novel approach for calculating parameters of the low-velocity part of bipolar molecular outflows in molecular clouds. The approach excludes the influence of the surrounding cloud on the parameters of the outflow. The mass of the low-velocity part is much greater than that of the high-velocity part of the molecular outflow, while their energies are comparable. The core of the young stellar object is significantly deformed by the impact of the bipolar outflow.     

Two star-formation regions in Auriga

Two star-formation regions in Auriga are examined. Both regions are embedded in dark clouds and contain stars that are YSO (young stellar objects). The two groups are associated with HH objects and with jets (straight and spiral). ¹²CO (1–0) observations of the first region (associated with the object CLN70) reveal the presence of red and blue molecular outflows (i.e., a bipolar outflow).     

C~(18)O Observations of the Dark Molecular Cloud L134 and Gas Depletion onto Dust

We map the dark molecular cloud core of L134 in the C18O (J = 1 - 0) emission line using the PMO 13.7m telescope, and present a contour map of integrated intensity of C18O (J = 1 - 0) emission. The C18O cloud is inside the distribution of extinction AB, the visual extinction of blue light, as well as inside the 13CO cloud in the L134 region. The depletion factors in this C18O cloud are generally greater than unity, which means there is gas depletion onto dust. Since only a minimum AB = 9.7 mag is available, and our observations measure both undepleted and depleted regions along the line of sight, the depletion factors could very likely be larger in the central core than the calculated value. So we conclude that depletion does occur in the bulk of the C18O cloud through a comparison between the C18O and blue extinction maps in the L134 region. There is no direct evidence as yet for star formation in L134, and so cores on the verge of collapse will not be visible in CO and other gas molecules.     

A Study on the CO Isotopic Lines of the Star Forming Region AFGL 5157

By the mapping observations simultaneously at the ¹²CO (J=1-0), ¹³CO (J=1-0), and C¹⁸O (J=1-0) lines on the area of 24’×24’ (12 pc×12 pc) of the star forming region AFGL 5157, we have obtained the distribution and averaged physical parameters for the respective ¹³CO and C¹⁸O cores of this molecu- lar cloud. At the edge of the molecular cloud, the isotopic abundance ratio is X [(¹³CO)/(C¹⁸O)] ≈ 10, close to the ratio of a giant molecular cloud. The viral masses of the ¹³CO and C¹⁸O cores are less than the masses of the molecu-lar cloud cores, so the molecular cloud cores are gravitationally unstable, and the C¹⁸O molecular cloud core is more easy to collapse. The column density distributions of the C¹⁸O molecular cloud core in the northeast and southwest directions are, respectively, 1.1 × 10²³× z^−0.43 and 4.6 × 10²⁵× z^−0.58, where z is the distance from the center of the molecular cloud core. The high velocity molecular out?ow has been con?rmed from our ¹²CO spectra, the mass loss rate of the out?ow has been estimated, and the mass-velocity relation of the out?ow is ?tted by a power-law function of m ∝ v^−1.8. The star formation rate of the ¹³CO molecular cloud core is as high as 23%, probably, under the in?uence of