降水与温度对接地电阻的影响分析

通过对3种接地装置接地电阻的持续观测, 分析了降水、温度对接地电阻的影响, 结果发现: 接地电阻具有明显的季节变化特征, 汛期(4—9月)降水量增加, 温度也逐渐升高, 接地电阻呈现下降趋势, 在9月之后, 随着降水的减少及温度的下降, 接地电阻逐渐升高, 此过程一直持续到翌年的2月; 接地电阻的变化率与接地体类型及尺寸大小密切相关; 降水量 < 20 mm的降水过程对接地电阻的影响较小; 当降水量偏多, 土壤含水量处于较高水平时, 多余的降水并不会使接地电阻出现明显的下降, 此时期温度对接地电阻的下降起着关键作用; 当长期干旱时, 土壤含水量偏低, 此时期较强的降水会引起接地电阻出现明显的下降, 而温度的影响相对不明显。      

因干旱引起接地电阻异变的个例分析

2010年初,贵州遭遇特大夏秋连旱叠加冬旱,持续干旱引起土壤水分蒸发、电阻率增大,进而造成接地电阻异常变大。文章以一起因干旱引起接地电阻异常变化为例,初步分析干旱对接地电阻的影响及对异常数据处理。     

埋地金属导体对接地系统电阻测试影响试验分析

搭建试验地网研究土壤中金属导体对接地电阻的影响。通过埋设不同形状金属导体,改变金属导体埋设深度、与试验地网相对距离,在不同点位测量试验地网接地电阻值。分析试验数据发现,埋地金属导体导致接地电阻测量值偏小,其中环形金属导体对接地电阻测量值影响最大,一形金属导体对接地电阻测量值影响最小;金属导体位于测试电压极外侧相比位于内侧时,对接地电阻测量值的影响更大;金属导体位于测试电压极内侧时,不同测试点位接地电阻测量值差异较大,金属导体位于测试电压极外侧时,各点位接地电阻测量值差异不大;金属导体埋设深度对接地电阻测量值影响不明显。     

防雷接地体性能改善及接地电阻分析计算

结合雷电防护工作中的经验和实例,分析防雷接地体的特性.结果表明:降低接地电阻,主要是通过降低接地体的接触电阻和散流电阻;增加接地体所围面积对接地电阻的减少有利;应充分考虑复合接地体形状和接地网内屏蔽效应对接地电阻的影响;接地体周围的土质、埋设深度和季节变化都影响土壤电阻率.接地极沿接地体网边缘设置,网内接地极要稀疏布设.接地极的长度一般不相等,常用接地体埋设深度在1.5～3.5 m之间,北方地区在冻土层以下.可采用性能稳定的降阻剂和在接地体周围更换土壤电阻率低的土质,要使接地电阻达到要求的同时减少成本.     

触发闪电产生的地网地电位抬升及暂态效应

对2019年夏季广州市从化区3个雷暴过程中7次触发闪电过程的39次继后回击和10次M分量及其对应的地电位抬升(ground potential rise,GPR)电压数据进行统计分析。分析发现:39次继后回击对应的地电位抬升电压峰值几何平均值能达到-138.97 kV,且波形具有明显的次峰,次峰几何平均值为-90.09 kV,约为最大峰值的64.86%;继后回击引起的地电位抬升电压主要由雷电流泄放引起(相关系数为0.94),感应耦合作用相对较弱(相关系数为0.55),而M分量过程对应的地电位抬升电压则均由雷电流泄放引起(相关系数为0.99)。在雷电流瞬间冲击下,继后回击和M分量过程时的冲击接地电阻均小于工频接地电阻,M分量过程的冲击接地电阻平均值为12.02 Ω,继后回击过程为10.87 Ω。M分量半峰宽度可达毫秒量级,会使浪涌保护器长时间处于动作状态,极易引起浪涌保护器热崩溃损坏。     

利用内差法求取AutoCAD接地电阻换算系数

利用Auto CAD绘制《建筑物防雷设计规范》中的接地电阻换算系数(A)图,通过内差得到不同土壤电阻率条件下的接地电阻换算系数A值变化曲线,然后捕捉各曲线和接地体实际长度与有效长度比值L/Le的交点纵坐标值,经过适当的数值计算,便可获得不同土壤电阻率条件下各L/Le值的接地电阻换算系数值。     

接地电阻的测试方法及阻值分析

介绍了接地电阻的几种测试方法,通过在日常工作中用不同的方法对学校教学楼的两个测试点的接地电阻进行实地测试,并对多次测得的数据进行比较论证,分析其阻值变化的规律,提出针对建筑物四周环境及各方面因素的影响而采用相适应的测试方法,对于建筑物的接地电阻测试有一定的参考价值.同时分析了对测试过程中测量误差的主要来源,提出了日常工作中的注意事项.     

乌鲁木齐河流域山区与平原干旱对比

以乌鲁木齐河流域干旱变化过程研究为目标,利用英雄桥水文站和乌鲁木齐气象台的1960—2010年实测数据,计算年度和季节尺度的SPI和Z值两种干旱指标,对山区和平原区的干旱情况进行对比分析,判断干旱发生的特征以及两种干旱指标计算干旱等级的一致性,通过历年干旱发生情况验证计算结果。结果表明:以乌鲁木齐气象台为代表的平原区1978年前标准化降水指数(SPI)和Z值小于0,处于正常或干旱状态。1978年后,SPI和Z值开始波动性增长,变化趋势由干旱向无旱或正常转变;以英雄桥水文站为代表的山区,1960—2010年两种干旱指标以正常为主发生波动性变化;SPI和Z值两种干旱指标描述多年干旱变化过程一致,趋势变化吻合,具有很好的一致性;对山区和平原区而言,1978年前山区的干旱程度较小,平原区的较大。而1978年后山区的干旱程度相对较大、平原区的干旱程度较小;对季节性干旱而言,1960—2010年春夏秋季无旱状态所占比例最大,山区和平原区发生的干旱主要以轻旱为主,集中出现在夏秋两季。中旱和重旱的发生比重较小,主要发生在春秋两季。通过验证可知,SPI和Z值的计算结果是有效的,适用于乌鲁木齐的干旱分析。     

基于CI指数的湘西自治州干旱变化特征

利用湖南省湘西自治州8个气象台站1960~2013年逐日气温和降水资料,计算逐日CI干旱指数,按照干旱过程方法统计年、季的干旱天数及强度指数,运用趋势分析、M-K检验、小波分析等方法,统计分析湘西自治州的干旱时空变化特征。结果表明:由于地理位置及地形的差异,湘西自治州年干旱强度、干旱天数、出现频率因季节不同而存在一定的差异,其中夏秋季干旱对年干旱的影响最大;干旱存在多个显著的活动周期,但不同季节也有所差异;年干旱变化有加强趋势,而春、夏季干旱也表现出加强趋势,仅冬季干旱略有减弱。M-K突变检验显示,年干旱有加强趋势,但未出现显著性突变;春、夏季干旱变化不存在突变;秋季,干旱强度经历了由明显偏弱到波动较大再转为偏强的突变过程,突变年份为1989年,而干旱天数经历了偏少到偏多的突变过程,突变年份为1970年;冬季干旱强度存在明显减弱的突变现象,突变年份为1989年。     

我国南方暴雨一些气候特征的统计分析

根据我国南方59个气象观测站1958～1995年月暴雨日数资料,应用三维经验正交函数分解(EOF3)和小波分析方法,研究了暴雨的主要分布类型、季节变化特征、年际变化和年代际变化规律.结果表明:我国南方暴雨的总趋势是略有增加,但幅度很小;年际变化存在32年、10年、5年和2～3年左右的周期震荡;年代际变化规律是:20世纪50年代末～60年代约10年周期较为清楚,70年代5年周期最强,80～90年代中期10年左右周期最明显,而且比50～60年代要强得多,此外80年代3年左右周期也较明显.我国南方暴雨季节变化显著,4～10月为多暴雨季节,最多的月份出现在6月.暴雨最活跃区域的年变化不大,均位于华南地区,虽然长江流域和黄淮地区是分别对应于梅雨和华北雨季中的多暴雨区域,但是其最大中心值没有超过华南地区.我国南方暴雨、雷暴和冰雹的气候特征,在总趋势、空间分布、季节变化、年际变化和年代际变化方面均存在明显的差异,表明了这3类对流性天气形成物理机制的复杂性.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.