黄河源区新构造运动对生态环境恶化的影响

基于黄河源区1:25万生态环境地质调查新获得的大量实际资料,通过分析和研究发现,黄河源区早更新世-中更新世处于走滑伸展的大陆动力学背景,在整体隆升中,形成断块山与拉分盆地,湖泊广布;晚更新世,大陆动力学机制过渡为挤压收缩,在整体抬升中,断块山显著崛起,湖盆萎缩、变形;全新世,大陆动力学环境反转为走滑挤压,持续隆升,黄河扩展源头到达本区,扎陵湖、鄂陵湖外泄,闭流盆地水环境转向开放.近代,特别是20世纪70年代以来,新构造活化与寒冻风化岩屑坡扩大、沙质荒漠化蔓延、湖泊和沼泽湿地萎缩、区域地下水位下降、源区黄河频繁断流、生态环境日益恶化响应关系密切.因此,新构造运动在黄河源区生态环境恶化中起主导作用,而其他因素则起到促进与加速的作用.     

黄河源区新构造运动对生态环境恶化的影响

基于黄河源区1:25万生态环境地质调查新获得的大量实际资料,通过分析和研究发现,黄河源区早更新世-中更新世处于走滑伸展的大陆动力学背景,在整体隆升中,形成断块山与拉分盆地,湖泊广布;晚更新世,大陆动力学机制过渡为挤压收缩,在整体抬升中,断块山显著崛起,湖盆萎缩、变形;全新世,大陆动力学环境反转为走滑挤压,持续隆升,黄河扩展源头到达本区,扎陵湖、鄂陵湖外泄,闭流盆地水环境转向开放.近代,特别是20世纪70年代以来,新构造活化与寒冻风化岩屑坡扩大、沙质荒漠化蔓延、湖泊和沼泽湿地萎缩、区域地下水位下降、源区黄河频繁断流、生态环境日益恶化响应关系密切.因此,新构造运动在黄河源区生态环境恶化中起主导作用,而其他因素则起到促进与加速的作用.     

黄河源区生态环境恶化的地质原因及发展演化趋势

黄河源区生态环境恶化的地质原因之一是现代地质作用增强．形成了以荒漠化为主的草地资源退化与下垫面改变．地区水一气一热平衡破坏;二是因冻土退化、萎缩．引起水环境变异．导致多层面与综合成因的生态环境恶化;三是人为及鼠类活动对源区生态环境恶化起着推波助澜的作用。     

黄河源区区域地下水位下降及其生态环境地质问题

为研究黄河源区区域地下水位下降与生态环境恶化之间的关系,本文基于野外实测的泉口下移、扇前缘泄出带下移与泄出带低位沼泽湿地萎缩以及局地历次地下水位统测资料,认为引起区域地下水位下降的原因以自然因素为主;人为因素为次,且表现为间接干扰。存在的主要生态环境地质问题主要是加剧了荒漠化和引起黄河源区黄河断流。     

走滑造山带与盆地耦合机制

走滑造山带是大陆山链主要类型之一,走滑断层按卷入深度可分为转换断层、平移断层、变换断层和捩断层等。压缩弯曲和伸展弯曲可以形成走滑挤压带和走滑伸展带等。走滑挤压作用常形成走滑造山带及正花状构造,并在造山带两侧或一侧可以形成走滑挤压盆地;走滑伸展作用可以形成走滑盆岭构造及负花状构造,并在走滑带形成拉分盆地或楔形裂陷。印度板块的楔入及西伯利亚板块的阻滞在中国大陆中形成滑移线场,并在中国东部及中西部广大地区发育走滑造山带与走滑盆地的耦合,同时调节中国大陆中、西部的收缩与中国大陆东部的滑逸或蠕散,因此在中西部以发育走滑造山带及走滑－挠曲盆地为主,而在东部以发育走滑盆岭带及拉分盆地为主。     

华北新构造：印欧碰撞远场效应与太平洋俯冲地幔上涌之间的相互作用

作为大陆内部典型的伸展断陷区和强震活动区,华北地区处于东部太平洋板块俯冲构造和西部印欧大陆碰撞构造的双重大地构造背景之下,其新构造运动相当复杂:西部沿鄂尔多斯地块周缘两个地堑盆地系引张伸展断陷作用、中部太行山块体的局部断陷和整体隆升、东部华北平原区和渤海湾海域区的区域沉降,南缘沿秦岭构造带的左旋走滑拉张活动,东缘沿郯庐断裂带的右旋挤压走滑活动。这些不同类型的断裂构造在晚新生代的阶段性活动,产生了复杂的构造地貌组合特征。综合研究发现,华北晚新生代经历了3期伸展断陷-挤压隆升演化阶段:新近纪晚期(10～2.5 Ma)、早中更新世和晚更新世以来。地壳引张应力方向或NW-SE、或NE-SW向;地块隆升导致湖盆的消亡,挤压应力方向为NE-SW至W-E向。研究认为,华北地区新构造受两个岩石圈构造过程的相互影响:印欧碰撞产生的远程效应和东部岩石圈地幔的上涌。一方面,青藏高原东北缘地块的持续推挤及其构造应力向东的传递导致鄂尔多斯地块反时针旋转和秦岭山地的向东挤出逃逸,这个挤出构造动力学统治了华北地区晚新生代的引张伸展、斜张走滑和挤压变形。尤其是,新近纪晚期强烈的NW-SE向地壳伸展变形与青藏东缘挤出造山作用同步(10～9 Ma至4.2 Ma);上新世末期(约2.5 Ma)、晚更新世早期(约200～70 ka)和晚更新世晚期—全新世(约20 ka以来)3次构造挤压事件与青藏高原东缘构造事件基本对应。另一方面,岩石圈地幔上涌主导了华北东部平原区的区域地壳沉降,同时伴随着早、中更新世的5期幔源火山活动。这两个岩石圈构造作用力此消彼长,深刻统治着华北地区新构造与现今活动构造以及地震构造。     

汾河裂谷晋中盆地内第四纪沉积序列与沉积环境恢复

晋中盆地是位于汾渭地堑系中部的新生代陆内断陷沉积盆地,研究晋中盆地第四纪的沉积序列对于进一步认识该盆地区域构造和区域气候环境变化具有重要意义。为查明晋中盆地第四纪沉积序列结构、研究揭示晋中盆地第四纪沉积环境及演化,通过构造岩相学方法,对晋中盆地地表和钻孔内第四纪沉积物和沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明:晋中盆地清徐地区地表第四纪沉积序列结构为盆地内部沱阳组河床相和河漫滩相-盆地边缘汾河组河流相—盆山过渡带峙峪组河流相、汾河组冲积扇相及马兰组风积相-基岩山地（盆地外围）二叠系浅海相。钻孔岩芯内第四纪沉积序列结构为下更新统浅湖相和滨湖相—中更新统浅湖相和河流相—上更新统河流相和冲积扇相—全新统冲积扇相。研究认为晋中新生代陆内断陷盆地内沉积序列和演化结构为早更新世陆相湖盆沉积环境—中更新世萎缩湖泊环境—晚更新世强烈萎缩的湖泊和河流环境—全新世再度沉降的陆相湖盆;陆相湖盆从中心向山地沉积环境分带为湖泊沉积环境—河流和湖泊沉积环境—冲积扇沉积环境（盆地边缘出山口区）。盆山过渡带地区上更新世沉积物错位现象与同沉积活动断裂有关,断裂活动性揭示了晋中盆地阶梯式断陷成盆的动力学机制。这些研究成果为区域气候环境变化和晋中盆地区域构造研究提供了新证据,也为太原市城市群建设中工程场址的选择提了供参考。      

黄河源区第四纪地质研究的新进展

通过对黄河源区的钻孔、自然露头的研究, 建立了黄河源区的第四纪地层层序。第四纪地层可划分为下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统。下更新统为河湖相沉积; 中更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物; 上更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物、冰水沉积物、洪积物和河流沉积物; 全新统主要由河流沉积物、洪积物和湖积物构成。黄河源区的冰期可划分为3期, 即末次冰期、倒数第二次冰期、倒数第三次冰期, 末次冰期又可分为2个冰阶。黄河源区的湖泊演化可划分为早更新世、中更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段: 早更新世的湖泊范围小; 中更新世的湖泊范围明显扩大, 在位置上也较早更新世的湖泊南移; 晚更新世的湖泊经历了两次的扩张—收缩变化, 到了全新世, 除现今还发育的几个湖泊外, 大多数地区的湖水已退出, 基本上转变为河流环境。在晚更新世末期到全新世初期, 封闭黄河源区的多石峡被切开, 湖水外泄, 现今的黄河形成了, 同时发生了袭夺长江水系的水流。     

走滑挤压盆地──以中晚三叠世下扬子沿江盆地为例

 中晚三叠世,在扬子和华北两大板块碰撞拼接过程中,郯庐断裂产生大规模走滑运动,使下扬子沿江地区处于走滑挤压作用下,从而形成走滑挤压盆地。黄马青群是这一盆地的沉积记录,盆地内沉积中心呈侧向斜列展布,沉积物与其物源区发生错离,盆地随时间推移逐渐收缩。盆地内发育的两组共轭剪切带、斜列分布的褶皱及其伴生的逆冲推覆构造是走滑挤压应力的反映。郯庐断裂是华北、扬子两大板块间斜向拼接所形成的转换断层。     

黄河源区的古冰川与古环境探讨

黄河源区盆地北面的扎日加山，布青山、阿尼玛卿山和南面的巴颜喀拉山，中 新世以来有３次大冰期，以倒数第三次冲川规模最大，形成４个大冰帽。中更新世开始，由于昆仑山的强烈隆起，盆地沉积中心由北向南迁移，形成了河源区下沉性湖泊群，堆积了厚数十米至两百多米的河湖相沉积。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.