创新驱动 积极发挥海洋科技在２１世纪海上丝绸之路建设中的作用

21世纪海上丝绸之路是我国在新时期构建全方位对外开放新格局的重大举措。促进海洋产业结构升级、实现海洋经济提质增效、开展海上综合保障能力是海上丝绸之路建设的重点方向。海洋经济活动与海上综合保障都需要海洋科技的基础支撑,21世纪海上丝绸之路建设对海洋科技领域提出了新命题。文章围绕科技创新政策伙伴关系、推进海洋经济和产业发展、培育创新品牌等方面,深入分析发挥海洋科技领域在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中支撑作用的思路和途径。     

创新驱动 积极发挥海洋科技在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中的作用

21世纪海上丝绸之路是我国在新时期构建全方位对外开放新格局的重大举措。促进海洋产业结构升级、实现海洋经济提质增效、开展海上综合保障能力是海上丝绸之路建设的重点方向。海洋经济活动与海上综合保障都需要海洋科技的基础支撑,21世纪海上丝绸之路建设对海洋科技领域提出了新命题。文章围绕科技创新政策伙伴关系、推进海洋经济和产业发展、培育创新品牌等方面,深入分析发挥海洋科技领域在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中支撑作用的思路和途径。     

优化海洋产业结构促进海洋经济再上新台阶

优化海洋产业结构促进海洋经济再上新台阶严宏谟（原国家海洋局局长）一、世界海洋资源开发利用的现状和发展趋势２１世纪将是海洋开发的新世纪,开发利用海洋资源,发展海洋经济已成为当今世界许多沿海国家的发展战略问题。在世界海洋开发的产值中,海洋石油业的产值一直...     

金融发展对海洋产业结构升级的影响——基于海洋科技创新的中介效应检验

海洋产业结构升级是建设中国特色海洋强国的必然要求。文章基于2005-2019年中国沿海11地区的面板数据,利用固定效应模型考察金融发展对海洋产业结构升级的影响,进而运用中介效应模型检验海洋科技创新在该影响机制中发挥的作用,并提出发展建议。研究结果表明：从沿海地区整体来看,金融发展显著促进海洋产业结构升级;从分区域来看,金融发展对海洋产业结构升级的促进作用在环渤海地区不显著,而在长三角地区和泛珠三角地区显著;海洋科技创新在金融发展促进海洋产业结构升级的过程中发挥中介作用。未来应加快完善海洋产业金融支持体系,为海洋科技创新提供有力支撑,以推动海洋产业结构实现转型升级。     

三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变动对海洋经济增长的贡献研究

20世纪90年代后期以来,我国海洋产业发展迅速,海洋产业结构变动巨大,各地区海洋经济差异显著。文章基于多部门经济模型,对1996—2015年我国三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变迁对海洋经济增长的贡献能力进行研究,运用回归分析对海洋三次产业结构变动的贡献度进行测算。结果表明:1996—2005年海洋产业结构变动剧烈,2006—2015年趋于平稳。三大海洋经济区中环渤海地区海洋产业结构总体变动较大,长三角次之,珠三角最小。海洋三次产业结构变动对海洋经济增长具有显著正向推动作用,1996—2005年海洋第一产业贡献能力明显,2006—2015年海洋第三产业贡献能力最大,第二产业次之。     

辽宁与山东海洋经济发展的比较思考

进入21世纪以来,海洋经济成为各国经济新的增长点,辽宁海洋经济也得到了快速发展。但是相对其他海洋经济强省,还有较大差距。通过与山东比较,分析辽宁省海洋经济发展中存在的主要问题,提出了作为海洋大省的辽宁,要加大海洋环境保护整治力度,实施科技兴海战略,加大扶持力度,加快海洋产业结构调整,促进增长方式转变等建议,以推动海洋经济健康发展,实现建设"辽宁海洋强省"的目标。     

海洋产业结构优化升级政策研究

近年来,我国海洋经济迅速发展,但正如我国国民经济发展所面临的问题一样,我国海洋经济的发展亦有相当部分是依靠对我国海洋资源和生态环境的"透支"实现的.因此,我国海洋经济发展必须以科学发展观为指导,转变海洋经济增长方式,优化、升级海洋产业结构,保障海洋经济持续、健康发展.主要通过研究我国海洋产业现状及存在的问题,以产业经济学为基础,提出海洋产业结构优化升级的政策建议.     

海洋产业区域创新初步研究--以珠海万山海洋开发试验区为例

21世纪是海洋世纪，滨海地区海洋产业区域创新是滨海地区实现海洋产业可持续发展、建立各具特色的海洋产业区域创新网络、集约化与科学合理地充分利用“蓝色国土”的重要手段。本文以广东省珠海万山海洋开发试验区为例，对海洋产业区域创新内涵，海洋产业区域创新与滨海地区综合管理（ICZM），海洋产业结构优化的博弈分析，政府在建立海洋产业区域创新环境中的作用，海洋产业区域创新系统规划及其与海洋产业可持续发展的关系等几个问题进行了初步研究。     

海洋服务业:海洋经济新的增长点

<正>进入21世纪以来,中国海洋产业结构进入战略调整期和快速调整期,突出表现在:海洋第一产业比重明显下降;海洋第二产业比重大幅度攀升;海洋第三产业保持稳步增长;海洋产业结构趋于优化。据国家     

海洋产业结构调整对海洋经济影响的实证分析

海洋经济是新一轮大国之间的经济较量,许多西方发达国家已经在海洋经济上遥遥领先。通过观察美国、英国等海洋大国发现,沿海国家均有一个统一的发展路径:产业结构的有效调整保证了海洋经济的高速发展。产业结构调整分为产业结构合理化和高级化两个方面,故文章将从"两化"视角来衡量我国海洋产业结构的调整情况,利用Eviews 8.0软件对2005—2015年我国海洋产业结构"两化"与海洋经济增长之间进行平稳性检验、协整检验及最小二乘法回归。由协整方程可知,海洋产业结构合理化和高级化每增长1%,会分别带动海洋经济上涨1.87%和2.96%;再由最小二乘法回归系数的方向性可知:海洋产业结构合理化、高级化会促进海洋经济的增长。根据研究结果进行分析可知,我国未来海洋产业结构调整的重点是海洋第二产业,对其未来发展提出3点建议,即基层和高端人才的培养、水产品精加工和生物医药的优先发展以及法律制度软环境的构造。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,