热释光在南黄海、东海表层沉积物研究中的应用

提出了海洋沉积物热释光的测量方法。对南黄海和东海350个表层沉积物样品进行了热释光测量,研究了它们的热释光强度和发光曲线特征,探讨了沉积物热释光强度与其他指标之间的关系,讨论了热释光作为海洋沉积物的一个研究参数的原理和可行性。研究发现,沉积物热释光强度与砂、粘土和平均粒径有很好的相关关系;根据发光曲线的特征对研究海区进行了分区,发光曲线有明显的区域特征,这与各区的沉积环境有关。因此,热释光特征有可能成为研究海洋沉积物和沉积环境的一个替代指标。     

东太平洋CC区西区表层沉积物黏土矿物和地球化学特征

本文以太平洋CC区西区12个表层沉积物样品作为研究对象,对其粒度、化学组分和矿物成分进行分析,讨论其沉积环境和物质来源。研究区地处深海,主要以深海黏土和硅钙质黏土为主,含有少量的硅质黏土、黏土质硅质软泥和黏土质钙质软泥。黏土矿物成分主要是蒙皂石和伊利石,含有部分的高岭石和绿泥石。黏土矿物组成表明,区内沉积物主要是陆源,由高空气流携带而来,南极底流和热液活动对其物源的来源有一定影响。沉积物地球化学特征也表明,物源以陆源为主,稀土元素分布曲线和北太平洋表层海水稀土曲线类似,且表现出强的Ce亏损,表明生物活动导致的生物沉降对表层沉积物也有一定的影响。     

有机污染物在不同沿海沉积环境中积累的差异性

以浙江沿海水域为研究区域,在系统地测定水体与沉积物中有机污染物种类的基础上,研究了表层沉积物中有机污染物的积累与沉积环境、沉积物矿物组成和排放环境因素之间的相互关系.结果显示,沿海水体和表层沉积物中主要存在的有机污染物有石油烷烃类化合物、邻苯二甲酸酯化合物、有机硅氧链类化合物、氯代苯酚类、苯醚类和胺类化合物等6大类,它们在表层沉积物中的积累强度呈现出河口大于沿岸大于强潮汐河沉积环境的趋势,但在相同沉积环境的沉积物中有机污染物的积累强度存在一定的差异,这说明有机污染物在沿海沉积物中的积累除与沉积环境有关外,还与区域有机污染物的排放特点有关.     

渤海湾西岸QG01钻孔沉积物黏土矿物分布及古气候替代指标研究

对渤海湾西岸QG01钻孔12.7~17.4 m段沉积物进行了粒度测试、X射线衍射(XRD)和光释光(OSL)测年,分析了该段岩心的黏土矿物特征及其对古气候的响应。该段沉积物由砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂和黏土质粉砂组成,平均粒径介于4.11~7.79 Φ之间;黏土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石和高岭石,蒙脱石含量最少。将伊利石结晶度(KI)和黏土矿物组合比值((伊利石+绿泥石)/(高岭石+蒙脱石))作为古气候替代指标,发现当KI与黏土矿物组合比值反映的气候变化趋势一致时,可反映气候变化特征;当KI与黏土矿物组合比值反映的气候变化趋势不一致时,沉积物来源发生改变,不能反映气候特征。     

北极圈海域表层沉积物的黏土矿物特征及其环境意义

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对北极圈海域15个表层沉积物的黏土矿物进行了研究。结合伊利石的结晶度指数综合分析了研究区黏土矿物的组成和分布特征及其物质来源、沉积环境和水动力条件。结果表明,北极圈海域研究区的黏土矿物以伊利石为主(33%),其次为伊/蒙间层矿物(25%)、绿泥石(23%)、高岭石(15%)以及蒙皂石(4%)。伊利石的开形指数(Ns)都比较小,大多在1~2之间,Ns的分布对物源有一定的指示意义。楚科奇海区具较弱的水动力条件,沉积环境较稳定;白令海具强烈的水动力条件,属于冲刷环境。认为北极圈海域研究区的黏土沉积物均有三方面来源,即河流输入、海洋自生和冰筏搬运物。     

舟山群岛表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物分布特征与物源指示

通过对舟山群岛表层沉积物样品的粒度分析和黏土矿物含量测定,研究了表层沉积物的粒度分布特征及黏土矿物组成。利用Flemming三角图示法分析了研究区域的沉积动力环境,并探讨了沉积物的物质来源。结果表明,舟山群岛表层沉积物共有5种类型,其中粉砂含量最高,呈片状广泛分布于舟山群岛东部宽阔海域;研究区表层沉积物分选性较差,以正偏为主;沉积物样品在Flemming三角图上投影显示,粉砂沉积物集中在D-Ⅱ,E-Ⅱ,E-Ⅲ区,砂质粉砂等沉积物零星分布在D-Ⅱ,C-Ⅱ及S区,表明研究区沉积物整体粒径较细、岛屿间水动力较强,开阔水域水动力较弱。研究区黏土矿物中伊利石为优势矿物,质量分数均值为61.5%;其次为绿泥石,质量分数均值为15.0%;高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少,质量分数均值分别为12.7%和10.9%。黏土矿物组合类型以伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙脱石为主,伊利石-绿泥石-蒙脱石-高岭石次之,具有类长江型沉积物特征。舟山群岛表层沉积物以陆源成因为主,物质来源以长江为主、浙江河流入海输沙以及舟山群岛岩石风化产物为补充。     

Origin and differentiation of clay minerals in pelagic sediments and sapropels of the Bannock Basin (Eastern Mediterranean)

Two cores from an anoxic basin of the southeastern Mediterranean Ridge were investigated to compare the clay mineralogy of pelagic sediments and of the interbedded sapropels. The sediments of Core BAN 84-02, raised from the basin floor, and those of Core BAN 84-08, from the eastern plateau of the Bannock Basin, provide evidence for different sedimentary environments. The anoxic conditions, which are still present near the bottom, produce an important decrease in smectite crystallinity (Core 02), whereas well-organized smectite persists in the normally oxygenated sediments (Core 08). Detrital clay minerals from various sources were deposited in the basin and no appreciable diagenesis was recognized downcore.

The clay mineralogy of the sapropels shows remarkable differences compared to the pelagic sediments. The changes observed are dependent on aggressive chemical reaction and on the sudden input of detrital crystalline sediments into the stagnant environment. A climatic curve registers the variable degree of clay mineral hydrolysis in continental areas and exhibits good correspondence with an already published oxygen isotope curve for the area.     

大连湾近海表层沉积物矿物组合分布特征及其物源环境

对大连湾、大窑湾外近海表层沉积物进行了黏土矿物X射线衍射分析以及轻矿物的分离和鉴定,根据其组合分布特征,探讨了该区沉积物中黏土矿物和轻矿物的来源,并对沉积环境及其主控因素进行了初步分析。结果表明:研究区黏土矿物主要由伊利石(59%)、蒙皂石(20%)、绿泥石(16%)和高岭石(5%)组成,研究区西部伊利石较高,而东部绿泥石较高,蒙皂石有向湾内富集的趋势。轻矿物由斜长石(45%)、石英(34%)、钾长石(10%)、绿泥石(8%)、白云母(2%)和方解石(0.4%)组成,呈东西向条带状分布,与沉积物粒度分布特征较为一致。矿物分布受潮流、地形影响明显,研究区北部近岸水下岸坡区,水动力条件较强,沉积物粒度较粗,矿物组合以长石、石英富集为特征;向南水深增加,东部为一水下台地,矿物组合以白云母、绿泥石含量高为特征;研究区南部水深增加,又出现一水下岸坡,其下地形趋于平坦,因受出入渤海的潮流和进入渤海的黄海暖流的影响,水动力条件最强,沉积物粒度较粗,长石含量最高,轻矿物含量高。研究区潮流、地形对矿物组成、组合和含量具有控制作用。北部水下岸坡及以内近岸浅水区沉积物粒度较粗,轻矿物含量低,石英、长石含量高,物质主要来自沿岸侵蚀及...     

钱塘江中下游沉积物磁性特征及其对沉积动力环境的指示意义

利用2010年1月与2010年8月采集的钱塘江中下游河床沉积物粒度和磁性测量数据以及2010年8月测量的流速数据,分析了沉积物粒度和磁性的时空分布特征,探讨了粒度和磁性参数对沉积动力环境的指示意义。结果表明:(1)冬季河床沉积物以粉砂和黏土为主,夏季以粉砂和砂为主,沉积物粒度呈现从中游到富春江水库逐渐变细、近口段到河口段逐渐变粗的规律,并且冬季粒度总体上细于夏季,指示夏季以及河口段较强的水动力环境。(2)磁性矿物含量从中游到下游呈现逐渐减少的趋势,夏季磁性矿物含量比冬季高。磁性矿物中亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,夏季亚铁磁性矿物的含量高于冬季。(3)χ_fd%、χ_ARM、χ_ARM/SIRM和χ_ARM/χ可以作为这个区域冬季<16μm的细颗粒沉积物的代用指标,χ_fd%和χ_ARM/χ可以作为夏季<32μm细颗粒沉积物的代用指标。(4)沉积物磁性参数χ_fd%、χ_ARM、χ_ARM/χ和χ_ARM/SIRM同样呈现出从中游到富春江水库逐渐变大、而从近口段到河口段逐渐变小的趋势,这与沉积物磁性矿物晶粒对沉积动力环境的响应是密切相关的,其中参数χ_fd%与χ_ARM更能有效地反映沉积动力环境。     

Clay minerals from the sedimentary cover from the Northwest Iberian shelf

The Northern Iberian margin is a typical example of a continental margin subjected to seasonal highly energetic regime (waves and tides) and receiving inputs of continental sediments via riverine discharges. The principal goal of this study has been to use clay minerals as indicators of sedimentary dynamics in the open shelf system. The distributions of clay mineral in the top layer of the sedimentary cover are shown to be related to their continental sources, but also reflect the influences of winter storms and longshore currents in determining the pathways of sediment transport.The mineralogical composition of the material issuing from the rivers is very similar to the general mineralogical composition of the fine fractions of the seabed sediments. Those deposits that are directly influenced by riverine discharges have higher contents of kaolinite (>20%), whereas those that are not have higher contents of illite (>80%). The available data indicate no significant quantities of terrigenous particles are being discharged from the Spanish rias. Therefore, we conclude that physical processes are controlling the clay mineral distributions and that, despite contributions from the Minho River, the main source of fine detrital particles to the shelf region is the Douro River discharge. These particles settle on the middle shelf, below the 60 m isobath. During storm events these particles are re-suspended and advected northwards to the Galician shelf or into deeper domains. Thus the distributions of the clays indicate there is a net transport of fine sediments both northwards and off-shelf.     

楚科奇海盆M04柱晚更新世以来沉积古环境记录

对"中国第五次北极科考"采自楚科奇海盆的M04柱进行粒度、冰筏碎屑、黏土矿物、岩心XRF扫描、沉积物颜色分析,初步建立了楚科奇海盆晚更新世MIS4期以来的沉积地层框架。MIS4期以来,楚科奇海盆M04柱沉积物粒度和黏土矿物组成具有明显的冰期/间冰期变化特征,冰期沉积物粒度分布以双峰态为主,由洋流搬运和海冰搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量高、高岭石含量低;间冰期沉积物具有三峰态粒度分布特征,由海冰搬运、洋流搬运和冰山搬运沉积组分组成,伊利石含量低、高岭石含量高。通过M04柱黏土矿物组合类型与北冰洋边缘海盆的表层沉积物黏土矿物组合类型对比表明,晚更新世以来楚科奇海盆沉积环境发生显著变化:温暖的间冰期受波弗特涡流驱动,波弗特海为研究区的物源输入提供了主要贡献;寒冷的冰期表层环流呈反向输运,细颗粒物源碎屑以东西伯利亚海的输入为主。     

Mineral composition of sedimentary matter in the Caspian Sea

Data on the mineral composition of sedimentary matter and its fluxes in the sediment system of the Caspian Sea are presented. River runoff, aerosols, particulate matter from sediment traps, and the upper layer (0–1 cm) of bottom sediments are considered. The contents of detrital minerals (quartz, albite, and K-feldspar), clay minerals (illite, chlorite, and kaolinite), and carbonates (calcite, Mg-calcite, dolomite, aragonite, and rhodochrosite) are determined. Gypsum was found in bottom sediments but is absent in the other object of the sediment system.     

云南星云湖断陷湖盆中粘土矿物组合特征与沉积环境关系的初步探讨

于１９８８年对云南星云湖盆地区进行调查，运用Ｘ射线衍射，差热分析，红外光谱分析和扫描电镜方法，对该盆地的第四系泥岩和现代沉积环境的泥质沉积物的４９个样品进行研究。发现，现代环境中粘土矿物分布规律明显，且与第四系沉积物有对比性，从而推断盆地沉积环境分布和演化与泥质沉积物的微量元素聚类分析结果相吻合。     

南黄海西部表层沉积物中碎屑矿物的分布

着重研究了南黄海表层沉积物中0．063～0．25mm粒级的碎屑矿物组成。结果表明,矿物种类达50多种,轻矿物主要为长石、石英、云母等,重矿物主要为角闪石、绿帘石、云母、自生黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴石、锆石等,重矿物主要分布于粉砂质泥和泥质粉砂沉积物中。依据主要矿物的含量和分布特征,将研究区划分为5个矿物组合区。各区矿物的组合类型与其所处的水动力条件、沉积环境密切相关,而碎屑矿物的种类又指示了沉积区的碎屑物质主要来源于江、河流域,基岩风化及改造沉积等。     

人工航道疏浚对近岸沉积的影响——以葫芦岛港为例

航道疏浚是海岸带人类活动的重要形式之一,对近岸海洋环境有着重要的影响。本研究以葫芦岛航道疏浚为例,通过X射线衍射物相分析、放射性同位素分析和激光粒度分析等方法,对航道疏浚区及邻近海域沉积物进行了系统的研究,结果表明:(1)航道疏浚产生的沉积物与现在海底沉积物在粒度组成、黏土矿物组合和210 Pb、137 Cs放射性强度等方面具有显著的差异,可以作为示踪航道疏浚物质扩散和影响范围的指标;(2)葫芦岛海域的航道疏浚物在潮流的作用下沿西北和西南2个方向扩散,不同程度地加入到表层沉积物中,个别地方疏浚沉积物直接覆盖到原沉积物之上,导致海底原地沉积物属性的改变。     

Pathways of clay mineral transport in the coastal zone of the Brazilian continental shelf from Ceará to the mouth of the Amazon River

The transport pathways of fine sediments (fraction <2 μm) along the Brazilian continental shelf from Ceará to the Amazon River mouth were studied by means of clay mineral analyses. On the continental shelf southeast of the Amazon mouth, fluctuations in clay mineral compositions reflect simple mixing between the suspended load of the North Brazil Current and sediment from several smaller rivers. Previously, clay mineral variations west of the Amazon mouth have been explained by variable settling velocities of different grain-size classes within the <2 μm fraction or by selective coagulation of individual clay mineral groups. By contrast, our experiments with river bank samples show that selective coagulation does not occur in Amazon River sediments. A more appropriate explanation for observed variations in clay mineral composition off the Amazon mouth seems to be, similarly to that for the shelf between Ceará and the Amazon mouth, a mixing of Amazon sediments with suspended material of the North Brazil Current. This interpretation is supported by data on clay mineral composition east and south of the Amazon mouth, showing more affinity to sediments of the North Brazil Current than to the suspended load of the Amazon River. Additionally, relatively low sedimentation rates and low concentrations of fine-grained sediments on the shelf suggest that high riverine input by the Amazon River does not overprint the sediments of the North Brazil Current in this region. The strong North Brazil Current shunts the Amazon suspended load in a north-westerly direction along the north-eastern coast of South America. Hence, stronger sedimentation of Amazon sediments would occur only west of the river mouth.     

西沙海槽表层沉积物地球化学特征及其地质意义

对西沙海槽区50个表层沉积物的常微量元素进行了地球化学及沉积环境特征研究。西沙海槽区表层沉积物具有SiO2、TiO2含量低和CaO含量高的特征；除了MnO外，各组分的变异系数均较小，元素的分布差异较小，元素分异不明显。常量组分对比表明研究区兼具浅海及深海沉积的特点，为由浅海向深海过渡的半深海沉积环境。富集因子分析表明，从槽坡至槽底富集因子变化不大，略呈增加趋势，Cu、Co、Ni、Pb、Zn、Ba、Mn的富集因子都大于1，表明这些元素除了陆源之外还有其他的来源。海槽区沉积物的化学组分及其来源是复杂多样的，其中包括陆源组分、生物源、火山碎屑等，但陆源碎屑和黏土组分以及碳酸盐型的生物碎屑组分是控制研究区沉积物化学成分的最主要因素。     

Clay Minerals and Geotechnical Index Properties of Marine Clays in East Asia

Clay mineral composition and geotechnical index properties of marine clays collected from Singapore, Korea, and Japan were investigated, and the correlation of clay mineral composition with the consistency limits and activity of the clays was examined. Predominant clay minerals were kaolinite for Singapore clay, kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite for Pusan clay, and smectite for Hachirogata and Ariake clay from Japan. The activity of clay indicates that Singapore clay is classified as normal or inactive, Pusan clay as normal, and Hachirogata and Ariake clays mostly as active. Significant positive correlations were found between smectite percentage in bulk soil and the liquid and plastic limits of the clays.     

Clay Minerals and Geotechnical Index Properties of Marine Clays in East Asia

Clay mineral composition and geotechnical index properties of marine clays collected from Singapore, Korea, and Japan were investigated, and the correlation of clay mineral composition with the consistency limits and activity of the clays was examined. Predominant clay minerals were kaolinite for Singapore clay, kaolinite, vermiculite, and illite for Pusan clay, and smectite for Hachirogata and Ariake clay from Japan. The activity of clay indicates that Singapore clay is classified as normal or inactive, Pusan clay as normal, and Hachirogata and Ariake clays mostly as active. Significant positive correlations were found between smectite percentage in bulk soil and the liquid and plastic limits of the clays.     

渤海湾西部表层沉积物粒度及黏土矿物特征分析

对渤海湾西部海域和西岸入海河流中76个表层沉积物样品进行粒度及黏土矿物分析,研究表明该区有3种沉积物类型,黏土质粉砂分布于整个研究区,约占表层样的90%,是研究区最主要的沉积物类型;研究区黏土矿物以伊利石为主,黏土矿物组合为伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石;渤海湾西部表层沉积物主要来源于海河等渤海湾西岸入海河流中的陆源碎屑物,滦河对研究区基本没有影响,黄河对研究区的影响变得比较小。对于研究渤海湾西岸的沉积特征及沉积物物源、了解陆地河流对于研究区海洋沉积环境的影响有着一定的科学意义。