伊犁盆地尼勒克地区中二叠世陆相地层碎屑物源分析及其对西天山构造演化过程的约束

西天山在二叠纪时期的大地构造环境有岛弧成因和大陆裂谷成因两种不同的观点,伊犁盆地尼勒克地区中二叠统陆相红层的研究是解决上述争议的关键之一。该段地层自下而上是一套由冲洪积扇相、河流相、浅湖相和半深湖相组成的湖侵序列。本文综合该套地层的古水流、砾岩砾石成分与砂岩碎屑组分、重矿物组合、碎屑岩地球化学以及石榴子石化学特征等方面的研究,认为尼勒克盆地中二叠统陆相红层的物源复杂多样,包括超镁铁质-镁铁质岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩、矽卡岩、片麻岩、灰岩和碎屑岩等不同岩石类型,记录了西天山造山带的构造剥蚀与再沉积过程。结合下二叠统乌郎组双峰式火山岩以及区域性角度不整合等资料的综合分析,本研究认为尼勒克地区中二叠世盆地形成于造山后伸展的大地构造背景。     

辽西地区义县组岩相古地理特征

义县组广泛发育于辽西地区晚中生代盆地中,为一套以陆相火山喷发为主,夹多层沉积岩层的火山--沉积岩系。其沉积层中富含热河生物群化石。通过岩相古地理和火山岩相等研究方法,把义县组自下而上分为4个岩性段,各段的岩相特征为:一段主要为河流相,由复成分细砾岩组成;二段湖泊相广泛分布,形成了一套含珍稀化石的湖相沉积层;三段以河流相为主;四段为湖泊相、河流相和冲积扇相,均小面积发育。4个岩性段均不同程度发育火山岩相(包括各火山亚相)。与土城子期对比,义县期的古地貌不会高于土城子时期,古水流主要来自火山盆地坳陷湖的四周。     

华北临汾盆地中部柴庄上新世-更新世剖面沉积学特征及其构造意义

临汾盆地位于华北克拉通汾渭地堑系中南部,是典型的受控于北东-南西向和近东西向正断层的晚新生代断陷盆地。沉积相、古水流和重矿物综合分析表明,盆地中部的柴庄新生界剖面除顶部的风成黄土之外,可以划分为3个岩性段,分别具有不同的物源,反映了不同时期的构造背景。第一岩性段为上新统（5.0~2.6 Ma）,冲积扇和风成红黏土沉积,冲积扇碎屑物源为盆地周缘的灰岩等沉积岩类;第二岩性段为更新统下部（2.6~1.0 Ma）,三角洲相沉积,沉积物来自盆地南缘中条山北部和东缘太行山西部的太古宇-下元古界的花岗片麻岩和片麻岩、上元古界-古生界的碳酸盐岩、中生界的陆源碎屑岩及少量不同时代的花岗岩;第三段为更新统中上部（ < 1.0 Ma）,河流相沉积,主要物源为盆地北东缘太行山的花岗岩类、少量沉积岩和变质岩。结合区域应力演化过程认为,距今5.0~2.6 Ma期间,受北西-南东向伸展作用影响,北东-南西向正断层为盆地的主控断层;距今2.6~1.0 Ma时期,主要受到北东-南西伸展应力的影响,近东西向断层开始活动;距今1.0 Ma以来,沉积环境由三角洲和湖泊相转为河流相沉积,指示盆地发育的减弱,可能与后一期伸展应力的减弱有关。上述结果表明,受青藏高原向北东扩展的影响,汾渭地堑系至少经历了中新世晚期-上新世早期（>5 Ma）、2.6 Ma和1.0 Ma等主要构造转换时代。      

胶莱盆地万家至蓝村一带白垩纪陆相“红层”火山岩锆石LA- ICP- MS U- Pb年龄及其地质意义

本文对胶莱盆地万家—蓝村一带浅覆盖区白垩纪陆相“红层”中火山岩夹层流纹质熔结凝灰岩进行同位素年代学研究,揭示火山岩形成时代,划分岩石地层单位。通过LA- ICP- MS锆石 U- Pb测年,获得了24个测点构成的谐和线上交点年龄数值为11832±073Ma(MSWD=100),该年龄代表了流纹质熔结凝灰岩的形成时间,指示白垩纪陆相“红层”的沉积时代为早白垩世。将这套以紫、红色为主,以细—粉砂岩、泥岩为主,夹少量砂砾岩、灰岩的河流- 湖泊相沉积“红层”划归为王氏群辛格庄组。火山活动大致与区域上石前庄旋回相当。本研究为胶莱盆地王氏群辛格庄组沉积时限提供了年代依据,同时揭示了该时期火山活动的特点,为胶莱盆地白垩纪原型盆地恢复和古地理演化提供了参考。     

甘肃兰州-民和盆地中铺地区下白垩统河口群沉积特征及其盆地分析意义*

甘肃兰州-民和盆地是中国西部典型的陆内断陷沉积盆地,该盆地发育的下白垩统河口群是一套以红褐色为主的碎屑岩地层。依据野外调查,以盆地分析方法为手段,从地层、沉积相、物源和古水流等方面入手对盆地东南部的中铺地区河口群进行了沉积环境的系统分析。通过对研究区内河口群沉积相、沉积构造和沉积序列的研究,认为整套地层垂向上发育有冲积扇相-辫状河相-曲流河相沉积,并进一步划分出若干微相;同时结合该地区的物源和古水流分析认为,早白垩世研究区内的物源主要来自南部的祁连山多旋回造山带;盆地内的下白垩统河口群在不同地区呈现出不同特点,并以此建立了兰州-民和盆地早白垩世古地理格局及盆地演化模式。     

汾河裂谷晋中盆地内第四纪沉积序列与沉积环境恢复

晋中盆地是位于汾渭地堑系中部的新生代陆内断陷沉积盆地,研究晋中盆地第四纪的沉积序列对于进一步认识该盆地区域构造和区域气候环境变化具有重要意义。为查明晋中盆地第四纪沉积序列结构、研究揭示晋中盆地第四纪沉积环境及演化,通过构造岩相学方法,对晋中盆地地表和钻孔内第四纪沉积物和沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明:晋中盆地清徐地区地表第四纪沉积序列结构为盆地内部沱阳组河床相和河漫滩相-盆地边缘汾河组河流相—盆山过渡带峙峪组河流相、汾河组冲积扇相及马兰组风积相-基岩山地（盆地外围）二叠系浅海相。钻孔岩芯内第四纪沉积序列结构为下更新统浅湖相和滨湖相—中更新统浅湖相和河流相—上更新统河流相和冲积扇相—全新统冲积扇相。研究认为晋中新生代陆内断陷盆地内沉积序列和演化结构为早更新世陆相湖盆沉积环境—中更新世萎缩湖泊环境—晚更新世强烈萎缩的湖泊和河流环境—全新世再度沉降的陆相湖盆;陆相湖盆从中心向山地沉积环境分带为湖泊沉积环境—河流和湖泊沉积环境—冲积扇沉积环境（盆地边缘出山口区）。盆山过渡带地区上更新世沉积物错位现象与同沉积活动断裂有关,断裂活动性揭示了晋中盆地阶梯式断陷成盆的动力学机制。这些研究成果为区域气候环境变化和晋中盆地区域构造研究提供了新证据,也为太原市城市群建设中工程场址的选择提了供参考。      

甘肃古浪河口群粗碎屑岩系的层序地层序列： 祁连山白垩纪隆升的沉积学响应

受控于白垩纪时期的祁连山隆升过程,在甘肃省河西走廊地区形成了一系列的陆相盆地,在这些盆地中堆积了厚度上千米的下白垩统,其中,特别的沉积相序列所构成的沉积层序,不但代表了"非常规体系域"概念框架下较为典型的陆相层序样式,而且对认识和了解青藏高原的形成及其环境效应具有重要意义。甘肃省古浪十八里铺剖面的河口群,沉积在早白垩世兰州盆地的西北边缘,其地层学特征和沉积学属性成为白垩纪时期祁连山隆升过程的沉积学响应,主要包括以下几个方面:①河口群下部为一套紫色色调的粗碎屑岩系所构成,可以进一步划分为3个三级层序,这些层序的低可容纳空间体系域为冲积扇砾岩和辫状河沉积所组成,高可容纳空间体系域主要为湖泊相沉积所构成;②河口群上部总体为一套红层沉积,可以进一步划分为两个三级层序,层序的低可容纳空间体系域为冲积扇或洪积扇砾岩与辫状河沉积所组成,高可容纳空间体系域为滨湖相风成沙岩和干旱湖泊相泥岩所构成;③河口群的层序地层学列,总体上从潮湿气候背景下的粗碎屑序列演变到干旱气候条件下的红层序列,尤其是其上部红层序列中的风成砂岩的发育及其所表征的"雨影效应"的影响,进一步说明古浪地区河口群的堆积作用过程与白垩纪祁连山隆升过程存在密切的成因联系。因此,古浪地区下白垩统河口群粗碎屑岩系的层序地层学列,特殊的沉积相构成及其演化序列,不但成为窥视早白垩世祁连山隆升过程的物质记录,而且为早白垩世东亚大气环流格局重建提供了一个重要的物质记录。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组 的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地陆源碎屑沉积环境及物源分析

吐鲁番-哈密盆地从晚二叠世到晚第三纪经历了复杂的,多旋回的沉积构造演化历史,造成主要地层间均以不整合为界。盆地内沉积相类型丰富,沉积环境随时间的推移而发生改变。在晚石炭世,盆地北部为浅海环境;到晚二叠世,沉积环境由海相转变为陆相,并在上二叠统下部形成大量冲积相或河流相粗碎屑沉积;在三叠纪,沉积物主要形成于冲积相或河流-湖泊环境中,古气候则由干旱转为温暖湿润。早、中侏罗世,沉积环境以湖泊-沼泽相为主;到晚侏罗世,则以辫状河流相为主及干旱气候为特征。在白垩纪,盆地的沉积范围大为缩小,以湖泊环境为主;第三纪,沉积范围则扩大到整个盆地,沉积相以辫状河流及冲积相为特征,沉积气候干旱,局部地区接受了盐类沉积。古流向分析显示,吐-哈盆地具有复杂的沉积搬运体系。在盆地南侧,沉积物搬运方向总是由南向北,表明觉罗塔格山是盆地的主要物源区;而在盆地北侧,博格达山自晚侏罗世开始隆起,构成盆地的另一新的物源区,沉积物搬运方向由北向南。在白垩及第三纪,博格达山成为盆地的主要物源区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组的沉积体系与物源方向

野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积：而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外．还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.