青藏高原东南缘地貌边界性质的界定及其对高原东南缘扩展模式的启示

青藏高原东南部的地貌结构是高原隆升深部动力过程与高原扩展的重要指标之一,存在受下地壳流驱动的渐变模型和受宽约50～200km的雅砻-玉龙断裂系控制的陡变模型2种不同认识。文中基于30m分辨率的SRTM数据进行数字高程分析,利用高程和水系参数对研究区地貌加以提取和分析,结合野外地貌和构造调研的结果以及前人的相关研究,对高原东南缘川滇地块中部构造地貌细结构进行了详细的解析。研究认为,青藏高原东南边界具有明显的台阶式构造地貌结构,不同台阶梯度带受不同时期发育的NE-SW向断裂控制。其中一级边界位于木里-玉龙断裂,控制了平均海拔4 200m的高原面的东南边界,是渐新世—中新世早期构造抬升的结果;二级边界受中新世中期逆冲活动的金河-箐河断裂控制,其构成丽江—盐源一带海拔中等(约3 000m)、相对低起伏区域的东南边界。高原东南边界的台阶式构造地貌结构反映了高原向SE的前展式逆冲扩展。这种扩展模式并不支持下地壳管道流连续变形模型。     

德钦—维西地区流域盆地面积—高程积分特征及其构造意义

1 研究背景 德钦—维西地区位于滇西北川滇菱形块体边缘的活动构造区(马瑾,1988),构造位置特殊,地处青藏高原东南缘横断山脉中南段,川滇菱形块体西北界争议较大的三江并流地区,特提斯—喜马拉雅构造域东南部弧形构造转折处,冈瓦纳古陆与欧亚大陆拼合带边缘,也是扬子准地台与滇西地槽摺皱带交接区,构造复杂(吴长富,1998).区内分布有德钦—中甸—大具断裂和维西—乔后断裂等活动断裂.区域地震活动比较活跃,其分布与块体边界的作用及深部特征有着密切关系.     

基于密集台阵资料的背景噪声研究青藏高原东南缘地震各向异性

新生代以来,青藏高原快速隆升、地壳缩短和东向挤出.受到稳定的扬子地块阻挡,青藏高原东南缘地壳发生强烈变形.地震各向异性研究有助于认识地壳内部精细结构及内部运动学过程.通过收集密集地震台阵的观测资料,利用环境噪声提取Rayleigh波频散曲线,采用多角度频散曲线反演方法,获得地壳和上地幔顶部高分辨率的地震S波速度和各向异性图像.青藏高原东南缘地区上地壳的地震快波方向与其相邻的走滑断裂带走向、GPS水平速度场方向基本一致,围绕喜马拉雅东部构造结顺时针旋转.然而,中、下地壳的各向异性与上地壳存在明显差异,例如,在木里盐源盆地和滇中地块等各向异性方向发生大幅度转向,从上地壳的NE方向转为中、下地壳的NW方向.中、下地壳的各向异性方向与其低速层的延伸方向吻合.在下地壳底部和上地幔顶部的范围内,地震快波方向再次发生改变,与上地壳的各向异性分布一致,可能说明在较早的历史时期上地壳与下地壳是耦合在一起的,在中新世时期低速黏滞性流体挤入青藏高原东南缘中下地壳,使原有的上地壳与中下地壳发生解耦.因此,新生代以来高原物质挤出可能导致青藏高原东南缘地壳发生强烈变形.     

川西盐源-马边地震带上地壳速度结构和活动断裂研究——高分辨率地震折射实验结果

2005年沿盐源-西昌-马湖一线实施了地震测深和高分辨地震折射观测实验．利用有限差分地震走时层析成像算法处理了其中的高分辨地震折射Pg波走时数据,获得了川西地区活动地块边界带上地壳的P波速度精细结构和活动断裂深部形态,分析了上地壳的变形特征,讨论了断裂与地震活动的关系．结果如下：盐源盆地、后龙山地区的上地壳为表层低速和深部均匀高速的双层结构,两层之间存在明显向西缓倾的结构面;模型坐标180～240km范围内,P波速度分布表现为陡倾的高低速条带相间结构：模型坐标240～300km之间的西昌中生代盆地具有较厚的浅部低速和深部高速双层结构,层间的纵向及横向速度变化强烈,其分界面起伏较大：模型坐标300km以东的大凉山地区为不均匀高速区,地表速度接近5km／s．此外,模型坐标130,150和280～310km之下,存在显著的深部不规则异常高速体,可能与二叠纪岩浆活动有关．盐源推覆构造由表层低速推覆体,向西缓倾的构造拆离面和深部高速基底构成的薄皮构造,金河-箐河断裂是其推覆前缘;磨盘山断裂为一西倾的低速带,延伸至基底顶面;安宁河断裂和则木河断裂为东倾的舌状低速带,延伸到了基底内;在深处,大凉山断裂分为两支,表现为狭窄条带内速度结构的强烈变化,西支西倾,东支东倾,两支断裂均延伸至基底内;西昌中生代盆地东缘断裂为强速度梯度带,倾向南西,延伸至基底顶面;剖面最东端向西倾斜的舌状低速带可能是马边断裂的一个分支,其可靠性有待进一步证实;安宁河、则木河、大凉山断裂均是规模较大的基底断裂,其活动性较强,该区的强震活动主要受其控制;速度图像表明研究区的上地壳变形强烈,盐源盆地至金河盆地主要表现为盖层的挤压推覆逆冲变形,基底呈刚性;磨盘     

云南地区地壳厚度和泊松比研究

云南位于青藏高原东南缘,属于我国南北地震带南段,是中国大陆地震活动最强烈的地区之一.金沙江-红河断裂、澜沧江断裂和怒江断裂(简称三江断裂带)将该区划分为腾冲地块、保山地块、思茅地块和扬子地台等4个不同块体.     

青藏高原东南缘地壳结构与变形机制研究进展

新生代青藏高原的隆升改变了整个亚洲的构造格局,对气候、环境均产生了重要的影响,但高原的隆升扩展机制众说纷纭.青藏高原东南缘作为扩展前缘,其构造演化对了解整个高原的扩展机制具有重要的意义.本文总结了近年来对青藏高原东南缘地壳结构研究的最新进展,特别是2011年中国地震科学探测台阵计划开展以来,利用密集地震台阵取得的新成果,探讨了青藏高原东南缘地壳的结构与变形机制.这些研究发现青藏高原的地壳由高原向外围减薄,但在高原边界断裂附近存在地壳厚度突变带;下地壳中存在两个独立的低速异常,一个位于松潘—甘孜块体下方,被高原的边界断裂所围限,另一个位于小江断裂带下方,呈NE-SW向展布.我们认为青藏高原东南缘下地壳物质被边界(丽江—小金河)断裂所围限,并没有继续向边缘流出,但是地壳挤出产生的应力作用继续向东南方向传递,造成了小江断裂带附近的地壳变形.     

喜马拉雅东构造结周边地区主要断裂现今运动特征与数值模拟研究

喜马拉雅东构造结(简称东构造结)周围地区是青藏高原构造应力作用和构造变形最强的地区,也是地球上变化剧烈、构造类型复杂、保存完整的地区.该地区汇集了喜马拉雅、拉萨、羌塘、川滇地块和印度板块及主边界断裂、主中央断裂、雅鲁藏布江断裂、嘉黎断裂、怒江断裂、墨脱断裂、阿帕龙断裂等,可以说东构造结周围地区是检验青藏高原晚新生代构造变形机制不同理论和学说的关键地区之一.     

利用地震走时层析成像方法确定西昌地区断裂带深部几何形态

断裂深部产状和空间几何关系是研究地壳运动变形、动力作用及其地表响应的基础,也是模拟发震断裂与强震关系的基础。为了研究川西南地区强震活动与安宁河、则木河和金河断裂的关系,对盐源-西昌-雷波高分辨地震折射剖面初至Pg波走时和断层面反射波走时进行模拟,获得了川滇活动地块东边界带安宁河、则木河和金河断裂的深部形态。结果表明:在上地壳内,安宁河断裂和则木河断裂东倾32°～35°,其速度结构为舌状低速带,二者规模较大,延伸到了基底。金河断裂东倾约30°,向下延伸至少5km。     

2014年新疆于田MS7.3级地震:巴颜喀喇地块侧向挤出的构造响应

青藏高原中北部的巴颜喀喇地块是近年来强震最为活跃的地区,自1997年以来在地块周围发生了一系列7级以上地震.2014年于田M_S7.3级地震就发生在该地块西边界附近的硝尔库勒盆地南缘,该区是阿尔金断裂、康西瓦断裂和东昆仑断裂等多组不同走向大型走滑活动断裂带的交汇部位,不同断裂走向的突然转变及滑动速率差异使该地区形成局部的拉张应力状态,发育了多条NE和近SN向的左旋正断裂. 通过余震分布、震源机制解结果等资料分析,认为此次地震的发震构造为阿尔金断裂西南端的一条次级断裂——硝尔库勒断裂,地震破裂特征为左旋走滑兼正断性质. 在巴颜喀喇地块这一轮的强震活动中,其北边界和东边界都显示块体向东挤出约7 m的位移量,但块体西边界产生的伸展量明显与整个块体向东的位移量不协调,2014年于田M_S7.3级地震是巴颜喀喇地块向东挤出的构造响应和应变调整.模拟结果显示阿尔金主断裂上的库仑应力有所增加,东昆仑—柴达木地块可能为下一个强震活跃区,特别是阿尔金断裂的中西段,是今后应该重点关注和监视的地区.     

基于地震探测的盐源盆地构造特征及动力学意义

基于覆盖盐源盆地的短周期天然地震台阵和布设的一条人工地震测线所获得的地震数据,从中提取地震能量属性,并通过地震层析成像获得该地区的浅部地震速度结构,继而对短周期地震台阵一个月的噪声数据进行互相关得到经验格林函数,再通过时频分析获得相速度频散曲线,反演获得不同深度的S波速度分布。研究结果显示,盐源盆地地震特征主要分为三层:浅部为低速新生代沉积地层,P波速度为1.0—2.1 km/s,反射轴明显、连续性好,反射能量强,S波速度为中高南低,南部低速体与盐源断裂走向一致,新生代盆地整体呈南深北浅,沉积发育和构造形态受盐源断裂控制;中部为中低速三叠系地层,P波速度为3.5—4.5 km/s,反射轴不连续,反射能量较弱,S波速度逐渐变大,整体变化变小;深部为高速古生代地层,地震反射较为杂乱,反射能量弱;上地壳存在滑脱面,该界面为沉积盖层与结晶基底的分界面,且向浅部发育一系列断层,其中金河—箐河断裂为盐源盆地与康滇地块的分界线,这些断裂带也是盐源盆地地震频发的部位。      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.